EV Charging and its Challenges by Shri SRP

EV Charging by S. R. Pandey

1. Smart Electric Mobility EV Charging Solutions & Energy Storage S. R. Pandey Member, GERC

2. BACKGROUND The automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift with a substantial increase in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). This shift is driven by a collective commitment to reducing carbon emissions and mitigating the environmental impact of traditional combustion engine vehicles. Governments, regulatory bodies, and major automotive manufacturers worldwide are aligning their strategies with sustainability goals, fostering an environment conducive to the widespread acceptance of EVs. One of the pivotal factors influencing the qualitative aspects of EV adoption is the continuous advancements in battery technology. The development of high-capacity and efficient batteries is extending the driving range of electric vehicles, addressing a significant concern among consumers – range anxiety. These technological breakthroughs contribute to enhancing the overall appeal and viability of electric vehicles, making them more practical and attractive options for a broader consumer base. A qualitative shift is observed in consumer awareness and preferences, reflecting an increasing inclination towards electric vehicles. As awareness about environmental issues and sustainable practices grows, consumers actively seek eco-friendly transportation alternatives. Electric vehicles align with this shift in values, offering a cleaner and more sustainable mode of transportation. Additionally, the availability of expansion of charging infrastructure. Governments and private entities are investing in establishing a comprehensive charging network, addressing concerns related to charging accessibility and convenience. In July 2023, Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. is intensifying its automotive research efforts in the United States to expedite advancements in electric mobility and sustainable transportation innovation.

3. GROWING LOGISTICS SERVICES Major players in the logistics industry are embracing the adoption of electric vehicles as part of their sustainability initiatives. Companies like Amazon and UPS have committed to adding thousands of electric delivery vehicles to their fleets. This strategic move aligns with environmental goals and the need for efficient last-mile delivery solutions. • The growth of e-commerce and the subsequent rise in last-mile delivery services have significantly impacted the logistics sector. Electric delivery vans and trucks are becoming integral components of last-mile logistics strategies, allowing companies to navigate urban environments efficiently while meeting the increasing demand for timely and sustainable deliveries. Governments worldwide are playing a crucial role in driving the adoption of electric vehicles in logistics. Incentives such as tax credits, subsidies, and grants are offered to promote the transition to electric fleets. Moreover, stringent environmental regulations and emission standards are compelling logistics companies to integrate electric vehicles into their operations to comply with evolving standards. The increasing demand for electric vehicles in logistics has led to substantial investments in charging infrastructure. This development is crucial for supporting the introduced electric trucks to enhance local distribution support and expand its current logistics offerings for Brenntag. Ongoing discussions also explore future partnership plans that may encompass Air and Ocean freight, bolstering local distribution operations and incorporating additional value-added services. Brenntag, a worldwide leader in the distribution of chemicals and ingredients, stands as a key partner in this endeavour.

4. REGULATIONS AND CAFE STANDARDS IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES EPA regulations set stringent emission reduction targets for vehicles, including commercial ones. The push toward lower emission levels and tighter standards encourages automakers to explore alternative technologies, such as electric powertrains. Electric commercial vehicles offer a clean and efficient solution to meet or exceed these emission targets, aligning with the industry's commitment to environmental sustainability. EPA regulations often incentivize manufacturers to produce and consumers to adopt low-emission and zero-emission vehicles. These incentives can take the form of regulatory credits, tax benefits, or subsidies. Electric commercial vehicles, being inherently low-emission or zero-emission, become attractive options for manufacturers seeking to comply with regulations while benefiting from incentives, thus driving market growth. Theyfrequentlyincluderegulationsrelatedtofuelefficiency.Asfuelefficiencyisacritical aspect of emission reduction, automakers are compelled to explore technologies that improve overall vehicle efficiency. Electric commercial vehicles, with their high efficiency and zero tailpipe emissions, become a strategic choice for meeting or exceeding these stringent fuel efficiency standards. Complying with stringent EPA regulations enhances the market competitiveness and reputation of automotive manufacturers. Companies that proactively invest in and produce electric commercial vehicles position themselves as environmentally responsible and forward-thinking. This positive brand image can influence consumer choices and attract businesses looking to align with sustainability goals, thereby driving the market demand for electric alternatives. These regulations often align with or influence international emission standards, contributing to a global harmonization of regulations. This alignment facilitates the development and adoption of electric commercial vehicles on a broader scale. As manufacturers strive to meet both domestic and international standards, the electric

5. GROWING EV OPTIONS The increasing demand for reducing vehicular emissions has shifted the focus of the automotive industry toward electric vehicles. With the growing environmental concerns, governments and environmental agencies are implementing stringent emission norms and laws. This may increase the manufacturing cost of electric drive trains and fuel- efficient diesel engines in the coming years. The role of incentives and mandates is key to the high demand for electric vehicles. Governments are providing incentives to encourage the sales of electric vehicles and reduce their vehicle emissions. In the United States, the EPA and NHTSA have proposed the implementation of the Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) vehicles rule. The rule may set corporate average fuel economy standards and greenhouse gas emissions for passenger and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle. The Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) Program requires OEMs to sell specific numbers of clean and zero-emission vehicles (electric, hybrid, and fuel cell- powered commercial and passenger vehicles). The ZEV plan aims at putting 12 million ZEVs on the road by 2030. The EPA's Tier 3 Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards also impact the automotive industry by imposing limits on certain pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. As automakers strive to meet these standards, adopting aluminum extrusions in critical components offers a viable solution to achieve the necessary weight reductions and emission improvements. The Government of Canada introduced a federal Incentive for Zero Emission Vehicles ( iZEV ) program in May 2019. Under iZEV , the purchaser or lessee of an eligible new electric- or hydrogen-powered vehicle is entitled to a rebate of up to CAD 5,000 in addition to any provincial incentive programs. Eligible vehicles must have a list price of CAD 45,000 or less. Such instances are fueling the market growth where aluminium is expected to play an important role in EV components.

6. Cumulative potential of advanced chemistry cells in India, 2022–2030 (GWh) (base case)

7. Types of electric vehicles

8. Electric vehicle charging methods

9. Types of electric vehicle batteries

10. Comparison of AC and DC bus-based charging stations architectures

11. Architecture of conventional EV charging station: (a) Common AC bus-based system, (b) Common DC bus-based system and (c) Architecture of AC and DC bus-based EV charging stations (c)

12. Architecture of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems connected (a) Common AC bus based, and (b) Common DC bus-based EV charging stations Architecture of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems connected (a) Common AC bus based, and (b) Common DC bus-based EV charging stations. (a) (b)

13. Classification of charging technologies used in electric vehicles

14. Onboard and offboard charging systems of electric vehicle

15. Configuration of conventional onboard EV

16. Configuration of onboard power electronic interface: (a) Dedicated onboard charger (b) Integrated onboard chargers (a) (b)

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