EXECUTION OF DECREE[[[[[[[[======== 2.pdf

law

1. INTRODUCTION
Executionisthelaststageofany civillitigation.Therearethreestagesinlitigation:
1.Institutionoflitigation.
2.Adjudicationoflitigation.
3.Implementationoflitigation.
Implementationoflitigationisalsoknownasexecution.Adecreewillcomeintoexistencewherethecivillitigationhasbeen
instituted with the presentment of the plaint. The decree means operation or conclusiveness of judgment. Implementationof a decree
willbe done only when parties have filedan application in that regard. A decree or order willbe executed by the court as facilitative
and not an obligation. If a party is not approaching the court, then the court has no obligation to implementitsuo motu. A decree will
be executed by the court which has passed the judgment. In exceptional circumstances, the judgment will be implementedby ano ther
courtwhichishaving competencyinthatregard.
Executionisthemediumbywhichadecree-holdercompelsthejudgment-debtortocarryoutthemandateofthedecreeororderasthe
casemaybe.Itenablesthedecree-holdertorecoverthefruitsofthejudgment.Theexecutioniscompletewhenthejudgment-creditor
ordecree-holdergetsmoneyorotherthingawardedtohimbyjudgment,decreeororder.
EXECUTION
Whenapersonobtainsadecreefromacourtoflawagainstanotherperson,hisnextstepistogetthedecreesatisfied.Theproceeding
bywhichhemovesthecourtforsatisfactionofdecreeiscalledexecutionproceedings.
Executionisthemediumbywhichadecreeholderconstrainsthejudgment-debtortodothecommandofthedecreeororderasthe
casemaybe.Itempowersthedecreeholdertorecovertheproductsofthejudgment.Theexecutionisfinishedwhenthejudgment-
creditorordecreeholdergetscashorotherthinggrantedtohimbyjudgment,decreeororder.
The term “execution” has not been defined inthe code.The expression “execution” simplymeans the process for enforcing or giving
effect to the judgment of the court.The principlesgoverning execution of decree and orders are dealt within Sections 36to 74and
Order21oftheCivilProcedureCode.
ILLUSTRATION:
A filesa suit against B for Rs10,000and obtains a decree against him. HereA isthe decree-holder. B is the judgment-debtor, and the
amount of Rs 10,000isthe judgment-debt or the decretal amount. Since the decree ispassed against B, he isbound to pay Rs 10,000
to A. Suppose in spite of the decree, Brefuses to pay the decretal amountto A, and A can recover the said amount from B by
executing the decree through judicial process. The principlegoverning the execution of decree and orders are dealt withinSections 36
to74(substantivelaw)andOrder21ofthecode(procedurallaw).
SupremeCourt inGhanshyamDas v. Anant Kumar Sinha, dealing withprovision of the code relating to execution of decree and
orders, stated, “ so far as the question of executabilityof a decree is concerned, the Civil Procedu re Code contains elaborate and
exhaustive provisions for dealing withitin all aspects. The numerous rules of Order 21of the code take care of different s ituations
providing effective remediesnot only to judgment-debtors and decree-holders but also to claimant objectors, as the case may be. In an
exceptionalcase,whereprovisionsarerenderedincapableofgivingrelieftoanaggrievedpartyinadequatemeasuresand appropriate
time,theanswerisaregularsuitinthecivilcourt
PRINCIPLESWITHREGARDTOEXECUTION OFDECREEANDORDER
ProvisionofCPCrelatingtoexecutionofdecreeand ordershall bemadeapplicabletobothAppealandSue.
A decree may be executed by the court which passed the judgment and decree or by some other court which is having
competency toimplementthejudgmentpassedbysuchothercourt.
The court which passed the decree may send it for execution to other court either on application of the applicant (decree -
holder)orbythecourtitself.
A court may order for executionof decree on the application of decree on the application of decree holder (a) by delivery of
any propertywhichwasinpossessionofjudgment-debtoranddecreehasbeenspecificallypassedconcerningsuchproperty
(b) by attachment and sale of the property of the judgement-debtor (c) by arrest and detention (civil imprisonment) (d) by
appointingareceiver(e)insuchothermannerwhichdependsuponnatureofreliefgrantedbythecourt.

2. Upontheapplicationofdecree-holder,thecourt mayissue“percept”toanyothercourt whichiscompetent inthatregard.
All questions arising between the parties to the suit in the decree shall be determined by the court whileexecuting the decree
andnotbyaseparatesuit.
Whereadecreeispassedagainstapartyasthe“legalrepresentative”ofadeceasedpersonanddecreeisforpaymentof
moneyoutofthepropertyofdeceasedperson,itmaybeexecutedbyattachmentand saleofany suchproperty.
Ajudgment-debtormaybearrestedatany timeandonanydateshall requiredtobebroughtbeforethecourt whichhas
passedthedecreeandhisdetentionmaybeincivilprison ofthedistrictwheredecreeshallhaveto beexecuted.
Whereimmovablepropertyhasbeensoldbythecourt inexecutionofadecreesuchsellshallbeabsolute.Thepropertyshall
bedeemedtobeinvestedinthefavourofpurchaser,andthepurchasershall bedeemedasaparty tolitigation.
The court to which decree is sent for execution shall require certifying to the court which has passed decree stating t he
mannerinwhichdecreehasbeenimplementingconcerning thefactofsuchexecution.
THECLASSIFICATION OFORDER21ISASFOLLOWS-
Applicationsforexecutionandtheprocesstobeapplied.
Stayofexecutions.
Modeofexecutions.
Saleofimmovableproperty andmovableproperty.
Adjudicationoftheclaimsandobjections.
Resistanceand deliveryofpossession.
APPLICATIONS FOREXECUTION
Application forexecutioncanbemadeby
Thedecreeholderhimself.
Hislegalrepresentativeifthedecreeholderisdead.
Anypersonclaimingunderthedecreeholder.
TransfereeofDecreeholderwhohasgivennoticetotransferorandjudgementdebtor.
AnyoneormoreoftheDecreeholderswhereitisforbenefitofalland nocontraryintentionisindicated.
APPLICATION FOREXECUTION CANBEMADE
Executiondecreecanbemadeonlyagainstthejudgementdebtorifheisaliveoragainstlegalrepresentativesofjudgementdebtor.
DECREESTHATMAYBEEXECUTED
Thedecreeofacourt againstwhichnoappealhasbeenmadeshall beexecutedafterexpiryofthelimitationperiod.
Where a decree is reversed, modifiedon appeal, the only decree capable of the execution is the appellate decree, but
exceptionallywheretheappellatejudgmentsimplydismissestheappeal.Generalrulethattheappellate decreealoneistobe
executed,doesnotapplyandthecourt shouldlookatthelaterdecreefortheinformationofitscontents.
MODESOFEXECUTION
The code sets down different methods of execution. After the decree holder files an application for executionof decree, the executing
courtcan implementexecution.
Adecreecanbeenforcedby:

3. The code lays down various mode of execution. After the decree-holder filesan application for executionof decree, the executing
courtcan enforceexecution.
A decree may be enforced by delivery of any property specified in the decree, by attachment and sale or by sale without attac hment of
the property, or by arrest and detention, or by appointing a receiver, or by effecting partition, or any such mann er which the nature of
reliefrequires.
ArrestandDetention
Oneofthemodesofexecutingadecreeisarrestand detentionofthejudgment-debtorincivilimprisonment.Wherethedecreeisfor
payment ofmoney,itcan beexecutedbyarrest anddetentionofthejudgment-debtor.
A judgment-debtor maybe arrested at any timeon any day inthe execution of a decree. After this arrest, he must be brought before
the court as soon as practicable. For the purpose of makingarrest, no dwelling house may be entered after sunset or before sunrise.
Further,no outerdoorofa dwellinghousemaybebrokenopenunlesssuchdwellinghouseisintheoccupancyofthejudgment-debtor
andherefusesorpreventsaccessthereto.
No order of detention of the judgment-debtor shall be made where the decretal amount does not exceed Rs.2000.Where the judgment-
debtor pays the decretal amount and costs of arrest to the officer, he should be released once. Women, judicial officers, the parties,
their pleaders, memberof legislative bodies, a judgment-debtor where the decretal amount does not exceedRs 2,000,this person
cannotbearrestedanddetainedincivilimprisonment.
A decree for money cannot be executed by arrest and detention where the judgment -debtor is a woman, or a minor,or a legal
representativeofadeceasedjudgment-debtor.
AttachmentofProperty
A decree may also be executed on the application of the decree-holder by attachment and sale the only sale without attachment of
property. The code recognizes the right of the decree-holder to attach the property of the judgment debtor in execution proceeding and
laysdowntheproceduretoeffectattachment.Sections60to64andRules41to57ofOrder21dealswiththesubjectofattachment
of property. The code enumerates properties which are liableto be attached and sold in execution of a decree. It also specifies
properties which are not liableto be attached or sold. It also prescribes the procedure where the same property is attached inexecution
ofdecreesbymorethanonecourt.Thecodealsodeclaresthataprivatealienationofpropertyafterattachment isvoid.
Section 60(1) declares what properties are liableto attachment and sale inexecutionof a decree, and what properties are exempt
therefrom. All saleable property (movableor immovable)belonging to the judgment-debtor or over which or the portion of which he
hasadisposingpowerwhichhemayexerciseforhisownbenefitmaybeattachedand soldinexecutionofadecreeagainsthim.
Section 61 deals where the judgment-debtor is an agriculturalist.It states that judgment-debtor is an agriculturalist.Any agriculturalist
produce is subject matter of agriculturalist. The quantum of attachment of agricultural product depends upon the quantum of d ecretal
amount.
Section 63 where two different courts have attached the same property through different decree, then itwillbe looked, that which
courtissuperior.Thevalueofthepropertywilldeterminewhetherfurtherattachmentcanbedoneornot.
Percept
Section46–“precept”meansacommand,anorder,awritora warrant.Aperceptisanorderordirectiongivenbycourtwhichpassed
thedecreetoacourtwhichwouldbecompetenttoexecutethedecreetoattachany propertybelongingto thejudgment-debtor.
Section46providesthatcourt whichpassedadecreemay,uponanapplicationbythedecree-holder,issueapercepttothatcourt
withinwhosejurisdictionthepropertyofthejudgment-debtorislyingto attachany propertyspecifiedinthepercept.
A percept seeks to prevent alienation of property of the judgment-debtor not located within the jurisdiction of the court which passed
thedecreesothatinterest ofthedecree-holderissafeguardedandprotected.
It is the interim attachment of the property which lies outside the jurisdiction of the court which has passed the order. To protect the
interest of the decree holder on his application willissue percept to the court in whose jurisdiction property is situated t o attach the
property ofthejudgment-debtor.Theinterimorderforattachment isvalidfortheperiodofonly2months.
GarnisheeOrder
It is the proceeding by which the decree-holder seeks to reach money or property of the judgment-debtor in the hands of a third party
(debtorofjudgment-debtor).

4. SupposeAowesRs1000toBandB owesRs1000toc.Byagarnisheeorder,thecourt mayrequireAnottopaymoneyowedbyhim
to B,butinsteadtopay C,sinceBowesthesaidamount to C,whohasobtainedtheorder.
“Garnisheeorder”isanorderpassedbyacourtorderingagarnisheenottopay moneytothejudgment-debtorbecausethelatteris
indebtedto thegarnisher.
SaleoftheProperty
Adecreemaybeexecutedbyattachment andsaleorsalewithoutattachment ofany property.Section65to73andRules64to94 of
Order21 dealswiththesubjectrelatingtothesaleofmovableandimmovableproperty.
Powerof court:Rule64-65
Rule64:acourt mayselltheproperty,whichhehastakenintocustodyunderanattachmentunderOrder60.
Rule65:appointment ofofficerbythecourtwhowillbechargedtoselltheproperty.Officerwillbetherepresentativeofthe
courtandwillsell thepropertyforexecutionofdecree.
Proclamationofsale:Rule66-67
Itisakindoforderordeclaration.Itoperatesasapublicnoticeregardingthesale.It’ssaidthatpeoplecanparticipatein
auction andsale.Theproclamationcan beinwritingorbycustomarymode.
Contentsoftheproclamation:-
1.Timeandplaceofsale
2.Propertytobesold
3.Revenue,ifany,assessedupontheproperty;
4.Encumbrance,ifany,to whichproperty isliable;
5.Amounttoberecovered;
6.Detailsrelatingto property,suchastitledeed,length etc.
Timeofsale:Rule68
Nosalewithouttheconsentinwritingofthejudgment-debtorcantakeplacebeforefifteendaysincaseofimmovable
propertyandbefore7daysincaseofmovablepropertyfromthedateofproclamationinthecourthouse.Asellcanbe
conductedimmediatelyifthepropertyisofperishablenature.
Adjournmentofsale:Rule69
If the judgment-debtor after the issue of proclamation and before sell has paid the amount or has partly promised to pay on
thegivendatebeforecompletionofpublicorder,ifthereisanyjustifiedreason,inthosecircumstances,courthas
discretionarypowertopostponethesell.Ifithasbeenpostponedforaperiodof30days,thefreshproclamationhastobe
issuedandagaintheprocessofRule67,68and69willfollow.
Sellcannotbepostponedwherejudgment-debtordiesbeforethedateofsell oraftertheissueofproclamation,oronthedate
oftheauction.
Restrictiontobid:Rule72-73
A decree-holder cannot, without the express permission of the court, purchase the property sold inexecution of his own
decree.
Amortgageeofimmovablepropertycannot,withouttheleave ofthecourt,purchasethepropertysoldinexecutionofthe
decreeonthemortgage.
Anyofficerorotherpersonhavinganydutytoperforminconnectionwiththeexecutionsalecannoteitherdirectlyor
indirectly,acquireoranyattempttoacquireany interestinthepropertysold inexecution.
saleofmovableproperty:Rule78-78
Itrelatestothesaleofagriculturalproduceandgrowingcrops.Rule76coversnegotiableinstrumentsandshares.Saleof
movable property should be held by public auction. A sale of the movable property will not be said aside on the ground of
irregularityinpublishing orconductingthesale(Rule78).
Saleofimmovableproperty:Rule82-94
Rule83enablestheexecutingcourt topostponesaletoenablethejudgment-debtortoraisedecretalduesbyprivate
alienation.

5. Paymentofpurchasemoneybyauction-purchaser:Rule84-85.
Rule86talksaboutcasesofdefaultby auction-purchaserinmakingrequisitepaymentandresaleoftheproperty.Rule89-91
and 93 deals with setting aside sale and effect thereof. Rules 92-94 provide confirmationof sale and issuance of sale-
certificate.Section65declarestheeffectofsale.
DECREERELATEDTOPAYMENT EXECUTED
BygoingthroughOrder21rule30ofC.P.C,everydecreeforthepaymentofmoney,includingadecreeforthepaymentofmoneyas
thealternativetosomeotherrelief,maybeexecutedbydetentionintheCivilPrisonofthejudgmentdebtoror,bytheattachmentand
saleofhisproperty,orbyboth.
DECREERELATEDTOSPECIFICMOVABLE PROPERTYEXECUTED
AccordingtoOrder21rule31(1)ofC.P.C,whenthedecreeisforanyspecificmovableproperty,theexecutioncantakeplaceinany
ofthefollowingmade:
Byseizureanddeliveryoftheproperty.
Bydetentionofthejudgementdebtor.
Byattachmentofhisproperly.
Byattachmentanddetentionboth.
POWERSOF THECOURTHAVEREGARDING THEEXECUTION OFIMMOVABLE PROPERTY
According to Order 21 rule35 sub-rule-1 of C.P.C,A court executing a decree has the power to attach the property and sell the
property or portion thereof which is sufficient to satisfy the decree. After such attachment the first step is issuing procla mation of sale.
Such aproclamationshall bepreparedafternoticeto boththesidesandshall compriseoffollowingdetails:-
Timeandplaceofsale.
Detailsofpropertyorpartthereoftobesold.
Revenueifanyattachedto property.
Encumbrancetowhichthepropertyisliable.
Amounttoberecoveredunderthedecree.
Suchotherparticularswhichcourtconsidersmaterial.
Serviceofnoticeisa mandatoryrequirementandnon-compliancewillvitiatetheentireproceedings.
DECREEFORSPECIFICPERFORMANCE FORRESTITUTIONOF CONJUGALRIGHTSOR FORAN INJUNCTION
EXECUTED
According to Order (21)rule (32)of C.P.C,“Where the party against whom a decree for the specific performance of a contract, or for
restitution of conjugal rights or for an injunction, stay has been passed, has had an opportunity of obeying the decree and i f he has
wilfullyfailedto obeyit,thedecreemaybeenforced,inthecaseofadecreeforrestitutionofconjugalrights:
Bytheattachmentofhisproperty,orinthecaseofadecreeforspecificperformanceofacontractorforaninjunction.
ByhisdetentioninCivilPrison.
ByhisdetentioninCivilPrison.
Bytheattachmentofhisproperty.
STAYOFANEXECUTION OFADECREEORANORDER
Rule5ofCPCprovidesforthestayofanexecution:WherethesuitispendinginanyCourtdecree-holderandjudgment-debtorin
suchcircumstancesiftheCourtisfoundtherightsofpartiesarerequiredtobeadjudicatedbytheCourtwheresuchsuitispending
andunlesstherightsaretobedetermined,thedecreecannotbeexecutedinsuchcircumstances,Courtcanstaytheexecution

6. proceeding.Also,whenanappealhasbeenfiledbyeitheroftheparties,theappellatecourtmayorderstayofproceedingsorstayon
an executionofsuchdecree.
Theobjectiveis:toprotecttheinterestofboththepartiesi.e.thedecree-holderandthejudgement-debtor.Incasetheordergets
reversedbytheappellate court,thedisputedsubjectmatterwillstaythesame,thusprotectingtheinterestifboththeparties.
Theconditionsprecedingthecourt’sorderregardingthestayonexecutionofdecree:
1.Theapplicationhasbeenmadewithoutunreasonabledelay.
2.Theapplicantmightsufferfromasubstantialloss,unlesssuchstayisapplied.
3.Securityhasbeengivenbytheapplicant forthedueperformanceofthedecree.
This decree is usually passed when both the parties are heard. However, under Rule5(3):court have a power to makeex-parte orders
incaseofstayofanexecution.
EXECUTION OFCLAIMANDOJECTIONS
Thecourtadjudicatesupontheclaimstoorobjectionsinrespectofattachmentofpropertyinexecutionofdecree.Suchobjectionsare
raised by judgement debtors or third parties on the ground that property is not liable to attachment. It is necessary to obse rve and
adjudicate upon these claimsbefore ordering for the sale of the property as there would be no claimif the property in dispute is
alreadysoldoff.
All questions (including questions relating to right, title or interest in the property attached) arising between the partiesto a proceeding
or their representatives under this ruleand relatingto adjudication of claimor objection shall be dealt withby the court dealing with
theclaimandnotbyseparatesuit.
Thecourt satisfyalltheclaimsand objectionsraised,andfurtherallowthepropertytobe:
1.Allowtheclaimorobjectionandreleasetheproperty fromattachment eitherwhollyorto suchextentasitthinksfit,or
2.Disallowtheclaimorobjection.
3.Continuetheattachment subjecttoanymortgage,chargeorotherinterestinfavourofanyperson,or
4.Passsuchorder,asinthecircumstancesofthecaseitdeemsfit.
RESISTENCETOSALE
Where the holder of a decree for possession of immovableproperty or purchaser of any such property sold in execution of decree is
resisted or obstructed by any person in obtaining possession of property, he maymake an application complaining of such resistance
orobstructionandthecourtshallproceedtoadjudicateupontheapplicationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheAct.Theperson
inpossession cannot file application under this rule but can defend his conduct when application is moved against him.The right to
movesuchapplicationisconferredondecreeholderorjudgement purchaser
CONCLUSION
Fromtheabovediscussion,itclearlyappearsthatexecutionistheenforcementofdecreesand ordersbytheprocessofcourt,soasto
enable the decree-holder to realizethe fruits of the decree. The executionis complete when the judgment -creditoror decree-holder
getsmoneyorotherthingawardedto himbythejudgment,decreeororder.
Order21 of the code contain elaborate and exhaustive provision for execution of decrees and order, take care of the different type of
situationandprovideeffectiveremediesnotonlytothedecree-holderandjudgment-debtorsbutalsototheobjectorsandthirdparties.
A decree can be executed by various modes which include delivery of possession, arrest, and detention of the judgment -debtor,
attachment oftheproperty,bysale,by appointmentofreceiver,partition,cross-decrees,andcross-claims,paymentofmoneyetc.
Onexceptional situation, where provisions are rendered ineffective or incapable of giving reliefto an aggrieved party, he can filesuit
incivilcourt.