Our patient was admitted to the ICU with respiratory...
Our patient was admitted to the ICU with respiratory distress. Respiratory distress is caused by
an inflammation due to neutrophil activation. The body has an inability to transfer oxygen or
carbon dioxide. This leads to increased permeability of A C membrane, which then causes
edema. Because of the edema, there is an increase in fluid in the peripheral areas and edema in
hands, feet, and the scrotum. Decreased gas exchange also occurs because of the edema and
mechanical ventilation is then implemented. The ventilator settings for our patient were: Rate 15,
Peep 12, Peak Flow 60, FiO2 95, Flow Trig 1. Respiratory distress can also lead to multi organ
failure if not treated; however, our patient s respiratory distress resulted in... Show more content on
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Two mechanisms, insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion, are vital functions that lead to
the development of Type 2 Diabetes. Insulin resistance is the effect that insulin has on insulin
sensitive tissues and their response to the insulin (McCance and Huether, 2010). Abnormality of the
insulin molecule, high amounts of insulin antagonists, down regulation of the insulin receptors,
decreased/abnormal activation of postreceptor kinases, and alteration of glucose transporter
proteins all lead to defects of the insulin molecule itself (McCance and Huether, 2010). Because the
patient is obese, he is at risk for hyperinsulinemia and decreased insulin receptor density. When
compensatory hyperinsulinemia occurs, the client may not begin to see the manifestations of Type
2 Diabetes for several years (McCance and Huether, 2010).
Beta cells eventually undergo an apoptotic cell death. Beta cell exhaustion from increased demand
for insulin biosynthesis, associated with intracellular oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum
dysfunction, also has been implicated in beta cell apoptosis (McCance and Huether, 2010). Four
hormones/peptides influence the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. They are: glucagon,
amylin, incretins, and ghrelin. The primary function of glucagon is to increase blood glucose
levels. Glucagon stimulates both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and does this in the liver
(McCance and Huether, 2010).
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