EUOPREAN UNION the regional orgnization

it contain inforamtion about euorpaen union

1. EUOPREAN UNION IRUM KHAN 157 MARKS IN IR

2. Structure of European union

3. COUNCIL OF MINISTER One minister from each EU country Presidency: rotates every six months Decides EU laws and budget together with Parliament Manages the common foreign and security policy

4. COUNCIL OF MINISTER Most decisions in the Council are taken by ‘double majority’. A decision must have the support of at least: • 55 % of Member States (16 countries) • Member States that represent 65 % of the EU’s population

5. Summit of heads of state and government of all EU countries Held at least 4 times a year Sets the overall guidelines for EU policies President: Donald Tusk

6. EUROPEAN COMISSION 28 independent members, one from each EU country Proposes new legislation Executive organ Guardian of the treaties Represents the EU on the international stage

7. The Court of Justice – upholding the law the law 28 independent judges, one from each EU country Rules on how to interpret EU law Ensures EU countries apply EU laws in the same way

8. 28 independent members Checks that EU funds are used properly Can audit any person or organisation dealing with EU funds The European Court of Auditors: getting value for your money

9. Ensures price stability Controls money supply and decides interest rates Supervises that banks are safe Works independently from governments The European Central Bank: managing the euro Mario Draghi President of the Central Bank

10. The European Economic and Social Committee : voice of civil society Represents trade unions, employers, farmers, consumers and so on Advises on new EU laws and policies Promotes the involvement of civil society in EU matters 353 members

11. The Committee of the Regions : voice of local government Represents cities and regions Advises on new EU laws and policies Promotes the involvement of local government in EU matters 353 members

12. Civil servants working for the EU The Commission employs about 23 000 permanent civil servants and 11 000 temporary or contract workers Other EU institutions employ about 10 000 staff Permanent civil servants Selected by open competitions Come from all EU countries Salaries decided by law EU administration costs €15 per EU citizen per year EU staff will be reduced by 5% between 2013 and 2017

13. How it was established

14. The EU was established, along with its citizenship, when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993, and was incorporated as an international legal juridical person upon entry into force of the  Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 Its beginnings can be traced to the Inner Six states (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany) at the start of modern European integration in 1948, and to the Western Union, the International Authority for the Ruhr, the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, which were established by treaties . These increasingly amalgamated bodies grew, with their legal successor the EU, both in size through the accessions of a further 22 states from 1973 to 2013, and in power through acquisitions of policy areas. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . The United Kingdom became the only member state to  leave the EU, in 2020 ten countries are aspiring or negotiating to join it.

15. Maastricht treaty Representatives from 12 countries signed the Treaty on 7 February 1992 European citizenship The Treaty introduced European citizenship, allowing citizens to reside in and move freely between Member States. Common foreign and security policy The Treaty established a common foreign and security policy with the aim of "safeguarding the common values, fundamental interests and independence of the Union". Justice and Home Affairs The Treaty developed close cooperation on justice and home affairs to ensure the safety and security of European citizens

16. The Treaty of Amsterdam The first, the Treaty of Amsterdam, was signed in 1997 and entered into force on May 1, 1999 . Building on the social protocol of the Maastricht Treaty, it identified as EU objectives the promotion of employment, improved living and working conditions, and proper social protection; added sex-discrimination protections and transferred asylum, immigration, and civil judicial policy to the community’s jurisdiction; granted the Council of Ministers the power to penalize members for serious violations of fundamental human rights; and gave the Parliament veto power over a broad range of EC policies as well as the power to reject the European Council’s nominee for president of the Commission.

17. TREATY OF NICE A second treaty, the Treaty of Nice , was signed in 2001 and entered into force on February 1, 2003 . Negotiated in preparation for the admission of new members from eastern Europe, it contained major reforms. The maximum number of seats on the Commission was set at 27, the number of commissioners appointed by members was made the same at one each, and the president of the Commission was given greater independence from national governments. Qualified majority voting in the Council of Ministers was extended to several new areas . Approval of legislation by qualified voting required the support of members representing at least 62 percent of the EU population and either the support of a majority of members or a supermajority of votes cast.

18. Lisbon Treaty, signed in December 2007, required approval by all 27 EU member countries in order to take effect. The treaty, which retained portions of the draft constitution, would establish an EU presidency , consolidate foreign policy representation for the EU , and devolve additional powers to the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, and the European Parliament. Unlike the draft constitution, the Lisbon Treaty would amend rather than replace existing treaties

19. Passport controls have been abolished for travel within the  Schengen Area. The  eurozone  is a group composed of the 20 EU member states that have fully implemented the economic and monetary union and use the euro currency. Through the  Common Foreign and Security Policy , the union has developed a role in external relations and defense. It maintains permanent  diplomatic missions  throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7 and the G20

20. Common foreign and security policy According to Article J.1 of title V of the Maastricht Treaty, the European Union defines and implements a common foreign and security policy that covers all areas of foreign and security policy, the objectives of which are to: Safeguard the common values, fundamental interests, independence and integrity of the Union in conformity with the principles of the United Nations Charter; Strengthen the security of the Union in all ways; Preserve peace and strengthen international security, in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter, as well as the principles of the Helsinki Final Act and the objectives of the Paris Charter, including those on external borders; Promote international co-operation; Develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law, and respect for human rights and fundamental

21. Foreign policy There are a number of bodies set up within the context of the CFSP. Within the council, there is the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC ) configuration, essentially a meeting of foreign ministers and the Political and Security Committee or PSC, which monitors the international situation in the areas covered by the CFSP and contributes by delivering opinions to the Council of Ministers, either at its request or its own initiative, and also monitors the implementation of agreed policies

22. CFSP The European Defence Agency (EDA ) encourages increase in defense capabilities, military research and the establishment of a European internal market for military technology. Two bodies carried over from the Western European Union (see defense, below) are the European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS ) and the European Union Satellite Centre (EUSC ). The EUISS is the European Union's in-house think tank. Its mission is to find a common security culture for the EU, to help develop and project the CFSP, and to enrich Europe's strategic debate. The EUSC is providing analysis of satellite imagery and collateral data

23. CFSP cont. The list of terrorist organizations was started in 2001 with the 13 organizations listed on 27 December of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP Countering terrorism and common definition of terrorism seriously intimidating a population unduly compelling a Government or international organization to perform or abstain from performing any act seriously destabilizing or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social constructs

24. CFSP cont. The European Peace Facility (EPF ) is an off-budget EU financing instrument set up in March 2021, aiming towards the delivering of military aid to partner countries and funding the deployment of EU military missions abroad under the CFSP The Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) is the part of the CFSP that relates to defense and crisis management, implemented by EU structures in CSDP missions drawing on civilian and military assets provided by member states. Based on articles 42–46 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), the CSDP also entails a mutual defense clause amongst member states as well

25. Achievement No major conflict among EU countries Human development Social cohesion Soft power in the world Common agenda in world organizations

26. CHALLENGES TO EUROPEAN UNION Ukraine crisis corona virus migrant issues Palestine issue identity crisis how to respond to China the world’s largest club of wealthy countries remains split between those that support brussels’ initiatives focused on distributing migrants between members in an act of solidarity and those countries, like Hungary or Poland, whose far-right governments consider the influx of outsiders a threat.

27. Alex Cobham, chief executive at the Tax Justice Network, said: “It is shameful that finance ministers from the EU – who preside over tax systems that lose over $130 billion to cross-border tax abuse every year, whose citizens consistently call for them to take action, and who have sat on their hands while the OECD has failed to deliver any kind of headway – are now trying to stifle the best chance for global progress at the UN

28. Poland, Slovakia and Hungary announced restrictions on imports on Friday after the European Commission decided not to extend a ban on sales into Ukraine's five EU neighbours , which also include Romania and Bulgaria.