EVOLUTION OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AND TYPES OF CHEMICAL.pptx

EVOLUTION OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AND TYPES OF CHEMICAL.pptx

1. EVOLUTION OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AND TYPES OF CHEMICAL WEAPON AGENTS 2

2. CONTENT Aim Object Introduction Evolution of chemical warfare Types of chemical weapon agents Future concerns Conclusion Q & A 3

3. AIM The aim of this presentation is to explore the historical evolution of chemical weapons, understand various chemical agents, and discuss the future threats. 4

4. OBJECTIVE The objective of this presentation is to analyze the development of chemical weapons and categorization of different chemical weapon agents base on their impact upon human 5

5. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL WARFARE 6

6. WHAT IS CHEMICAL WARFARE? Chemical warfare involves the use of toxic chemical substances as weapons to harm incapacitate kill enemy combatants, civilians, or animals 7

7. EVOLUTION OF CHEMICAL WARFARE 8

8. ANCIENT AND EARLY USES Poison arrows Greek fire Scorpion bombs 9

9. WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) World War I marked the first large-scale use of chemical weapons in modern warfare Cont … 10

10. … cont WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) Father of chemical weapons Fritz Haber German chemist whose work had a profound impact on the development and use of modern chemical warfare 11 Cont …

11. Development and use of even more deadly agents 12 … cont WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)

12. INTERWAR PERIOD AND WORLD WAR II (1918-1945) Geneva protocol was signed World War II – development of more lethal chemical agents, such as nerve agents 13

13. COLD WAR ERA (1945-1991) Both NATO and Warsaw Pact countries developed large stockpiles of chemical weapons 14

14. MODERN ERA (1991-PRESENT) Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) of 1993 Continued Use in Conflicts Terrorism and Non-State Actors Technological Advancements Global Security and Enforcement 15

15. CHEMICAL WEAPON AGENTS 16

16. CHEMICAL WEAPON AGENTS Substances deliberately designed and used in warfare or terrorism to inflict harm, incapacitate, or kill through their toxic properties. 17

17. ROUTES OF ENTRY 18

18. TYPES OF CHEMICAL WEAPON AGENTS 19 Nerve agents Blood agents Choking agents Blister agents Incapacitating agents

19. NERVE AGENT Highly toxic chemical compounds Disrupt the nervous system's normal functioning Absorbed through skin and via respiration The vapor density is much greater than air Stable and easily dispersed Examples : Sarin Soman VX tabun 20

20. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 21 CBRNE SQN

21. BLOOD AGENT Inhibit the cells to use or transfer Oxygen Fast-acting, potentially lethal poisons Volatile colorless gases Faint odour Less dense than air Examples : Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Cyanogen Chloride (CK) 22

22. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 23 Blood Agents Eyes / Nose CNS Irritation Dizziness, Headache, Convulsions Coma Cardiovascular Increase heart rate Skin Cherry red skin Pulmonary Lung injury, Difficulty in breathing Gastrointestinal Nausea, vomiting

23. CHOCKING AGENT Cause injury mainly on the respiratory tract Severe irritation, swelling, and fluid buildup in the lungs. Heavier than air Highly toxic by inhalation Non-persistent Example: Phosgene Chlorine Diphosgene 24

24. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Coughing and choking Burning sensation in the throat and chest Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Tightness in the chest Nausea and vomiting Watery eyes and blurred vision Pulmonary edema 25

25. BLISTER AGENT Cause severe chemical burns and blisters on the skin and mucous membranes Enter to body by inhalation or skin or eyes contact Persistent, Low volatility and Extremely toxic Use to incapacitate rather than immediately kill Example: Sulfur Mustard Lewisite Nitrogen Mustard 26

26. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS 27 Skin Reddening of the skin Severe itching / burning skin Blisters with pain/ without pain Eye Redding of eyes with excessive tearing Eye injures with loss of sight , blister on skin Air ways Dry coughing , sore throat Diarrhea , fever , nausea etc. CBRNE SQN

27. INCAPACITATING /RIOT AGENT Commonly referred to as tear gas Used crowd control and law enforcement purposes Temporarily incapacitate individuals Causing irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system Example Chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS Gas) Oleoresin Capsicum (OC Spray) Dibenzoazepine (CR Gas) 28

28. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Tearing and burning of the eyes Runny nose and sneezing Coughing and difficulty breathing Skin irritation and redness Temporary blindness due to excessive tearing and eye irritation Nausea and vomiting (in some cases) 29

29. POSSIBLE TREATS AND POSSIBLE PREVENTION MEASURES 30

30. POSSIBLES THREATS Advancements in Chemical Agents Novel Delivery Systems Hybrid Threats Terrorist Use of Chemical Weapons Weaponized Industrial Chemicals 31 Dual-Use Chemicals

31. PREVENTION MEASURES Advancements in Detection Technologies International Cooperation and Treaties Public Health and Medical Preparedness Cybersecurity Measures Public Awareness and Education Military and Defense Preparedness 32

32. CONCLUSION 33 Global cooperation and ethical responsibility are crucial to preventing the use of chemical weapons and ensuring a safer future.

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