Europe map study

2. Europe is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the Europe is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the
west by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south by the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south by the
Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains,
and the Caspian Sea; the eastern boundary runs along the Ural and the Caspian Sea; the eastern boundary runs along the Ural
Mts.Mts.

3. Mediterranean Sea

4. Europe is a Europe is a
well-watered well-watered
continent with continent with
many rivers. many rivers.
Most of the Most of the
continent's continent's
drainage finds drainage finds
its way to the its way to the
Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean
via a number via a number
of master river of master river
systems, systems,
whose whose
watersheds watersheds
interlock in a interlock in a
most complex most complex
manner. manner.
Europe’s rivers

5. Rhine River
•One of the
longest in
Europe.
Important for
trade and
transportation.
Historically
important, many
castles along it
where river traffic
could be stopped
to collect taxes
and tolls

6. Rhine River shippingRhine River shipping

7. Danube River
Danube RiverDanube River

8. Danube River
The second longest river The second longest river
in Europe, it is one of the in Europe, it is one of the
major methods of major methods of
transportation. It is the transportation. It is the
only major European river only major European river
to flow west to east, to flow west to east,
going through eight going through eight
countries and three countries and three
capitals including: capitals including:
Budapest, Hungary; Budapest, Hungary;
Vienna, Austria; and Vienna, Austria; and
Belgrade, Serbia.Belgrade, Serbia.

9. Danube River

10. Volga
River
The The Volga Volga
RiverRiver in in
Western Russia, Western Russia,
Europe's longest Europe's longest
river, with a river, with a
length of 3,690 length of 3,690
km, provides the km, provides the
core of the core of the
largest river largest river
system in system in
Europe.Europe.

12. Po River
•Longest river in
Italy, flows
through Turin,
Piacenza,
Ferrara, and is
connected to
Milan by canal.
•Po Valley main
industrial area of
Italy.

13. Seine and Rhone
•Seine-Paris
•Rhone-South of
France
Seine
Rhone

14. European Peninsulas
Scandinavian
Jutland
Balkan
Italian
Iberian
Crimean

15. In the 17th Century, the In the 17th Century, the
Swedish empire consisted Swedish empire consisted
of most of Scandanavia.of most of Scandanavia.
Scandanavian
Peninsula
The The Swedish EmpireSwedish Empire in in
16581658 (orange) overlaid overlaid
by present day Swedenby present day Sweden
(dark orange).

16. Fjord -Fjord - A long, narrow arm of the sea, usually formed A long, narrow arm of the sea, usually formed
by entrance of the sea into a deep glacial trough.by entrance of the sea into a deep glacial trough.

17. The Balkan
Peninsula
The Balkans is The Balkans is
the historic and the historic and
geographic geographic
name used to name used to
describe describe
southeastern southeastern
Europe. Europe.

18. Italian Boot
The Italian The Italian
peninsula or the peninsula or the
Apennine Apennine
peninsula is one of peninsula is one of
the greatest the greatest
peninsulas of peninsulas of
Europe, spanning Europe, spanning
1000 km from the 1000 km from the
Alps in the north, to Alps in the north, to
the central the central
Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea
in the south.in the south.

19. .
Sicily
The Strait of MessinaThe Strait of Messina
is between the island of Sicily and the is between the island of Sicily and the
Italian peninsulaItalian peninsula
ItalyItaly
Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea
Strait of Messina Strait of Messina

20. Mt. Etna on the island of Sicily is one of the
world’s most active volcanoes.

22. RomeRome grew along the banks of the Tiber River into a major grew along the banks of the Tiber River into a major
city under the rule of the Etruscans in the centuries before city under the rule of the Etruscans in the centuries before
ChristChrist..

23. Vatican City
The Vatican City, The Vatican City,
officially the State officially the State
of the Vatican City of the Vatican City
is a landlocked is a landlocked
enclaveenclave
surrounded by the surrounded by the
city of city of RomeRome in in
ItalyItaly, and the , and the
smallest smallest
independent state independent state
in the world. in the world.
Nearly a billion Catholics
worldwide mourned the
death of Pope John Paul
II this month.

24. Raised walkways have been
installed in places where the
flooding is worst. These people
are queueing to enter the Basilica
di San Marco
A combination of man’s A combination of man’s
activities and natural changes activities and natural changes
threaten the very existence of threaten the very existence of
this historical Italian city.this historical Italian city.
Sinking Venice

25. Venice flooding
High water regularly floods St. Mark's Square and other High water regularly floods St. Mark's Square and other
parts of Venice, forcing people to tread on raised parts of Venice, forcing people to tread on raised
walkways. The city itself is sinking, the level of the Adriatic walkways. The city itself is sinking, the level of the Adriatic
is rising and high tides are becoming more frequentis rising and high tides are becoming more frequent.

26. Venice Lagoon
The Venice Lagoon has a surface area The Venice Lagoon has a surface area
of 55,000 sq, meters has and was of 55,000 sq, meters has and was
formed nearly 6,000 years ago. In order formed nearly 6,000 years ago. In order
to preserve the lagoon and adapt it to to preserve the lagoon and adapt it to
existing needs - port, fish farms, land existing needs - port, fish farms, land
reclamation, transport and industry – reclamation, transport and industry –
for the past 5 centuries man has for the past 5 centuries man has
undertaken increasingly consistent undertaken increasingly consistent
works to achieve hydraulic regulation, mainly by works to achieve hydraulic regulation, mainly by
diverting the principal rivers from the Lagoon into the diverting the principal rivers from the Lagoon into the
Adriatic Sea, and building numerous reclamation Adriatic Sea, and building numerous reclamation
systems on the lower lands to use them for agricultural systems on the lower lands to use them for agricultural
purposes; in the last 50 years the wetlands have been purposes; in the last 50 years the wetlands have been
significantly reduced and the pollution load discharged significantly reduced and the pollution load discharged
into the lagoon has been increased. into the lagoon has been increased.
Industrial Industrial
pollution in the pollution in the
Venice lagoon, Venice lagoon,
19981998

27. After more After more
than a decade than a decade
of scrutiny, the of scrutiny, the
colossal $2.6 colossal $2.6
billion Moses billion Moses
project, a project, a
flexible seawall flexible seawall
with a series of with a series of
flap gates that flap gates that
would stretch would stretch
along the along the
lagoon and lagoon and
block tides block tides
from flooding from flooding
the city, is the city, is
readyready
Moses Project

28. Iberian
Peninsula
Climatically, the Iberian Peninsula has
hot summers, cold winters, and
limited precipitation.
Westernmost Westernmost
European European
peninsula peninsula
containing containing
Portugal, Portugal,
Spain, and Spain, and
Andorra.Andorra.

29. Meseta
The middle of Spain is a The middle of Spain is a
high, dry, flat plateau high, dry, flat plateau
called the called the MesetaMeseta. In . In
the the Meseta Meseta it can be it can be
very hot in the very hot in the summersummer
and cold in the and cold in the winterwinter..

30. Strait of
Gibraltar
Located at the western entrance to the
Mediterranean Sea, this narrow sea-
level
passage is
about 15
kilometers
wide and
55
kilometers
long.

31. The Rock
of
Gibraltar
Strategically important, Gibraltar was ceded to Great Strategically important, Gibraltar was ceded to Great
Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British
garrison was formally declared a colony in 1830. In garrison was formally declared a colony in 1830. In
referendums held in 1967 and 2002, Gibraltarians ignored referendums held in 1967 and 2002, Gibraltarians ignored
Spanish pressure and voted overwhelmingly to remain a Spanish pressure and voted overwhelmingly to remain a
British dependency.British dependency.

32. –Urals
–Carpathians
–Caucasus
–Apennines
–Alps
–Pyrenees
Major Mountains of Europe

33. The mountain range The mountain range
that runs roughly that runs roughly
north and south north and south
through western through western
Russia marks the Russia marks the
northern part of the northern part of the
(arbitrary) border (arbitrary) border
between the between the
continents of continents of
Europe and Asia.Europe and Asia.
The Ural Mountains

34. Carpathian
Mountains
The Fagaras Massif in central The Fagaras Massif in central
Romania's Transylvanian Alps forms Romania's Transylvanian Alps forms
the most spectacular range of the the most spectacular range of the
Carpathian MountainsCarpathian Mountains
Located in six Located in six
countries of countries of
East and East and
Central Europe: Central Europe:
Czech Czech
Republic, Republic,
Hungary, Hungary,
Poland, Poland,
Romania, Romania,
Slovak Republic Slovak Republic
and Ukraine.and Ukraine.

35. Carpathians
(left) Apuseni Apuseni
Mountains in Mountains in
Romania’s part Romania’s part
of the of the
CarpathiansCarpathians
The geologic The geologic
structure of the structure of the
inner part of inner part of
the Western the Western
Carpathians Carpathians
is marked by a is marked by a
break running break running
from the from the
east and the east and the
south along south along
a line of a line of
dislocation dislocation
in the Earth's in the Earth's
crust.crust.

36. Balkan Mts.
This is an extension of the This is an extension of the
Carpathian mountain Carpathian mountain
range, separated from it range, separated from it
by the Danube River.by the Danube River.

37. Alps
The Alps is the The Alps is the
collective name collective name
for one of the for one of the
great mountain great mountain
range systems of range systems of
Europe, stretching Europe, stretching
from Austria in the from Austria in the
east, Slovenia, east, Slovenia,
Italy, Switzerland, Italy, Switzerland,
Liechtenstein and Liechtenstein and
Germany, through Germany, through
to France in the to France in the
west. The word west. The word
Alps means Alps means
mountains.mountains.

38. Ibex
An An ibexibex challenges intruders in the Alps challenges intruders in the Alps

39. Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains form part of the Euro-Asian
border between Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan.

40. Pyrenees
Stretching from the
Atlantic Ocean in the
west to the
Mediterranean in the
East, a distance of
some 250 miles
(402.5km), the
mountains of the
Pyrenees form a natural
barrier between Spain
and the Iberian
Peninsula in the south
and France in the north.

41. StraitsStraits
The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles are the The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles are the
straits between the European and Southwest straits between the European and Southwest
Asian sections of Turkey.Asian sections of Turkey.

42. Karst
Landscapes that Landscapes that
show the result show the result
of limestone of limestone
dissolution are dissolution are
called karst. called karst.
Most limestones Most limestones
are formed by are formed by
the deposition the deposition
and and
consolidation of consolidation of
the skeletons of the skeletons of
marine marine
invertebratesinvertebrates .

43. LakeBalaton
Lake Balaton is the largest lake of Central EuropeLake Balaton is the largest lake of Central Europe

44. Sirocco
This satellite image shows This satellite image shows
a dust storm over the a dust storm over the
Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea. The
north African winds, north African winds,
known as known as SiroccoSirocco, blow , blow
dust north-west out over dust north-west out over
the Mediterranean Sea the Mediterranean Sea
from the Libyan desert to from the Libyan desert to
the Italian mainland the Italian mainland
crossing the island of crossing the island of
Sicily and part of Sardinia Sicily and part of Sardinia
island to the west. island to the west.

45. The Zuiderzee The Zuiderzee
Works is a man-Works is a man-
made system of made system of
dams, land dams, land
reclamation and reclamation and
water drainage water drainage
works, and the works, and the
largest hydraulic largest hydraulic
engineering project engineering project
undertaken by the undertaken by the
Netherlands during Netherlands during
the twentieth the twentieth
century.century.
Zuiderzee

46. The project involved the damming off of the The project involved the damming off of the ZuiderzeeZuiderzee,,
a large, shallow inlet of the a large, shallow inlet of the North SeaNorth Sea, and the , and the
reclamation of land in the newly enclosed water body by reclamation of land in the newly enclosed water body by
means of means of polderspolders..

47. Polder
Polder:Polder: An area of low-lying land, especially in An area of low-lying land, especially in
the Netherlands, that has been reclaimed from a the Netherlands, that has been reclaimed from a
body of water and is protected by dikes.body of water and is protected by dikes.

48. Terpen
These high earthen These high earthen
platforms provide safe platforms provide safe
places during floods and places during floods and
high tideshigh tides

49. ZuiderZee
On the left side is the salty North Sea, and on the right On the left side is the salty North Sea, and on the right
side the freshwater lake created by the 'Afsluitdijk‘ dam.side the freshwater lake created by the 'Afsluitdijk‘ dam.
Zuider ZeeZuider Zee

50. EnglishEnglish
ChannelChannel
Strait of Dover Strait of Dover
The The
United KingdomUnited Kingdom
FranceFrance

51. PeatPeat is an is an
accumulation of partially accumulation of partially
decayeddecayed vegetationvegetation
mattermatter. Soft and easily . Soft and easily
compressed, water is compressed, water is
forced out under forced out under
pressure. Upon drying, pressure. Upon drying,
peat can be used as a peat can be used as a
fuelfuel, and is traditionally , and is traditionally
used for cooking and used for cooking and
domestic heating in domestic heating in
many countries many countries
including including IrelandIreland and and
ScotlandScotland, where trees , where trees
are often scarce.are often scarce.

52. Most of Europe Most of Europe
was once was once
covered by a covered by a
hardwood hardwood
forest. forest.
Overgrazing, Overgrazing,
bad soil bad soil
management, management,
inappropriate land-use, droughts, fires, and political inappropriate land-use, droughts, fires, and political
turmoil, caused considerable deforestation, however, turmoil, caused considerable deforestation, however,
most of the forests of Europe and were reduced to most of the forests of Europe and were reduced to
charcoal to supply heat for manufacturing processescharcoal to supply heat for manufacturing processes.
Deforestation

53. The weather in this The weather in this
otherwise cold climate otherwise cold climate
zone, is moderated by zone, is moderated by
the effects of The North the effects of The North
Atlantic Drift which Atlantic Drift which
originates from originates from
the Gulf Stream along the Gulf Stream along
North America and North America and
from the northern from the northern
Sargasso Sea. These Sargasso Sea. These
waters then slowly flow waters then slowly flow
northward into the northward into the
Labrador and European Labrador and European
Basins eventually Basins eventually
becoming the NADC as it enters the Iceland Basin. becoming the NADC as it enters the Iceland Basin.
False-color image of the temperature of the Gulf
Stream
North Atlantic DriftNorth Atlantic Drift

54. The effect of The effect of
the Gulf Stream the Gulf Stream
is sufficient to is sufficient to
cause certain cause certain
parts of the parts of the
west of Britain west of Britain
and Ireland to and Ireland to
be an average of several degrees warmer than be an average of several degrees warmer than
most other parts of those countries. most other parts of those countries.
Gulf Stream

55. Mistral
The mistral/maestral is a
cold, northerly katabatic
wind flowing into the
Gulf of Lion from the
southern coast of France.
Mistrals are most
common during winter
and spring, although
gale-force events can
occur year-round. The
wind is characterized by
the sinking of cold air
generated over the
mountains and then
funneled through the
Garone Valley between
the Pyrenees and the
Massif Central.

56. North Sea
Oil Field
North Sea oil and North Sea oil and
natural gas were natural gas were
first discovered in the first discovered in the
1960s. The North Sea, 1960s. The North Sea,
however, did not however, did not
emerge immediately emerge immediately
as a key non-OPEC oil as a key non-OPEC oil
producing area until producing area until
the 1980s and 1990s, the 1980s and 1990s,
when major discoveries when major discoveries
began coming online. Oil and natural gas extraction in began coming online. Oil and natural gas extraction in
the North Sea's inhospitable climate - cold and windy - the North Sea's inhospitable climate - cold and windy -
and at great depths requires sophisticated offshore and at great depths requires sophisticated offshore
technology.technology.

57. Four countries Four countries
make up the United make up the United
Kingdom (also Kingdom (also
known as Great known as Great
Britain): Scotland, Britain): Scotland,
Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland,
Wales, and Wales, and
England.England.
United United
KingdomKingdom

58. North Sea
oil rig
While primary oil demand in European Union (EU) While primary oil demand in European Union (EU)
countries is projected to increase by 0.4% per year from countries is projected to increase by 0.4% per year from
now to 2030, North Sea output peaked in 1999 and has now to 2030, North Sea output peaked in 1999 and has
been on the decline ever since. been on the decline ever since.

59. The global ocean circulation system transports heat throughout the planet. White The global ocean circulation system transports heat throughout the planet. White
sections represent warm surface currents. Purple sections represent deep cold currentssections represent warm surface currents. Purple sections represent deep cold currents.

Greatoceanconveyor

Greatoceanconveyor

61. What What
factors factors
contribute contribute
to the to the
patterns of patterns of
heavy and heavy and
light light
rainfall on rainfall on
this map?this map?

62. European Geography Links
•Castles.org/castles/Germany
•http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/content/v9.1/morse.html
•http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0824815.html
•http://www.whoi.edu/administration/president/news_030127.htm
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gi.html
http://www.pamalam.ch/switzerland%20pics%20lucerne.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain
Ggermanicandslavic.uwaterloo.ca/
http://www.istrianet.org/istria/meteorology/winds-maestral1.htm
http://www.grazianoarici.it/photo/poll.html
http://www.dhi.dk/softcon/papers/042/042/042.htm
http://www.npl.co.uk/optical_radiation/dti/theme1g.html
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/northsea.html