Euthenics eugenics and genetic counselling

Euthenics eugenics and genetic counselling. Animal genetics, eugenics euthenics in different religions with examples.

1. Euthenics, Eugenics and genetic counseling Nizad sultana Department of Zoology University of Gujrat

2. These are branches of science that tend to improve our life better.

3. Euthenics Euthenics  is the study of the improvement of human functioning and  well-being  by improvement of living conditions.  Human well being in present generation.

4. Improvement” is conducted by altering external factors :-   education   controllable  environment prevention and removal of  contagious disease  and  parasites ,  environmentalism , education regarding  employment ,  home economics ,  sanitation , and  housing .

5.   Euthenics is a branch of science that aims to better different aspects of the environment in order to improve humans' wellbeing and/or the wellbeing of other living things. Keep in mind that the environment includes many different components such as food , water , organisms , and air quality.

6. Examples of Euthenics Water treatment plants are examples of euthenics in action. Though many of us enjoy the benefits of treatment plants without a thought, you wouldn't take it for granted if you lived somewhere without adequate sewer systems. Water treatment plants clean water that is contaminated. We get clean drinking water so that we don't have to drink water containing harmful bacteria, parasites, carcinogens, or mutagens. Water treatment plants carry out euthenics because they keep all types of diseases down by cleaning the water that we drink, shower in, and use for cooking.

7. Another common example of euthenics is the use of vaccines . Vaccines prevent people from developing certain diseases. Vaccines include gene vaccines and vaccines that can help prevent cancer. The bigger premise behind widespread vaccine use is that we can eliminate deadly and debilitating diseases altogether by making sure everyone is vaccinated.

8. Genetically modified fruits and vegetables Euthenics has been at work for some time now in our food supply. Scientists have created genetically modified vegetables and fruits that grow faster and stay edible for a longer period of time. Scientists have also altered fruits and vegetables by creating some that naturally repel insects to prevent them from consuming the food before we do. These euthenic measures have helped our species because there is more food available for us to consume.

9. Laws for foetus protection Laws for the protection of the foetus from environmental harm may be described as euthenics e.g. • Government-required warnings on alcohol and cigarette containers that drinking or smoking while pregnant may harm the fetus. Adding iodine to salt (to prevent thyroid deficiency), vitamin D to milk (to prevent rickets), Fo lic acid to cereal products (to prevent spina bifida) are other examples, as is vaccinating women for rubella to prevent rubella in the fetus (rubella may damage the fetus).

10. Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations. Euthenics is hygiene for the present generation. Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing better men now, and thus inevitably creating a better race of men in the future. Euthenics is the term proposed for the preliminary science on which Eugenics must be based.

11. Terminology One of the first known authors to make use of the word euthenics was Ellen Swallow Richards (1842-1911) in her book The Cost of Shelter (1905). She used the word euthenics to mean “the science of better living.” In 1926, the Daily Colonist summarized euthenics as “efficient living.” In 1967, Technology Week went on to define euthenics as “man’s environmental opportunity,” “his education.”

12. Eugenics Eugenics is science of improving human species by selectively mating people with specific desirable heriditary traits.

13. History In 1869, an English scientist, Sir Francis Galton (also cousin of Charles Darwin) coined the phrase eugenics, which is now defined as the study of human genetics and of particular methods to improve mental and physical characteristics that are inherited. In his book Hereditary Genius.

14. Positive and negative eugenics I ndividuals with traits such as dwarfism or Down syndrome. This is defined as “negative eugenics.” The movie  Gattaca  provides a fictional example of a dystopian society that uses eugenics to decide what people are capable of and their place in the world. Negative eugenics aimed to eliminate, through sterilization or segregation, those deemed physically, mentally, or morally "undesirable". This includes abortions, sterilization, and other methods of family planning.

15. Positive Eugenics T he encouragement of the procreation of those individuals who are healthy and intelligent would be defined as “ positive eugenics.” Positive eugenics is aimed at encouraging reproduction among the genetically advantaged; For example, the reproduction of the intelligent, the healthy, and the successful.

16. Eugenics movement in U.S The eugenics movement began in the U.S. in the late 19 th  century. However, unlike in Britain, eugenicists in the U.S. focused on efforts to stop the transmission of negative or “undesirable” traits from generation to generation. In response to these ideas, some US leaders, private citizens, and corporations started funding eugenical studies.  The ERO spent time tracking family histories and concluded that people deemed to be unfit more often came from families that were poor, low in social standing, immigrant, and/or  minority . Further, ERO researchers “demonstrated” that the undesirable traits in these families, such as pauperism, were due to genetics, and not lack of resources.

17. Rules to establish Eugenics Stricter immigration rules were enacted, but the most ominous resolution was a plan to sterilize “unfit” individuals to prevent them from passing on their negative traits. During the 20 th  century, a total of 33 states had sterilization programs in place.

18. Sterilization While at first sterilization efforts targeted mentally ill people exclusively, later the traits deemed serious enough to warrant sterilization included alcoholism, criminality chronic poverty, blindness, deafness, feeble-mindedness, and promiscuity.

19. It was also not uncommon for African American women to be sterilized during other medical procedures without consent.  Most people subjected to these sterilizations had no choice, and because the program was run by the government, they had little chance of escaping the procedure.  It is thought that around 65,000 Americans were sterilized during this time period. The eugenics movement in the U.S. slowly lost favor over time and was waning by the start of World War II.

20. Is it legal

21. Nazi Eugenics Nazi Eugenics Biological campaign on improvement of Aryan race or Germanic Ubermenschen is part of Nazi ideology. 400, 000 people were sterilized. 300, 000 people were killed. Hadamar clinic Action T4 Gas chamber and buses. Grafeneck castle.

22. Criticism A criticism of eugenics policies is that, regardless of whether  negative  or  positive  policies are used, they are susceptible to abuse because the genetic selection criteria are determined by whichever group has  political power  at the time. Furthermore, many criticize  negative eugenics  in particular as a violation of  basic human rights . Another criticism is that eugenics policies eventually lead to a loss of  genetic diversity . thereby resulting in  inbreeding depression  due to a loss of genetic variation. It have severe effects on Evolution .

23. Loss of genetic diversity Eugenic policies may lead to a loss of  genetic diversity . Further, a culturally-accepted "improvement" of the gene pool may result in extinction, due to increased vulnerability to disease, reduced ability to adapt to environmental change, and other factors that may not be anticipated in advance.

24. Islam and Eugenics Both  Islamic law   and tradition generally condemn abortion, which is permitted only if the mother's life is endangered Both religious law and tradition do include references to a man's choosing an appropriate wife, but these concerns have been interpreted as moral and social, rather than eugenic. A woman may be married for four reasons: for her property, her status, her beauty, and her religion; so try to get one who is religious"

25. There is no law to suggest choosing a marriage partner with the intention of improving the progeny through the control of hereditary factors Moreover, in the case of a person drinking wine, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) regarded it permissible to annul the marriage contract, especially, if the person was alcoholic

26. Sex selection is not acceptable except for medical reasons in gender related disease. Some jusists permit gene manipulation if abnormalities with physical or physiological harm. surgeries to treat congenital deformaties to restore normal shape or function of organ is permissible.

27. Islam permits prenatal diagnosis as good if it is used to treat fetus against risks. If deformed child is born to Muslim Islam tells parents to accept it with love and affection. Kill not your children on plae of want we provide sustanance for you and for them.

28. Choose well your mate (for your semen) as (the hidden) traits can reappear.

29. There came a person to the Prophet ﷺ from Banu Fazara and said: My wife has given birth to a child who is black, whereupon Allah’s Apostle ﷺ said: Have you any camels? He said: Yes. He again said: What is this [sic: read their] colour? He said: They are red. He said: Is there a dusky one among them? He said: Yes, there are dusky ones among them[.] He said: How has it come about? He said: It is perhaps the strain (`irq) to which it has reverted, whereupon he (the Prophet) said: It is perhaps the strain (`irq) to which he (the child) has reverted

30. Eugenics in Judaism It is thought that Eugenics implementation is allowed in Judaism after Nazi Hitlerian era. It is prohibited in Jewish law to marry a women from family of epileptics or lepers lest illness. On basis of higher frequency of defective births resulting from blood relatives. Rabbi Judah in his ethical will prohibit marriages between first cousins. eugenics is permissible in Judaism when used for treatment or prevention of disease.

31. Cristanity and Eugenics Amy Laura Hall written an interesting article titled For Shame that cristian should welcome rather than stigmatize favor of one trait is eugenics. Auther of Fewer and Better Babies predict that working class parents who produced more than two children would eventually be considered anti social as criminal of communities.

32. Genetic couseling Genetic counseling  is the process of advising individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease. The process integrates: Interpretation of family and medical histories to assess the chance of disease occurrence or recurrence Education about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources Counseling to promote informed choices and adaptation to the risk or condition.

33. Genetic counselors Many health conditions run in families. Doctors call these “genetic” or “hereditary” conditions. If you have a parent or grandparent with a serious health problem, you may want to know if you’re at high risk for the disease. Likewise, you may want to know if you or your partner could pass along a hereditary condition to your  baby . To get some answers to these questions, you might consider  genetic counseling . Genetic counselors do more than just help you understand the chances that a hereditary condition could pass from one generation to another. They can also help you deal with the emotional side of how genetic conditions can affect a family.

34. Where Will the Counseling Take Place? e? Genetic counselors usually work in a hospital or clinic. But they also work in public health departments, laboratories, universities, and other educational institutions. Some of the areas they specialize in include: Infertility Cancer Cardiovascular health Cystic fibrosis Fetal intervention and  therapy Hematology Pediatrics Personalized medicine Prenatal health

35. Role of Genetic Counselors Genetic counselors help identify families at possible risk of a genetic condition. gathering and analyzing family history and inheritance patterns and calculating chances of recurrence.

36. How will someone know that she needs counseling Someone might consider genetic counselling if you have an inherited condition or there is a chance you have an inherited condition because it runs in your family. If a women Is pregnant she might want to speak with a genetic counsellor about the likelihood of your baby having any  congenital disorders . Other reasons you might want to have genetic counselling include: if prenatal tests reveal an abnormality or a risk of an abnormality with fetus if Someone is thinking of having a child with a relative. if Someone been exposed to a chemical or environmental agent during pregnancy and want to know if it may cause birth defects

37. What can be expected in genetic counseling sessions Genetic counselling sessions usually combine many different elements: talking about your family and any illnesses or conditions that are common in your family learning about specific conditions and how they are inherited finding out what tests are available talking about how to manage and prevent the condition learning what support and resources exist .

38. Process of genetic counseling In general, a genetic counseling session aims to: Increase the family’s understanding of a genetic condition • Discuss options regarding disease management and the risks and benefits of further testing and other options Help the individual and family identify the psychosocial tools required to cope with potential outcomes. Reduce the family’s anxiety

39. Patient Education Many patients rely heavily on their primary healthcare providers for information related to their condition. In general, though, patients will require information providers may not have. Before providing patients with any educational materials, providers should be sure to check that the information is current and produced by a credible source.

40. Reasons for genetic counseling Based on your personal and family health history, your doctor can refer you for genetic counseling. There are different stages in your life when you might be referred for genetic counseling: Planning for Pregnancy : Genetic counseling before women to become pregnant can address concerns about factors that might affect your baby during infancy or childhood or your ability to become pregnant, including Genetic conditions that run in your family or your partner’s family History of infertility, multiple miscarriages, or stillbirth

41. Tests during pregnancy During Pregnancy : Genetic counseling during pregnancy can address certain tests. Any abnormal test results, such as a blood test, ultrasound,  Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) , or  amniocentesis Maternal infections, such as  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and other exposures such as  medicines drugs, chemicals, and x-rays Genetic screening that is recommended for all pregnant women, which includes  cystic fibrosis external icon ,  sickle cell disease , and any conditions that run in your family or your partner’s family

42. Caring for Children:  Genetic counseling can address concerns if your child is showing signs and symptoms of a disorder that might be genetic, includingAbnormal  newborn screening  results Birth defects Intellectual disability  or  developmental disabilities Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Vision  or  hearing  problems

43. Steps that are being taken Managing Your Health : Genetic counseling for adults includes specialty areas such as cardiovascular, psychiatric, and cancer. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC)   syndrome Lynch syndrome  (hereditary colorectal and other cancers) Familial hypercholesterolemia Muscular dystrophy  and other muscle diseases Inherited movement disorders such as  Huntington’s disease external icon Inherited blood disorders such as  sickle cell disease

44. It has been described that almost all monogenic disorders can be eradicated / eliminated by genetic counselling or awareness among people. Genetic clinics can also deal with a number of clinical problems such as birth defects, developmental delay, autism, epilepsy, short stature, etc.

45. Clinical genetics in Pakistan There is a vast scope of clinical genetics in Pakistan because of consanguinity. which is as high as 80 percent . The common practice of preference to marry a cousin and / or near or distant blood relative has led to a culture of marriage bondage within intra caste or isonym groups all over Pakistan.

46. Our rural population is almost totally ignorant of deleterious effects of consanguinity. In urban areas less than 20 percent people know about harmful effects of the so called “cousin marriage”

47. Recent studies have explained severity of such disorders in Pakistan polydactyly and inherited retinal disease. Elite class of Pakistani community, including doctors, lawyers, medical students and members of parliament are very positive for genetic diagnosis at an early stage. It was also found that the families of patients suffering genetic disorders also showed very positive attitudes for genetic diagnosis as they are well aware about their sufferings

48. It has also been surveyed that 77% of our elite class favours premarital screening of carriers of recessive Disease As genetic counselling is still not a part of Pakistani healthcare system, it has been described that more than 90% of our medical doctors are ready to refer their routine patients to the genetic counsellors if they found some possible genetic defects.

49. Some common genetic disorders are Thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, Duchene muscular dystrophy, hereditary breast cancer (BRCA1, BRCA 2), Huntington disease, deafness, etc. Disorders due to chromosomal aberrations are many and worldwide: some very common are: Down syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome), fragile X syndrome, Turner syndrome,

50. Many disorders cannot occur unless both the mother and father pass on their genes, such as  cystic fibrosis ; this is known as  autosomal recessive  inheritance. Other  autosomal dominant   diseases can be inherited from one parent, such as  Huntington disease  and  DiGeorge syndrome .(heart problems, specific facial features, frequent infections, developmental delay, learning problems and cleft palate. )

51. Yet other genetic disorders are caused by an error or mutation occurring during the cell division process (e.g.  aneuploidy ) and are not hereditary.

52. Types of genetic counselling Psychiatric genetics Adult genetics ART geneticc Cardiovascular genetics Hereditary cancer genetics Neurogenetics Pediatric genetics Prenatal genetics

53. Thank you all