EVs motor introdu101 - 11-13-09(web).ppt

EVs motor introdu101 - 11-13-09(web).ppt

1. EVs 101
Electric Vehicles 101
An Introduction
By Dan Lauber
Nov 13, 2009

2. EVs 101
Electric Vehicles 101
A Brief History
Advantages
Challenges
Meeting the Challenge
EV’s Today
EV’s at MIT

3. EVs 101
Kinds of Electric Vehicles
Locomotives Golf Carts Fork Lifts
Busses Nuclear Submarines Elevators
Sources: www.umcycling.com/mbtabus.html, GE, Toyota

4. EVs 101
Kinds of Electric Cars
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Solar Racer
Hybrid
Full-Size
Battery Electric
Neighborhood
Electric
MIT CityCar
Sources: Honda, Toyota, GEM, MIT

5. EVs 101
History of EV’s
1830’s
Battery electric vehicle invented by
Thomas Davenport, Robert Anderson,
others -using non-rechargeable
batteries
Davenport’s car holds all vehicle land
speed records until ~1900
1890’s
EV’s outsold gas cars 10 to 1, Oldsmobile
and Studebaker started as EV companies
1904
First speeding ticket, issued to driver of
an EV
Krieger Company builds first hybrid
vehicle
1910’s
Mass-produced Ford cars undercut
hand-built EV’s
EV’s persist as status symbols and utility
vehicles until Great Depression
Ford Electric #2
Detroit Electric
Source: http://www.eaaev.org/History/index.html

6. EVs 101
1968 –Great Electric Car Race
Trans-continental race between MIT and Caltech
53 charging stations, spaced 60 mi apart
MIT’s car used $20k of NiCd batteries ($122k in 2008
dollars), CalTech’s cost $600

7. EVs 101
1970 -Clean Air Car Race
50+ cars raced from MIT to Caltech
using many alternative powertrains
CalTech –Regenerative braking
Boston Electric Car Club –Battery
Swapping
Toronto University –Parallel hybrid
design very similar to modern Prius
architecture
MIT –Series hybrid and electrically
commutated motor
Sources: see http://mit.edu/evt/CleanAirCarRace.html

8. EVs 101
1990’s –EV1:Who Killed the Electric Car?
Program cost > $1bn
800 units leased
$574/mo. Lease without
state rebates
2 seats
80-140 mi. range
MSRP $33,999
Real Pricetag
(estimated)
$80,000+
GM’s actual cost
per vehicle leased
$1,250,000
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1
AKA: Would you have bought it? REALLY?

9. EVs 101
What is an EV?
And how does it work?

10. EVs 101
Electrification
Motor/
Generator
Battery Fuel
Transmission
Engine
Fuel
Transmission
Engine
Battery
Transmission
Motor/
Generator
Battery ElectricHybridConventional

11. EVs 101
Degrees of Hybridization
The vehicle is a….
If it…
Automatically stops/starts the engine
in stop-and-go traffic
Uses regenerative braking and
operates above 60 volts
Uses an electric motor to assist a
combustion engine
Can drive at times using only the
electric motor
Recharges batteries from a wall outlet
for extended all-electric range
Source: http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood.html
Micro
Hybrid
Citroën C3
Mild
Hybrid
Honda Insight
Plug-in
Hybrid
Chevy Volt
Full
Hybrid
Toyota Prius
Efficiency

12. EVs 101
Energy Loss : City Driving
Engine Loss
76%
Engine
Standby
8%
Driveline
Losses
3%
Driveline
Aero
3%
Rolling
4%
Braking
6%
Fuel Tank
100%
16% 13%
POWERTRAIN
VEHICLE-Related
Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance
2005 3 L Toyota Camry

13. EVs 101
Energy Loss : Highway Driving
Engine Loss
77%
Engine
Standby
0%
Driveline
Losses
4%
Driveline
Aero
10%
Rolling
7%
Braking
2%
Fuel Tank:
100%
23% 19%
POWERTRAIN
VEHICLE-Related
Highway Drive Cycle Energy Balance
2005 3 L Toyota Camry

14. EVs 101
•Can eliminate engine entirely
•Engine downsizing
•Decoupling of engine and wheel
Energy Saving : Hybrid Systems
Engine Loss
76%
Engine
Standby
8%
Driveline
Losses
3%
Driveline
Aero
3%
Rolling
4%
Braking
6%
Fuel Tank:
100%
16% 13%
Micro Hybrid
Eliminates
Mild Hybrid
Reduces
Plug-in
Full Hybrid
Reduces

15. EVs 101
Energy Loss : City Driving –Electric Vehicle
Motor Loss
10%
Motor
Driveline
Losses
14%
Driveline
Aero
29%
Rolling
35%
Braking
11%
Batteries
100%
90% 76%
POWERTRAIN
VEHICLE-Related
Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance

16. EVs 101
Well-to-Wheels Efficiency
Generation
33%
Transmission
94%
Plug-to-Wheels
76%
Refining
82%
Transmission
98%
Pump-to-Wheels
16%
23%
13%
31%
80%
Well-to-Tank Tank-to-Wheels
31% 76% = 23%
80% 16% = 13%
[http://www.nesea.org/]]
Source: http://www.nesea.org

17. EVs 101
How PHEV’s Work
All-electric range
Get home with exactly
no battery left
Charge-sustaining
mode
[Tate, Harpster, and Savagian 2008]

18. EVs 101
Technical

19. EVs 101
What is an EPA rating?
Conditions
Drive cycle:e.g. city or
highway cycle, real-
world, or constant
speed
Test temperature
Start: (warm or cold)
Fuel:convert to
gasoline-equivalent
Test mass:(accounts for
passengers and cargo)
MPGe rating
PHEV’s

20. EVs 101
Terminology
State of charge (SOC)
Battery capacity, expressed as a percentage of maximum capacity
Depth of Discharge (DOD)
The percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged
Capacity
The total Amp-hours (Amp-hr)available when the battery is
discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100%
SOC
Energy
The total Watt-hours (Wh) available when the battery is
discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100%
SOC
Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
The total Watt-hours (Wh)per unit mass
Specific Power
Maximum power (Watts) that the battery can provide per unit
mass, function of internal resistance of battery

21. EVs 101
Benefits

22. EVs 101
Benefits of EVs and PHEVs
More efficient, lower fuel costs, lower
emissions
Simpler transmission, fewer moving parts
Fuel Choice
Oil/energy independence
Emissions improve with time
Emissions at few large locations is easier to
control than millions of tailpipes

23. EVs 101
V2G (Vehicle to Grid) Technology
Allows communication between utility and vehicle
Allow integration of more renewables like wind
Used EV batteries could be used as stationary
batteries for utilities
With so much focus on energy efficiency reducing
electricity sales and expensive renewable energy
generation mandated, EVs could be a welcome new
segment for utilities
They could still be a nightmare
Batteries could provide ancillary services
Source: McKinsey

24. EVs 101
Night-time Charging0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
7:12 AM 12:00 PM 4:48 PM 9:36 PM 2:24 AM 7:12 AM 12:00 PM
MW Demand .
Peak wind power
production

25. EVs 101
Electricity Sources

26. EVs 101
Power Grid Capacity
Source: McKinsey, Mike Khusid
When BEV’s represent 20%of the vehicle market,
they comprise only 2%of the power market

27. EVs 101
Operating Costs
On-board energy consumption300 Wh/mile
Charging Efficiency 90%
Electricity consumption 333 Wh/mile
Electricity Cost 10 cents/mile
Driving Cost (electricity only)3.3 cents/mile
Fuel economy 25 MPG
Fuel Cost $2.00/gallon
Driving Cost (fuel only) 8.0 cents/mile
Conventional Gasoline Vehicle
Battery Electric Vehicle
At 15,000 miles/year, you would
save $700/year on fuel
The estimated price range for
advanced batteries is
$500 -$1,000 per kWh
~ buying 1 kWh of battery
energy (~3 miles of electric
range) each year

28. EVs 101
CO2 Emissions

29. EVs 101
Biofuels vs. Biomass, Solar
Biomass Electricity about 80% more efficient
than Biofuel
Solar Panels to charge a car would fit on your
roof.

30. EVs 101
Challenges
Why don’t they catch on? A conspiracy?

31. EVs 101
Gasoline: The (almost) perfect fuel
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density

32. EVs 101
Energy Equivalency
135 MJ
of energy
21 Li-ion batteries
(Car battery size)
2.7 kg
340
kg
Gas
1 Gallon
Batteries
54 gal

33. EVs 101
Challenges
Limited Range
Large battery weight/size
Long Charge times
High initial cost
Battery life
Consumer acceptance
Grid Integration

34. EVs 101
Operating Costs
In Europe, $60/barrel oil is enough,
In the US, $4/gal gas is needed to be price competitive

35. EVs 101
Addressing customer perception
Accepting limited range
Most people drive less than 40 mi/day
Most cars are parked 23 hours of the day anyway
Smaller vehicles & reduced performance
In the last 30 years, nearly 100% of efficiency
improvements have gone to increasing vehicle size
and performance, not reducing consumption
How do you get people to charge at the right
time?
Source: On the Road in 2035, Heywood, et.al.

36. EVs 101
Meeting the
Challenges

37. EVs 101
Range Anxiety
Battery Swapping vs. Fast Charging
Source: http://pneumaticaddict.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/hybridcarscom -mercedes-rejects-electric-car-battery-swapping/

38. EVs 101
Better Place Model
Business plan like that of
mobile phone
Better Place owns the
batteries, the consumer
pays for energy (miles)
Plan includes charging
stations and battery
swapping
So far: Israel, Denmark
Australia, California,
Hawaii, and Canada
100,000 charging stations
planned for Hawaii by
2012

39. EVs 101
Rapid Charging
Batteries
Altairnano
A123
Balance of system
Rapid Charge Stations –Don’t need many
Refueling a car is ~10MW going through your hand

40. EVs 101
Batteries
Lithium sources
We’re not Lithium constrained
Abundant
Recyclable
Recycling –90% recoverable
Extending battery life
Battery management systems
Weight/Volume reductions
Alternative chemistries

41. EVs 101
Battery Cost : Learning Curves
Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve

42. EVs 101
Initial Cost
Companies that sell cars, but lease the
batteries
Leases like Power Purchase Agreements
Split operating cost savings with financer
Charging Infrastructure
Charging subscription plans

43. EVs 101
2008 Federal Plug-in Electric Drive Vehicle Tax Credit $0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Battery Energy (kWh)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Miles
Tax Credit Value
Battery Cost (Low)
Battery Cost (Mid)
Battery Cost (High)
Electric Range (Estimate)

44. EVs 101
Adoption Rate of EV’s
Source: Thomas Becker, UC Berkeley, 2009

45. EVs 101
Looking Forward
Tipping point will be ~2020 when 10% of vehicles sold
will be BEV’s
Battery cost: ~$700-$1,500 / kWh, down to $420 by
2015, but still too high.
Price Premium
PHEV40 $11,800 > ICE
EV100 $24,100 > ICE
Long-term PHEV’s will beat out HEV’s
PHEV’s likely to dominate BEVs
A 30-50% reduction in fuel consumption by 2035
*Heywood
47% reduction by 2030 *McKinsey
Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve ;
http://newenergynews.blogspot.com/2009/08/mckinsey -looks-at-coming-ev-phenomenon.html

46. EVs 101
EVs NOW
When can I get one?

47. EVs 101
EV’s Today

48. EVs 101
Tesla Roadster
Top speed: 125 mph
Acceleration: 0-60 in 3.7 sec
Range: 244 mi
MSRP: $110,000

49. EVs 101
EV’s Available Soon
Fisker Karma(PHEV50)
$87,900 Delivery 2010
Tesla Model S
$57,400 Delivery ~2012
2011 Chevy Volt(PHEV40)
$40,000

50. EVs 101
EV’s Available Soon
2010 Mitsubishi I MIEV
$24,000 (Japan)
2010 Aptera 2e
~$25,000 (PHEV100)
Th!nk City
~$25,000 (europe)
2010 Nissan Leaf
$25,000 (30 min charge)
And many others…

51. EVs 101
@MIT
EVs Around the Institute

52. EVs 101
MIT Electric Vehicle Team (EVT)
Porsche
elEVen
eMoto
TTXGP

53. EVs 101
MIT EVT

54. EVs 101
MIT Vehicle Design Summit
Student team working
towards a 100+ mpg vehicle
Series hybrid architecture
Lightweight body and
chassis
Life cycle cost analysis and
minimization
Shared use model for
transportation efficiency
Contact Anna Jaffe,
[email protected]

55. EVs 101
MIT Solar Electric Vehicle Team
Founded in 1985
Design, build and race
solar cars
Just placed 2
nd
in the
10
th
World Solar
Challenge
mitsolar.com

56. EVs 101
MIT Vehicle Stuff
EVT
SEVT
Vehicle Design Summit
Transportation @ MIT
Sloan Lab Seminars
Media Lab –City Car, course
Spinoffs
A123
Solectria
Genasun

57. EVs 101
Thank You
“No single technology development or alternative fuel can solve the problems
of growing transportation fuel use and GHG emissions.” –John Heywood
Dan Lauber –[email protected]
http://mit.edu/evt