ESTABLISHING THEMES OF LITERARY TEXTS THROUGH FORMAL ANALYSIS.pptx

about world literature

1. ESTABLISHING THEMES OF LITERARY TEXTS THROUGH FORMAL ANALYSIS

2. In this lesson we will be looking at what makes up meaning in literature. More specifically, we look at how the text itself we call form or formal elements create meaning in our minds as we read Introduction

3. We call this formal analysis of literature to establish theme. The purpose is to establish themes of literatures by studying thoroughly the elements that make up the texts Introduction

4. Literature serves as a mirror that reflects the values, beliefs, and social norms of the culture in which it was produced. Authors often draw inspiration from their surroundings, incorporating elements of their culture into their works.

5. Studying literature, we can gain a deeper understanding of historical events, cultural movements, and societal changes that have shaped the world we live in.

6. Literary piece that shows how culture and external factors affect something such as The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald that tells themes of wealth, class, and the American Dream.

7. The Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen that has social class on relationships and opportunities, Austen examines different forms of love and marriage, and explores how prejudice and misunderstandings can lead to false judgments.

8. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a novel set in the American South during the 1930s. It opens up issues of race, class, and morality in their small town of Maycomb, Alabama.

9. Themes in literature refer to the central ideas, messages, or insights that are explored in a literary work. These themes often reflect on human experiences, emotions, and societal issues, providing readers with deeper insights into the world and themselves.

10. Themes in literature Themes like Love and Friendship, Freedom and Oppression, Society and Class, Nature, Death, & etc. The main question is “how the theme is formed?”

11. How the theme is formed? Theme is formed through the interaction of various elements in a literary work, including plot, characters, setting, and symbolism. It can also be influenced by the author's style, perspective, and the historical and cultural context.

12. Close Reading An approach that allows the theme of a certain literary piece to be visible. Readers can find deeper meanings and themes in a text that are not easy to see at first. Close reading means paying close attention to a text, reading it carefully, and looking at the details of the text in order to understand its meaning.

13. character, setting, conflict, and theme in prose, and persona, meter, rhyme, and theme in poetry The purpose of the following elements is to analyse and understand how these elements contribute to the overall meaning and impact of a literary work.

14. In analysing literary context, prose helps tell the story and convey the author's message. By looking at the writing style, language, and structure, readers can learn about the historical, cultural, and social background of the work. This helps us see how the author's life and the world around them shaped the text, reflecting the values and beliefs of that time.

15. or the message that the author wants to make across the reader can never be absolutely known, that even if it was clear in the author what meaning or message she or he wanted to convey to the reader, each reader will always have his own interpretation of the text. Authorial Intention

16. It involves exploring the reasons behind why the author wrote the work, what they were trying to convey, and how they intended for it to be interpreted by readers. Authorial intention provides valuable context and insight that enriches the reading experience and enhances our understanding of literature. Authorial Intention

17. is the way an author desires readers to understand their work. means the specific group of people a writer or speaker wants to reach. This group can change based on the situation and goal of the message is the mood or attitude that a writers words convey, writers can use a serious tone or a joyful tone. An author’s word choice, sentence structure, and subject matter all contribute to tone. Authorial Intent Intended Audience Tone

18. Point of View is how a story is told, showing the reader the angle or view of the events. It can change how readers understand the story and feel about the characters.

19. Types of Point of View First Person Second Person Third Person 01 02 03

20. Types of Point of View First Person Second Person Third Person 01 02 03 Third Person Limited Third Person Omniscient Third Person Objective

21. Literary Devices Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using "like" or "as." By using metaphor, writers can convey abstract ideas or emotions in a more vivid and impactful way. Irony is a literary device that involves a discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually occurs. It can add complexity and nuance to a text, inviting readers to consider deeper meanings.

22. Imagery can help readers visualize scenes and settings, making the text more vivid and engaging. Paradox a figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words "like" or "as." It is used to create a vivid image or to emphasize a certain quality or characteristic of the thing being described. a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or illogical, but reveals a deeper truth or meaning. Simile

23. Literary Pieces The Tell-Tale-Heart by Edgar Allan Poe The Lottery by Shirley Jackson The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne

24. A narrator confesses to killing an old man out of fear of his pale blue eye, leading to a chilling tale of guilt and paranoia.

25. The unnamed narrator, claiming to be sane, admits to having killed an old man due to his fear of the man's pale blue eye. Before the killing, he meticulously observed the old man for nights, then decided it was time to commit the act. When the old man wakes up on the eighth night, the narrator attacks him out of fear. He dismembers the body and hides it beneath the floorboards. However, the police arrive after a neighbour reports the old man's scream. The narrator acts normal and leads the police around the house, even bringing them to the scene of the crime. As he becomes increasingly anxious, he starts hearing the sound of the old man's heart beneath the floorboards. Believing the police can hear it too, he confesses and demands they tear up the boards.

26. CHARACTERS Unnamed narrator The murderer of the old man. Addressing the reader, the narrator offers his tale of precise murder and dismemberment as an argument for his sanity. Old man The narrator’s murder victim. The narrator’s obsession with the old man’s one vulture-eye indicates the insanity that the narrator wants to deny.

27. THEME The main theme of "The Tell-Tale Heart" is guilt and its impact on the mind. The story shows how guilt can drive a person to madness. It also explores the thin line between sanity and insanity, as the narrator struggles to prove he is not mad despite his actions.

28. INSPIRATION OF THE AUTHOR " The Tell-Tale Heart" is said to have been inspired by Edgar Allan Poe's interest in the workings of the mind and his fascination with psychological themes. Poe was intrigued by the idea of guilt and its effects on the human psyche

29. INSPIRATION OF THE AUTHOR The narrator's obsession with the old man's eye and his eventual murder of the old man can be seen as a manifestation of his overwhelming guilt. The theme of guilt is central to the story, as it drives the narrator to commit a heinous act and ultimately leads to his downfall.

30. INSPIRATION OF THE AUTHOR Poe uses the story to explore the theme of guilt and its psychological consequences, showing how guilt can consume a person's mind and lead them to irrational behaviour. The narrator's descent into madness can be seen as a metaphor for the destructive power of guilt, highlighting the theme that unresolved guilt can have devastating effects on an individual's mental state.

31. SOME OF THE LITERARY DEVICES THAT CAN BE SEEN IN THE PIECE FIRST PERSON NARRATION The story is told from the perspective of the narrator, who is also the protagonist. SYMBOLISM The old man's "vulture eye" is a powerful symbol in the story, representing the narrator's guilt and madness.

32. REPETITON Phrases like "I heard" and "I felt" are repeated to emphasize the narrator's heightened senses and deteriorating mental state. IRONY (DRAMATIC IRONY) There is dramatic irony in the story, as the readers are aware of the narrator's guilt and madness while the other characters in the story are not. IMAGERY Descriptions of the old man's eye, the narrator's stealthy movements, and the sound of the heartbeat all contribute to the story's chilling tone.

33. In a small town, the villagers gather for an annual lottery. Each member of the community draws a slip of paper, and Tessie Hutchinson is chosen. In a shocking turn of events, the townspeople proceed to stone her to death, as part of a brutal tradition.

34. CHARACTERS Tessie Hutchinson The unlucky loser of the lottery. Tessie draws the paper with the black mark on it and is stoned to death. She is excited about the lottery and fully willing to participate every year, but when her family’s name is drawn, she protests that the lottery isn’t fair. Tessie arrives at the village square late because she forgot what day it was. Bill Hutchinson Tessie’s husband. Bill first draws the marked paper, but he picks a blank paper during the second drawing. He is fully willing to show everyone that his wife, Tessie, has drawn the marked paper.

35. CHARACTERS Old Man Warner The oldest man in the village. Old Man Warner has participated in seventy-seven lotteries. He condemns the young people in other villages who have stopped holding lotteries, believing that the lottery keeps people from returning to a barbaric state. Mr. Summers The man who conducts the lottery. Mr. Summers prepares the slips of paper that go into the black box and calls the names of the people who draw the papers. The childless owner of a coal company, he is one of the village leaders. .

36. CHARACTERS Mr. Harry Graves The postmaster. Mr. Graves helps Mr. Summers prepare the papers for the lottery and assists him during the ritual. Bobby Martin The younger son of the Martin family. At the beginning of the story, he eagerly gathers stones, setting an example for the other children arriving for the lottery. Mrs. Dunbar The wife of Clyde Dunbar, the only man in the village unable to attend the lottery due to a broken leg. Since her husband is absent, Mrs. Dunbar represents her family and draws a slip from the box. .

37. CHARACTERS Mrs. Delacroix A friend of Tessie’s who greets her when she arrives late to the lottery. She seems to particularly enjoy the lottery as she tries to convince Tessie to “be a good sport” when her family is selected and picks out a large rock that requires two hands to carry. Mr. Steve Adams The first person to draw a slip of paper from the black box. Both he and his wife seem somewhat sceptical of the lottery as they mention on multiple occasions that other villages are starting to abandon the practice, but he is still at the front when the stoning begins. .

38. THEME The main theme of "The Lottery" is about the dangers of blindly following traditions and the cruelty that can hide in ordinary communities. Shirley Jackson shows how people can be part of harmful actions just because it's what they've always done, even if it's wrong. The story warns us about the violence and harm that can come from blindly following traditions without questioning them.

39. INSPIRATION OF THE AUTHOR Shirley Jackson was inspired to write "The Lottery" by her observations of human behaviour and the tendency of people to conform to societal norms, even when those norms are harmful. She was also influenced by her own experiences growing up in a small town, where she witnessed how traditions and rituals could hold sway over a community.

40. LITERARY DEVICES Point of View The story is told from a third-person limited point of view, focusing mainly on the thoughts and actions of the characters. Symbolism The lottery itself is a powerful symbol in the story, representing the blind acceptance of tradition and the inherent violence that can result from it. The black box and the slips of paper symbolize the randomness and arbitrariness of the violence. Irony There is dramatic irony in the story, as the reader knows the true purpose of the lottery while the characters do not.

41. "The Scarlet Letter" is a tale of Hester Prynne, a woman condemned for adultery in Puritan Boston, and her journey of redemption amidst guilt, secrecy, and the destructive consequences of societal judgment.

42. "The Scarlet Letter" is a story set in seventeenth-century Puritan Boston, where Hester Prynne is publicly shamed for committing adultery. She must wear a scarlet letter "A" as a constant reminder of her sin. She never identifies her lover Hester's husband seeks revenge, while she raises her daughter, Pearl, in isolation. The guilt-ridden minister, Arthur Dimmesdale, secretly shares a connection to Hester's transgression. Dimmesdale eventually confesses his sin and dies, while Hester and Pearl leave Boston. After many years, Hester returns, embracing her scarlet letter and living a life of repentance and acts of charity.

43. CHARACTERS Hester Prynne Hester Prynne, the protagonist of the story, wears the scarlet letter as a symbol of her adultery. Married to an older scholar, Chillingworth, she had an affair with the Puritan minister Dimmesdale, leading to the birth of her daughter, Pearl. Despite enduring years of shame and scorn, Hester maintains her strength and resilience. She possesses intelligence and insight, offering astute observations about her community and its treatment of women.

44. CHARACTERS Pearl Hester's illegitimate daughter, described as a moody and mischievous young girl with perceptive abilities. She possesses an uncanny wisdom beyond her years and is often involved in ironic play related to her mother's scarlet letter. The townspeople speculate that her unknown father may be the Devil, giving rise to rumour's about her.

45. CHARACTERS Roger Chillingworth Hester's husband who disguises himself and seeks revenge on her and her unnamed lover. He poses as a doctor and uses his knowledge to torment Hester's lover. Chillingworth is consumed by his desire for revenge, making him a Vicious and sinister character in the story.

46. CHARACTERS Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale Dimmesdale is a famous preacher who came from England to America. He had a secret affair with Hester and is the father of her child, but he won't admit it publicly. He feels guilty and punishes himself physically and mentally, which affects his health. Dimmesdale is smart and gives powerful sermons, but he struggles between his commitment to his church and his overwhelming desire to confess his sins.

47. CHARACTERS Governor Bellingham a wealthy and elderly gentleman who acts as a traditional English aristocrat despite his position as governor in early American society. He is often consulting with other town leaders and upholds strict rules. However, he is easily influenced by Dimmesdale's persuasive speeches. Despite his strictness, he is oblivious to the misdeeds of his own household, including his sister, Mistress Hibbins, who is believed to be a witch.

48. CHARACTERS Mistress Hibbins is a widow who lives with her brother, Governor Bellingham, in a luxurious mansion. She is commonly known to be a witch who ventures into the forest at night to ride with the “Black Man.” Her appearances at public occasions remind the reader of the hypocrisy and hidden evil in Puritan society.

49. CHARACTERS Reverend Mr. John Wilson Boston's elder clergyman, known for his strict adherence to Puritan principles. He follows the community's rules and can be swayed by Dimmesdale's eloquence. Wilson preaches about the consequences of sin and supports harsh punishment for wrongdoers.

50. THEME The effects of sin on the individual and society. The novel explores how the sin of adultery affects the lives of Hester Prynne, Reverend Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth, as well as the Puritan community in which they live. Another important theme is the nature of guilt and redemption. Hester's scarlet letter becomes a symbol of her sin, but also of her strength and ability to overcome adversity.

51. INSPIRATION OF THE AUTHOR Nathaniel Hawthorne drew inspiration for "The Scarlet Letter" from various sources, including his own family history and the history of the Puritans in colonial America. Hawthorne's ancestors were involved in the Salem witch trials, and he was deeply interested in the effects of guilt and sin on individuals and society .

52. LITERARY DEVICES Symbolism The most obvious symbol in the novel is the scarlet letter "A" itself, which represents different things to different characters. Imagery Descriptions of the Puritan town, the prison, the scaffold, and the forest all contribute to the atmosphere of the story.