EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.pptx

EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMNISTRATION

1. EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

2. Phase 1- Politics Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926)

3. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHANGING NATURE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

4. Woodrow Wilson’s “ The Study of Administration ” was the first to present the demand for separation (Politics Administration Dichotomy) between politics and administration. His claim to distinguish between politics and administration was reinforced in the early twentieth century with the publication of Frank Goodnow’s book, “Politics and Administration: A Study in Government” (1900). He is known for the intellectual father of American Public Administration. The fact that the administration is separate from politics and the administration needs to be given a separate status for the sake of politics is being propagated to the masses at this time. The legislature decides in the discussion what the will is; the judiciary resolves problems in the implementation of that state will or policy; On the other hand, the administration applies that reality with the help of statesmen. Thus the division between public administration and politics is drawn and this phase is marked as “POLITICS – ADMINISTRATION DICHOTOMY”.

5. Politics - Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926)

6. Politics - Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926)

7. Politics - Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926) POLITICS Formulating government policies by democratic processes such as election and parliamentary processes ADMINISTRATION Execution of these policies POLITICS-ADMINISTRATION DICHOTOMY A theory that constructs the boundaries of public administration and emphasizes distinct features of politics and administration.

8. Parameter of Comparison Politics  Administration Definition The activities such as discussion, expression and policy drafting for the  governance  and allocation of resources are collectively called politics. The body that is responsible for the implementation of the drafted policies is known as administration. Nature Conflict is an important characteristic nature of the conflict. It is a desired trait for better functioning. Conflict in administration is not desired. Relevant body The legislative is responsible for the formation of political policies The executive is responsible for the implementation of these policies. Skill Required It is more of an art, that enables leaders to satisfy people’s needs across constituencies. It requires scientific skills of management and commitment. Office Holders People involved in politics are elected leader or representatives. The administration is run by qualified individuals with some relevant skill to the filed they are working in.

9. Politics - Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926)

10. Politics - Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926) GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE is the process whereby elements in society wield power and authority in formulating policies, made influence and enact policies and decisions concerning public life, economic and social development.”

11. Politics - Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926)

12. Phase II of the Evolution of Public Administration Principles of Administration (1927 – 1937)

13. Principles of Administration Increase of efficiency in administrative work Golden Age in the history of Public Administration In the year 1927, William F. Willoughby published the book “ Principles of Public Administration ” Second most important publication in public administration after Leonard D. White’s book “Introduction to the Study of Public Administration” Focused on certain principles of administration to make public administration effective and efficient During this period, the number of universities offering public administration courses multiplied

14. Writings of several famous Administrative Theorists: Author Names Book Frederick Winslow Taylor Principles of Scientific Management Henry Fayol General and Industrial Management James D. Mooney and Alan Reiley Onward Study, Principles of Organization Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick Papers on Science of Administration

15. Frederick Winslow Taylor 4 Principles to enhance the efficiency of the organization The development of a true science of work The scientific selection, training, and progressive development of the workman The close coordination between the science of work and the scientifically selected and trained men Equal division of work and responsibility

16. Henry Fayol 14 Principles for better outcomes from the administration: Division of Work Authority and Responsibility Discipline Unity of Command Unity of Direction Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest Remuneration Centralization and Decentralization Scalar Chain Order Equity Stability of tenure of personnel Iniative Esprit De Corps

17. James D. Mooney and Alan Reiley 4 Principles for increasing administrative efficiency: Coordination Scalar Process Functional Differentiation Line and Staff

18. Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick Acronym of 7 Functions of the Administration: P – Planning O – Organizing S – Staffing D – Directing CO – Coordinating R – Reporting B - Budgeting

19. Mohit Bhattacharya rightly observes that “ The ‘public’ aspect of public administration was virtually dropped at this stage and the focus was almost wholly on efficiency. This stage can be called the stage of orthodoxy…Public administration merged into the science .”

20. Phase III – (1937-1950) Criticism and Challenges (Era of Challenge)

21. Phase III – (1937-1950) Criticism and Challenges (Era of Challenge) 1938- Chester I. Barnard ; (The Functions of the Executive) Published 2 forms of Challenges/ Criticisms The idea of politics and administration dichotomy Principles of Public Administration

22. Phase III – (1937-1950) Criticism and Challenges (Era of Challenge) 1946 - Fritz Morstein Marx ; (Elements of Public Administration) questioned the assumption for the separation of the politics and administration Nicholas Henry Rejection of the separation of the Politics/Administration had shifted the nature of Public Administration fundamentals

23. Phase III – (1937-1950) Criticism and Challenges (Era of Challenge) 1946 - Herbert Simon ; (‘Proverbs of Administration’ published in Publication Administration Review) The idea of the Principles of Administration does not exist 1947 - Herbert Simon (Administrative Behavior: A Study of decision-Making in Administrative Organization) Every principle of administration have counter principle thus the whole idea of principle redundant Public administration should be more scientific discipline Focused on the decision-making as the alternative for the principle approach

24. Phase III – (1937-1950) Criticism and Challenges (Era of Challenge) 1947 - Robert A. Dah ; (The Science of Administration: Three Problems) He observed that there is no science in Public Administration is possible unless; The place of normative value is made clear The human nature in the area of public administration is better understood and more predictable Should compare to other research or studies in which it may discover principles

25. Phase III – (1937-1950) Criticism and Challenges (Era of Challenge) 1948 - Dwight Waldo ; (The Administration State) Attacked the notion of unchanging principles of administration Inconsistencies of the methodology of the determining them Narrowness of the values of economy and efficiency that dominated the field of thinking

26. Phase III – (1937-1950) Criticism and Challenges (Era of Challenge) In Mid-century, the two defining pillars of Public Administration The Politics/Administration dichotomy and Principles of Public Administration Had been buried/ abandoned

27. PHASE 5: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN INDEPENDENT DISCIPLINE (1970 ONWARDS)

28. PHASE 5: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN INDEPENDENT DISCIPLINE (1970 ONWARDS) Factors that are complimentary to each other and contributed on the Evolution of Public Administration are the following: Development of inter-disciplinary programs focusing upon policy science The emergence of New Public Administration (NPA)

29. PHASE 5: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN INDEPENDENT DISCIPLINE (1970 ONWARDS) 1. Development of inter-disciplinary programs focusing upon policy science Three (3) distinct inter-theoretical linkages were identified: a. Politics-administration union b. Economics-administration confluence c. Organization theory-administration intermixing

30. PHASE 5: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN INDEPENDENT DISCIPLINE (1970 ONWARDS) 2. The emergence of New Public Administration (NPA) The overall focus of NPA movement was to make administration less generic and more public, less descriptive and more perspective, less institution-oriented and more client oriented, less neutral and more normative, but it should be no less scientific all the time.

31. PHASE 5: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN INDEPENDENT DISCIPLINE (1970 ONWARDS) 2. The emergence of New Public Administration (NPA) The overall focus of NPA movement was to make administration less generic and more public, less descriptive and more perspective, less institution-oriented and more client oriented, less neutral and more normative, but it should be no less scientific all the time.

32. PHASE 5: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN INDEPENDENT DISCIPLINE (1970 ONWARDS) The above twin intellectual currents compelled the scholars of public administration to think in terms of academic autonomy by severing their ties both with political science and management. In 1970 NASPAA was established On the theoretical side, NPM theory advocated by David Osborn and Ted Gaebler in their book Reinventing Government emphasizes the use of private society style models, organizational ideas and values to improve the service and service orientation of the public sector.

33. PHASE 5: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN INDEPENDENT DISCIPLINE (1970 ONWARDS) Late 1990’s, Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public service model known as digital era governance. The Public Choice Approach of Vincent Ostrom underlined the fact that an era of State Minimalism has started in the 21st century which demand small but effective government from public administration. Traditionally, management is broadly concerned with industries and private enterprises while administration refers to government machinery.

34. PHASE 5: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN INDEPENDENT DISCIPLINE (1970 ONWARDS) Now when government itself is conducting industrial and commercial activities through public enterprise and private enterprises, in turn, are adopting more and more bureaucratic system; and public and private sectors are collaborating with each other in the wake of privatization, the difference between administration and management becomes meaningless. Evidently, ‘government‘ is an important element of the state and the concrete form of ‘government‘ is ‘administration‘.