2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Theoretical Review on Food Insecurity 2.1.1. Concepts and Definitions
1.Food Security
The concept of food security is dynamic, that is continuously incorporated new dimensions and
levels of analysis overtime. This ongoing evolution of food security concept indicates the wider
recognition of the difficulties of concept in different areas of research and public policy, for the
reason that food security issue has long history starting from time when global food crisis take place
in the first half of the 1970s (Clay, E. 2002).
Food security is historically defined as the overall regional, national as well as global food supply
and shortfalls in supply as associated to requirements (Foster, 1992). The same author contended
that, even though, the increased observation of differences in the sufficiency of food intake by
certain groups despite overall adequacy of supply, the term has been applied recently at a local,
household, or individual level and it has been widened beyond notions of food supply to include
elements of access (Sen, 1981), vulnerability (Watts and Bohle, 1993), and sustainability (Chambers,
1989). Different organizations, scholars and institutions define food security differently. However,
basic concept remains the same.
According to UN (1990), household food security defined as "The ability of household members
to assure themselves sustained access to sufficient quantity and quality of food to live active and
healthy life." FAO (1992) defines as food security is referred in terms of access to food,
availability of food, and also in terms of resource distribution to produce food and purchasing
power to buy food, where it is produced. Another definition given by USAID (1992) defines food
security as: "when all people at all times have both physical and economic access to sufficient food
to meet their dietary needs for a productive and healthy life." Based on this food security includes at
a minimum the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe food, and assured ability to acquire
acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways (such as without resorting to emergency food supplies,
scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies). According to World Bank
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