Ethical Principle for nursing students.pptx

Ethics

1. Ethical Principles Unit III Semester IV Year II Major( Rtd ) yasmin. A. Robinson Lecturer JCN 8/9/2024 major( Rtd ) Yasmin.A.Robinson

2. OBJECTIVES Define ethical principles in health care Discuss the ethical dilemmas faced by nurses and client. Discuss the strategies to resolve ethical dilemma in daily nursing practice. List steps of ethical decision-making 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

3. Ethical Principles Ethical principles are a set of ethical rules that provide the framework tools which may facilitate individuals and society to resolve conflict in a fair and moral manner.  The ethical principle provide a foundation for nursing practice. Ethical principles are defined as basis consequences and of universal moral principles when making clinical judgment. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

4. Ethical Principles The ethical principles are as follows Autonomy Beneficence Justice Fidelity Veracity Confidentiality Non-maleficence Accountability 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

5. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

6. The primary principles There are three primary ethical principles that are traditionally cited when discussing ethical concerns in human subjects research. Justice (fairness) Autonomy Respect for autonomy (the right to make one’s own decision ) Beneficence (doing good )welfare for others. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

7. The primary principles Autonomy: Self-governing; having the freedom to make independent choices Self-determination The principle of autonomy means that the nurse respects a patient’s right to make decision. Do not force people to do things 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

8. The primary principles Autonomy: Refers to individual rights to make choice about the nature & direction of their life without interference from others. Respect for autonomy means that recognize & appreciate an individual's perceptive & capacities. Make certain choices & take action based on personal values, belief ,and ideas. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

9. The primary principles Beneficence : Views the primary goal of health care as “doing good” for clients. This principle means “doing good” for others Client approached in holistic manner. Nurses need to assist clients in meeting all their needs Biological Psychological Social 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

10. The primary principles Justice: Obligation to be fair to all people 1st statement in ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses. The principle that deals with fairness, equity and equality, appropriate treatment in the light of what is due or owed to person. Equal justice means treating all people the same without regard to any personal characteristic or behavior. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

11. The secondary principles The secondary ethical principles that can be incorporated with the primary principles when interpreting ethical issues and making clinical decisions are Veracity (telling the truth) Fidelity (duty to keep promises) Confidential (duty to respect privileged information) 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

12. The secondary principles Veracity  Requires the health care provider to tell the truth & not intentionally deceive or mislead clients. This principle implies “truthfulness” The term veracity related to the practice of the telling the truth, a nurse tell the truth when it is known that it will cause harm. Truthfulness is widely accepted as a universal virtue 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

13. The secondary principles Fidelity  Refers to the act of faithfulness or loyalty Duty to be faithful to one’s commitments To keep promises Fidelity or faithful devotion to duty. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

14. The secondary principles Confidentiality  Privacy is a fundamental right of individuals confidentiality demands non disclosure of private or secret information about another person. Anything stated to nurses or health-care providers by patients must remain confidential. Confidentiality means that nurses & doctors should only discuss the medical conditions & issues of a patient when there is a valid reason for doing so 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

15. Nonmaleficence Requires that no harm be caused to an individual, either unintentionally or deliberately This principle requires nurses to protect individuals who are unable to protect themselves Do not cause pain or suffering Do not deprive the people Do not cause offence Do not kill 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

16. Accountability Individuals need to be responsible for their own actions Nurses are accountable to themselves and to their colleagues, answerable to oneself and others for ones own actions. It is grounded in the principles of fidelity and respect for dignity of client 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

17. Ethical Dilemmas A conflict between two or more ethical principles. Health professionals have two basic ethical obligation: To extend life To lesson pain and suffering . Can they do both in this situation when morphine may shorten patient’s life? How ethically justify spending money on useless medical care? 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

18. Major types Ethical Dilemma Nurses face different ethical dilemmas in a health care system Euthanasia Refusal of treatment . Scarcity of resources. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

19. Major types Of Ethical Dilemma Euthanasia: International action or lack of action that causes the merciful death of someone suffering from a terminal illness or incurable condition . Refusal of treatment . Based on the principle of autonomy . A client’s right to refuse treatment & to die often challenge the values of most care providers. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

20. Major types Of Ethical Dilemma Scarcity of resources. The allocation of scarce resources ( e.g. organs, specialist ) is emerging as a major medical dilemma. What should a health professional do when he/she sees a colleague engaging in an unethical act? Because of the family’s wish, his terminal ill status has not been told the patient but the nurse is sure he/she knows he is dying. What should the nurse do ethically when this patient directly asks her about his condition? 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

21. Scenario A patient, 30 years old is hospitalized with AIDS. Next day his parents come to see him. The patient requests his nurse if his parents asks his diagnosis please tell another one like leukemia etc. instead of AIDS. What the nurse should do here? Veracity or confidentiality? 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

22. Strategies to Resolve Ethical dilemma 1 . Identify ethical issues and problems 2. Look at the dilemma from different perspectives: What are the consequences of each choice? Who is affected and in what ways? Examine the choices against well accepted moral laws? Look at the choices using the ‘Golden Rule’ (fair) How would I like to be treated under similar situation ? 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

23. Strategies to Resolve Ethical dilemma Use competent interdisciplinary resources. Develop alternative actions and project their outcomes on the client and family. For each alternative action, identify the risk and seriousness of the consequences for the nurse. Apply nursing codes of ethics to help guide action. Participate actively in resolving the issue. Implement the action. Evaluate the action taken. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

24. Ethical Decision Making Responsible ethical reasoning is rational and systematic. It should be based on ethical principles and codes of ethics rather than on emotions intuition, fixed policies, or precedent. A good decision is one that is in the client’s best interests and at the same time preserves the integrity of all involved. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

25. Steps of Ethical Decision Making Identify the moral aspects. Gather the relevant facts that relate to the issue. Determine ownership of the decision. i.e for whom is the decision being made? Who should decide and why? Clarify and apply personal values. Identify ethical theories and principles. Identify applicable laws or institutional policies. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

26. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

27. ETHICAL THEORY An ethical theory provides a framework within which agents can reflect on the acceptability of actions and can evaluate moral judgments and moral character. Ethical theory means by which we justify a particular ethical decision. A theory is an ethical standard for all action 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

28. Classification of Theories

29. Ethical Theory 1.Ethics of conduct : what sort of action we perform . 2.Ethics of characteristic : What sort of people should we be . 1.Ethics of conduct : Consequentialism: the action is the one that produces the most intrinsic good ,rightness or wrongness of any action . Ethical egoism :A person gives importance to his /her own desire & welfare ,

30. cont Altruism: A person gives more importance to others desire & welfare . Utilitarianism : (for every one affected ) The most prominent form of consequentialism called utilitarianism, the aims is ‘’produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Derive from Latin word utilis ’’ useful’’.This theory was introduced by ‘’Jeremy Benthom ’’in 18 th century .

31. Cont b. Deontology ( Ethics of Care) The good is defined independtly of the right . Deontology is derived from the Greek for duty. Its origins the ideas of philosopher Immanuel Kant in 18 th century , refer to the rights & duties. The theory is based on the observation that wisely try to act Deontology prioritizes the right ,particularly if the good were to be define simply as pleasure.

32. Kantanism By Immanuel Kant Kant believe that people’s actions ought to be guided by moral laws,& that these moral laws were universal Ethical duties are same for all. Ethical duty should not be based on the opinions of any individual ,group,tradition,faith,culture,norms or even god’s well

33. 2. Ethics of Character virtue Ethics: Virtue ethics are a class of normative ethical theories which treat the concept of moral virtue as central to ethics. They are often enumerated as chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, kindness, patience, and humility. Aristotelianism Aristotelianism is the tradition that stressed the theoretical "sciences" rather than the practical disciplines.

34. Difference Between Virtue Ethics and Utilitarianism The main difference between virtue ethics utilitarianism is that  Virtue ethics focuses on the person carrying out an action, Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of the action. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson

35. 8/9/2024 major(Rtd) Yasmin.A.Robinson