Excreta disposal

Excreta disposal methods and status of open defecation free campaign in Nepal and india

1. Methods of excreta Disposal Presentation by : Birendra Bhatt MPH 1 st Semester ID no. 17MPH012 Shalom Institute of Health And Allied Sciences

2. Introduction Disposal of human excreta : Safe disposal of excreta , so that it does not contaminate the environment, water, food or hands, is essential for ensuring a healthy environment and for protecting personal health. This can be accomplished in many ways, some requiring water, others requiring little or none. Regardless of method, the safe disposal of human faeces is one of the principal ways of breaking the faecal –oral disease transmission cycle. Sanitation is therefore a critical barrier to disease transmission .

3. Extent of Problem Most of the people of rural area use open field for defecation. They are ignorant that faces are infectious and pollute water and soil and promote fly breeding . Thus the problem of excreta disposal is bound up with numerous beliefs and habits based on ignorance.

4. O pen Defecation…

5. The Main health hazards of improper excreta disposal Water pollution Soil Pollution Contamination of food Propagation of flies & other insects

6. Sanitation Barrier

7. Human excreta is source of infection it is an important causes of environmental P ollution. Every society has a responsibility for its safe removal & disposal so that it does not constitute a threat to public health.

8. Methods of Excreta disposal Unsewered areas S ervice type latrines (conservancy system) Non service type ( sanitary latrines) Latrines used for Camps & temporary use

9. 2) Sewered areas(water carriage system & sewage treatment)

10. Other Methods

11. Service type (conservancy System) The collection & removal of nightsoil from bucket or pail latrines by human agency is called service type or conservancy system, and the latrines are called service latrines. The night soil is carried by Soil Cart’ to the place of final Disposal where it is disposed by: 1) Composting 2) Burrial in shallow trenches

12. 2) Non Service type (Sanitary latrines) Borehole latrine Dug well or pit latrine Water seal type latrine P RAI type RCA type Sulav sauchalaya Septic tank Aqua privy

13. Borehole Latrines • Borehole latrines are most appropriate in  situations   where a  large number  of  latrines  must be constructed rapidly,  and  where  pits are difficult to excavate , either because of ground conditions or the lack  of  a  labour  force . •The   borehole   has   a   typical   diameter   of   400mm  and a depth of 5‐10m. At least the  top  0.5m should be lined . •Last for (a family of) 5 people for 2 years

14. Advantages :  The  borehole can be excavated quickly;  Suitable   in   hard  ground  conditions  and   appropriate   where   only  a small workforce is available. Constraints :  Drilling equipment is  required There   is  a  greater  risk  of  groundwater  pollution   due   to   greater depth  than pit  latrines   Lifespan   is   short   sides   are   liable   to   be   fouled causing   odour and attracting flies ,there   is  a  high  likelihood  of  blockages.   This   option   should   ,only   be   considered   in   extreme   conditions   when  pit excavation is not possible .

15. Pit latrine (Dug  Well  Latrine) The  pit   should   be   as   deep   as   possible  (at least 2m in  depth) Covered  by a slab.  If  the soil is loose, at least the top  1m   of  the  pit  should  be  lined  to   prevent  collapse.  A  squat or drop‐hole is provided in  the  slab which allows excreta to fall  directly  into the pit . Firmly   supported   on  all   sides   &raised above   the   surrounding  ground   level   to   prevent   surface   water  entering the  pit. The   superstructure   can  be  made  from  materials available locally.

16. Advantages: It  is  cheap Quick  to  construct No  water needed for  operation . Constraints: It   is  unsuitable  where   water‐table   is   high ,  soil is   too   unstable  to dig  or  ground is very  rocky . Often   odour  problems

17. Several  designs   have   been   tried   and   are   in   use .  Important of  these are those made by: 1)Planning   Research  and  Action  Institute   (PRAI),   Lucknow 2)Research   cum  Action   Project   ( RCA),   Ministry   of   Health. The  RCA latrine is widely in use.

18. Design of RCA latrines The  RCA latrine comprises of a squatting plate,  made   of  an impervious material like cement  concrete This  is easy to clean and maintain.  Raised  footsteps are included in the squatting  plate There   is   a   pan  directly   underneath   the   squatting   plate.  The pan receives the night soil.  Pan  is connected to the trap, which is a bent pipe . 

19. The trap holds water and serves as a water  seal   The  depth of the water seal is 2 cm.  The  trap is connected to the pit through a  connecting  pipe . When the pit fills up another one can be dug up  and pipe may be  accordingly  shifted.  The  pit can also be made directly  underneath the  pan. An  appropriate superstructure can be made

20. Advantages of RCA Latrines It  is easy to maintain the latrine.  Latrine  is hand flushed by pouring 1 to 2 lit  of water   every  time the latrine is used.  The   squatting  plate   should   also   be   washed   clean   every  day.  Water   seal   prevents   access   to   flies   and   avoids  release  of  odour . 

21. Septic Tank An ideal system for hygienic final disposal of excreta  in  the absence of a central sewerage system.  Excreta   from  many   pour‐flush   latrines   can   be   discharged   into  a septic tank.  Designed  to   collect   and   treat   excreta   and   toilet   waste water .   Use is likely to be appropriate where  the   volume   of   wastewater   produced  is  too  large   for   disposal  in pit  latrines . water‐borne  sewerage is uneconomic or unaffordable . 

22. Particularly  suited   to   systems   involving   high water  use especially where waste is  used  for  flushing and  anal ‐cleansing.  Difficult to manage for very large populations  Best   suited  to  single  households  or  a   group  of   households or   institution such as Hospitals, Schools   The   efficiency  of   a  septic  tank   system  is  inferior   to   the  sewage works but is much cheaper, quicker and  easier  to provide and maintain  than  sewage works .

23. Sulav Sauchalaya The concept was introduced by Dr. B.  Dubey .  He   modified  the   standard  hand   flush  latrine   to   suit   rural   Indian  community.  It consists of a specially designed pan and a water seal trap It is connected to a pit 3x3x3 feet. Minimal water is needed in the process.  The excreta gets decomposed to manure in the pit.  This provides clean and   sanitary   toilets   to   the   users   at   a   minimal  cost.  These  are also maintained by the  Sulabh  International  society .

24. AQUA PRIVY An  aqua‐privy   is   a   latrine   constructed   directly   above   a  septic  tank .  Aqua‐privies are appropriate where   pit  latrines  are  unacceptable.   The   amount  of  water  required   for   flushing  is  much   smaller   than  for   a  septic‐tank  due   to   the   location   of  the  tank.  It helps to exclude  odours  from the superstructure. Not more than four families per latrine. • Advantages :   Reduced   odour , Ideal   where   water   is   used   for   anal cleansing easy to Clean. •Constraints: Increased  quantity   of   water   required,   solid   anal cleansing   materials   may   cause   blockages,more   expensive   and   difficut   to  construct  than   simple   pit   latrines.

25. Latrines suitable for Camps & temporary Use Shallow trench latrine Deep trench latrine Pit latrine Borehole latrine

26. Social Aspects of Excreta Disposal

27. Some campaign Related to Safe excreta disposal IN India : Swacha Bharat Abhiyaan

28. ODF States of India : Kerala, Sikkim,Haryana , Himanchal Pradesh,Uttarakhand

29. Some campaigns Related to Safe excreta disposal IN Nepal : ODF(Open deification free) as a Social campaign

30. R eferences K. PARK’S Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine ,Page 563-570 Dr.  NAVPREET’S Presentation on Excreta disposal Assistant  Professor, Department of  Community  Medicine Govt. Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh . www. google.com www.googleimages.com National Sanitation and hygiene Master Plan Nepal( pdf )

31. Thank you