Evolution of public health.pptx ug

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

1. P ublic health 1

2. Health The World Health Organisation defines Health (of an individual) as the state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity . World Health Organisation, however, does not define Public Health .

3. Death Death, on the planet Earth, is inevitable. A large number of deaths are premature. A substantial proportion of deaths can be avoided. Public Health is related to preventing premature and unavoidable deaths.

4. A Model of Health Exposure to Risk Factors Body resistance Poor Health Manifestation Disease Condition Disability Death

5. Public Health If the disease condition is avoided, the probability or the chance of death or disability can be reduced. Public Health is therefore described as the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health ( of individuals ) through organised efforts and informed choices.

6. Public Health Public Health deals with the group of people rather than individuals. Dimensions of public health Health promotion Disease prevention Early diagnosis and prompt treatment Disability limitation Rehabilitation

7. Public health is as old as the man itself. In primitive time ,since the knowledge was limited , man attributed disease to the wrath of gods, the invasion of body by evil spirits and the malevolent influence of stars and planets. Introduction 7

8. It was based on Supernatural theory of disease Disease and human sufferings & calamities were attributed to the wrath of god Influence of evil spirits, stars & planets Primitive medicine (6000BC) 8

9. After the fall of Rome, Christian faith entered the world Implicit faith on Christ was the only method of treatment of disease Christ was the supreme healer, the savior of body & soul CHRISTIAN ERA 9

10. Because of this the enquiry into the diseases became unnecessary & even culpable. A doctor curing patients by rational methods was considered to be committing sin & using medicine was seemed to be lack of faith in God. The scientific medicine suffered greatly & was fully dormant. All classes of people were treated alike . CHRISTIAN ERA 10

11. Crowding, poor nutrition and sanitation, lack of water sources and drainage, unpaved streets, keeping of animals in towns, and lack of organized waste disposal created conditions for widespread infectious diseases All these were threat for the public health Although physicians provided services for those able to pay but medical knowledge was a mix of pragmatism, mysticism and sheer lack of scientific knowledge Christian medicine & PH 11

12. The practice of separating people with disease from the healthy population is an ancient one. By the 7th century, China had a well-established policy of detaining sailors and foreign travellers suffering from plague. The term “quarantine” dates back to the late 14th century Q uarantine 12

13. From the 14th century, European doctors visiting plague victims wore protective clothing mask and a beak containing strong-smelling herbs. Plague and quarantine 13

14. Smallpox is one of the oldest known human diseases . There are evidences that during the 18th century, Smallpox killed every seventh child born in Russia, and every 10th child born in France and Sweden Smallpox & Immunization 14

15. Edward Jenner’s experiment in 1796 brought hope that the disease could be controlled. He carried out the first vaccination with cowpox virus in 1796 15 Smallpox & Immunization

16. Following 1500 AD Fracastorius envisaged the transfer of infection via minute invisible particles and explained the cause of epidemics(Theory of contagion) He became the founder of epidemiology. Sydenhem made differential diagnosis of scarlet fever, malaria, dysentery ,cholera. He is also regarded as the first distinguished epidemiologist. Dawn of scientific medicine 16

17. A milestone in the history of public health is great Sanitary awakening which took place in E ngland in mid-nineteenth century and gradually spread to other countries. Industrial revolution of the 18 th century sparked of numerous problems, i.e. creation of slums, overcrowding with all its ill effects. Sanitary awakening 17

18. Great cholera epidemic of 1832 led the birth of public health in England around 1940. John Snow, studied the epidemiology of cholera in London from 1848 to 1854 and established the role of polluted drinking water in its spread . The great cholera epidemic of 1832 drew attention of the people and govt. on urgent need to improve public health……led to enactment of the Public Health A ct of 1848 , in England. Rise of Public health 18

19. A comprehensive piece of legislation was brought into force in England, the Public H ealth A ct of 1875 , for the control of man’s physical environment. By the beginning of 20 th century, the broad foundation of public health …..clean water, clean surroundings ,wholesome condition of houses, control of offensive trades etc., were laid in all the countries of the western world. Rise of Public health 19

20. Preventive medicine really dates back to the 18 th century. It developed as a branch of medicine distinct from Public H ealth. P reventive M edicine got a firm foundation after the discovery of causative agents of disease and establishment of the Germ T heory of disease. Birth of preventive medicine 20

21. Modern P reventive Medicine: defined as… “ the art and science of health promotion, disease prevention, disability limitation and rehabilitation” Birth of preventive medicine 21

22. C urative M edicine Public H ealth / P reventive Medicine Modern medicine 22

23. Term Public H ealth came in to general use around 1840’s It arose from need to protect the public from the spread of communicable diseases In1848 the Public H ealth A ct in England crystallized the efforts organized by the society to protect, promote & restore the public health Public health 23

24. C.E.A. Winslow (1920) gave definition of public health: “the science & art of preventing disease, prolonging life & promoting health & efficiency through organized community efforts” This summarizes the philosophy of public health, which remains largely true even today Public health 24

25. Disease control phase (1880-1920) Health promotional phase (1920-1960) Social engineering phase (1960-1980) Health for All phase (1981-2000AD) Changing concepts in PH 25

26. 1880-1920 Sanitary legislation and sanitary reforms Less available technical knowledge Aimed at the control of man’s physical environment (water supply, sewage disposal) & not at the control of any specific disease Improvement in the health of people due to disease and death control Disease control phase 26

27. (1920-1960) In addition to disease control activities one more goal was added to public health i.e. health promotion of the individuals It was initiated as personal health services such as Introduction of Mother & Child health services School health services Industrial health services Mental health Rehabilitation services Health promotional phase 27

28. Two great movements were initiated for human development : a) provision of basic health services through the medium of PHCs & Sub-centers b) community development programme to promote village development through active participation of whole community Health promotional phase 28

29. 1960-1980 Change in pattern of disease Public Health entered in new phase called “social engineering phase ” It moved towards preventive & rehabilitative aspects of chronic diseases & behavioral problems Social engineering phase 29

30. Goals of public health & preventive medicine which had already considered overlapping became identical, namely prevention of disease, promotion of health & prolongation of life Social engineering phase 30

31. 1981-2000 AD Health gap between rich & poor, within & between countries Health for all phase I nclude provision of health care to all by reducing the inequalities within & between the population so that individual will lead a socially & economically productive life Health for all phase 31

32. With the adoption of Health for All (1978 ), a new concept of Public H ealth became evident worldwide, which may be defined as…. “the organized application of local, state, national & international resources to achieve health for all, i.e. attainment by all the people of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially & economically productive life” 32 Modern Public Health

33. During 20th century the dramatic increase in average span of life is credited to public health achievements such as vaccination programs, control of infectious diseases , better safety policy such as motor vehicle and worker safety, improved family planning, emphasis on safe drinking water. Now the focus is shifting more towards chronic diseases such as cancer, AIDS, diabetes and heart diseases Modern Public Health 33

34. Vaccination Safer workplaces Control of infectious diseases Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke Motor vehicle safety Great Public Health Achievements of This Century 34

35. Safer, healthier food Healthier mothers and babies Family planning Safe drinking water Recognition of tobacco as a hazard Improved sanitation Great Public Health Achievements of This Century 35

36. CARE- Co-operative for Assistance And Relief Everywhere UNICEF – United Nation International Children Emergency Fund WHO – World Health O rganization WORLD BANK GOARN- Global Outbreak A lert and Response N etwork International agencies o f public health importance 36

37. UNDP- United Nations Development Programme FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization UNFPA - United Nation Fund for Population Activities. Global fund to fight AIDS, TB, Malaria Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation International agencies o f public health importance 37

38. USAID :United States Agency for International Development SIDA: Swedish International Development Agency DANIDA: Danish International Development Agency GAVI: The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS International agencies o f public health importance 38

39. Essential Public Health Functions

40. Essential Public Health Functions in India

41. THANK YOU Thank You 41