Expository Writing of Academic Writing11
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Mar 08, 2025
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About This Presentation
The expository essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a balanced analysis of a topic. In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples. Expository
Slide Content
Expository/ Informative
Writing
Writing
The expository essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a balanced
analysis of a topic. In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using
facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing encompasses a wide range of essay
variations, such as…
comparison and contrast writing,
cause and effect writing, and
“how to” or process writing,
Because expository essays are based on facts and not personal feelings, writers
don’t reveal their emotions or write in the first person.
Expository paragraph คือการ
เขียนประเภทที่เน้นวิธีการท
ำ วิธีใช้ หรือ
ข้อบ่งใช้ เป็นการเขียนอธิบายขั้นตอน
หรือกระบวนการท
ำสิ่งต่างๆ เป็นลำดับ
ขั้น ส่วนใหญ่การเขียน
แบบนี้จะต้องมีการหาข้อมูลก่อน แต่
หากว่าคนเขียนมีความรู้พื้นฐานเกี่ยวกับ
เรื่องใดๆ ที่จะเขียนก็สามารถลงมือเขียน
ได้เลย
analysis of a topic. In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using
facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing encompasses a wide range of essay
variations, such as…
comparison and contrast writing,
cause and effect writing, and
“how to” or process writing,
Because expository essays are based on facts and not personal feelings, writers
don’t reveal their emotions or write in the first person.
Expository paragraph คือการ
เขียนประเภทที่เน้นวิธีการท
ำ วิธีใช้ หรือ
ข้อบ่งใช้ เป็นการเขียนอธิบายขั้นตอน
หรือกระบวนการท
ำสิ่งต่างๆ เป็นลำดับ
ขั้น ส่วนใหญ่การเขียน
แบบนี้จะต้องมีการหาข้อมูลก่อน แต่
หากว่าคนเขียนมีความรู้พื้นฐานเกี่ยวกับ
เรื่องใดๆ ที่จะเขียนก็สามารถลงมือเขียน
ได้เลย
What is Expository Writing?
•Expository writing is defined as presenting reasons, explanations, or steps in a
process.
•Informational writing
•An expository essay should follow a logical sequence and have three different
main points (subtopics).
•Logic and coherence is the main focus of an expository essay.
•The goal when writing an expository essay is to inform readers without
including your own personal bias or opinion.
•Expository writing is defined as presenting reasons, explanations, or steps in a
process.
•Informational writing
•An expository essay should follow a logical sequence and have three different
main points (subtopics).
•Logic and coherence is the main focus of an expository essay.
•The goal when writing an expository essay is to inform readers without
including your own personal bias or opinion.
What are examples of Expository Writing?
letters, newsletters, definitions, instructions,
guidebooks, catalogues, newspaper articles,
magazine articles, manuals, pamphlets, reports and
research papers, journal
letters, newsletters, definitions, instructions,
guidebooks, catalogues, newspaper articles,
magazine articles, manuals, pamphlets, reports and
research papers, journal
oTells a story
oIncludes setting/characters
oContains a conflict
oIncludes dialogue
oProvides a resolution
oPrompt will include a photo
oCreative
oExplains/discusses a topic
oIncludes a thesis statement
oContains evidence
oIncludes commentary (reasoning)
oProvides a conclusion
oPrompt will be completely textual
oInformative
What expository isn’t…What expository is…
oIncludes setting/characters
oContains a conflict
oIncludes dialogue
oProvides a resolution
oPrompt will include a photo
oCreative
oExplains/discusses a topic
oIncludes a thesis statement
oContains evidence
oIncludes commentary (reasoning)
oProvides a conclusion
oPrompt will be completely textual
oInformative
What expository isn’t…What expository is…
What are characteristics of Expository Writing?
•focus on main topic
•logical supporting facts
•details, explanations, and examples
•strong organization
•clarity
•unity and coherence
•logical order
•smooth transitions
•focus on main topic
•logical supporting facts
•details, explanations, and examples
•strong organization
•clarity
•unity and coherence
•logical order
•smooth transitions
Expository Writing Tips
•The wording must be clear and concise.
•In writing the essay, you can use second or third person perspective.
•Think of what method you will use whether you compare, contrast,
define, cause and effect, analyze or classify. You need to define the
writing style.
•Make sure that you have a thesis statement and topic sentences for
every paragraph.
•The wording must be clear and concise.
•In writing the essay, you can use second or third person perspective.
•Think of what method you will use whether you compare, contrast,
define, cause and effect, analyze or classify. You need to define the
writing style.
•Make sure that you have a thesis statement and topic sentences for
every paragraph.
Expository Writing Tips
•A good essay must have essential points. It should be factual and have
valid details.
•Each paragraph must cover one topic and each sentence must present
idea about the topic.
•Every paragraph must cover one topic in making the flow of the essay
smooth. You need to connect sentences by using transition words.
•In the conclusions, you need to restate your argument and summarize
the facts.
•A good essay must have essential points. It should be factual and have
valid details.
•Each paragraph must cover one topic and each sentence must present
idea about the topic.
•Every paragraph must cover one topic in making the flow of the essay
smooth. You need to connect sentences by using transition words.
•In the conclusions, you need to restate your argument and summarize
the facts.
There are five elements of expository writing
• Organization
• Topic Sentence, Thesis Statement, and Subtopics
• Transitions
• Evidence and Examples
• Conclusion
• Organization
• Topic Sentence, Thesis Statement, and Subtopics
• Transitions
• Evidence and Examples
• Conclusion
When you organize an
essay it needs to follow a
logical sequence.
Novel: beginning of the
book, middle of the book,
end of the book.
2/3/1: 2
nd
best idea, 3
rd
best idea, best idea.
Directions: 1
st
step, 2
nd
step, 3
rd
step.
essay it needs to follow a
logical sequence.
Novel: beginning of the
book, middle of the book,
end of the book.
2/3/1: 2
nd
best idea, 3
rd
best idea, best idea.
Directions: 1
st
step, 2
nd
step, 3
rd
step.
Topic: Bicycle Safety Rules
Idea 1: Wear a Helmet
-every time you ride.
-fasten correctly.
Idea 2: Stop and Look
-at every corner
-near alleys/driveways
Idea 3: Bike in Safe Areas
-with a friend/adult
-during the day.
Idea 1: Wear a Helmet
-every time you ride.
-fasten correctly.
Idea 2: Stop and Look
-at every corner
-near alleys/driveways
Idea 3: Bike in Safe Areas
-with a friend/adult
-during the day.
Thesis: a statement
discussing the topic of
your paper.
Subtopics: the main
ideas that support your
Thesis (Body Paragraph).
Topic Sentences: a
statement that
discusses the topic of
each paragraph.
discussing the topic of
your paper.
Subtopics: the main
ideas that support your
Thesis (Body Paragraph).
Topic Sentences: a
statement that
discusses the topic of
each paragraph.
The Grand Canyon was a great place to visit because of
the spectacular views, the challenging hike to the top,
and the time we had to bond as a family.
The Grand Canyon offered spectacular views like
you had never seen before.
The Grand Canyon was a great place to visit
because of the spectacular views, the challenging
hike to the top, and the time we had to bond as a family.
the spectacular views, the challenging hike to the top,
and the time we had to bond as a family.
The Grand Canyon offered spectacular views like
you had never seen before.
The Grand Canyon was a great place to visit
because of the spectacular views, the challenging
hike to the top, and the time we had to bond as a family.
Like shifting from one gear to
the next in a car, a transition
shifts from one paragraph to the
next. It is the glue of an essay.
Add your transition words
First
Second
Third
Finally, or In Conclusion
the next in a car, a transition
shifts from one paragraph to the
next. It is the glue of an essay.
Add your transition words
First
Second
Third
Finally, or In Conclusion
Your evidence is the meat
of the essay. You need to
prove what you know.
Remember the E’s:
-Examples
-Explanations
-Evidence
-Elaboration
of the essay. You need to
prove what you know.
Remember the E’s:
-Examples
-Explanations
-Evidence
-Elaboration
Topic Sentence: If you look
carefully, you may
discover unsafe
conditions around the
house.
Evidence: Get rid of old
rags, papers, trash, and
chemicals. Are your
hallways well lit? Make
sure all bolts on doors are
firmly attached.
carefully, you may
discover unsafe
conditions around the
house.
Evidence: Get rid of old
rags, papers, trash, and
chemicals. Are your
hallways well lit? Make
sure all bolts on doors are
firmly attached.
Conclusions restate
your thesis and
subtopics, and remind
your reader what you
wrote about.
They wrap up your
writing.
your thesis and
subtopics, and remind
your reader what you
wrote about.
They wrap up your
writing.
Reading, remembering,
and using textbook
information is a
challenge. Using
strategies like textbook
surveys, and journals
can help your comprehension.
If you work hard, the results
are worth it.
and using textbook
information is a
challenge. Using
strategies like textbook
surveys, and journals
can help your comprehension.
If you work hard, the results
are worth it.
Introductory Paragraph
Body Paragraphs
= Subtopics
Concluding Paragraph
Structure of Essay Writing
Body Paragraphs
= Subtopics
Concluding Paragraph
Structure of Essay Writing
Introductory Paragraph
•Hook- Hook your reader
with a question, quote,
short anecdote, or
personal experience
statement
•Hook- Hook your reader
with a question, quote,
short anecdote, or
personal experience
statement
Body Paragraphs
Purpose of Body Paragraphs:
To support your topic statement using direct quotations,
specific textual detail, and strong explanations.
Elements of a Body Paragraph:
Topic Sentence
Concrete Detail (evidence)
Commentary (analysis)
Concluding/ Transition Sentence
Purpose of Body Paragraphs:
To support your topic statement using direct quotations,
specific textual detail, and strong explanations.
Elements of a Body Paragraph:
Topic Sentence
Concrete Detail (evidence)
Commentary (analysis)
Concluding/ Transition Sentence
Writing Body Paragraphs
Body paragraphs should follow this basic outline:
1.) Topic Sentence – shows the main idea of the paragraph (TS)
2.) Concrete Detail (evidence) – facts/data, quotes, examples (CD)
3.) Commentary (analysis) – your analysis, explanation, or
interpretation of your CD. (CM)
4.) Concluding/Transition Sentence – wraps up the main idea of
the paragraph, or leads the reader into the idea of the next
paragraph (CS)
Body paragraphs should follow this basic outline:
1.) Topic Sentence – shows the main idea of the paragraph (TS)
2.) Concrete Detail (evidence) – facts/data, quotes, examples (CD)
3.) Commentary (analysis) – your analysis, explanation, or
interpretation of your CD. (CM)
4.) Concluding/Transition Sentence – wraps up the main idea of
the paragraph, or leads the reader into the idea of the next
paragraph (CS)
Topic sentence/statement (TS)
This sentence should state the main point of the
paragraph and be straight to the point
Example 1: Cinderella lives a miserable life.
Example 2: Global warming is a world problem and
needs to be stopped.
This sentence should state the main point of the
paragraph and be straight to the point
Example 1: Cinderella lives a miserable life.
Example 2: Global warming is a world problem and
needs to be stopped.
Concrete detail (CD)
This sentence is the "what" is happening. It should be
either facts, examples, illustrations, evidence, support, plot
references, paraphrases, citations, quotations, plot summary,
etc. It should be a concrete detail and should start with 'for
example' or a different transition.
Example 1: For example, she does all the cooking, cleaning, and
sewing.
Example 2: If it is not stopped, statistics show that the world
will be drastically hurt.
This sentence is the "what" is happening. It should be
either facts, examples, illustrations, evidence, support, plot
references, paraphrases, citations, quotations, plot summary,
etc. It should be a concrete detail and should start with 'for
example' or a different transition.
Example 1: For example, she does all the cooking, cleaning, and
sewing.
Example 2: If it is not stopped, statistics show that the world
will be drastically hurt.
Commentary (CM)
They contain no facts, rather, comments from the paragraph writer about
the fact presented in the CD. This sentence contains analysis, interpretation,
inference, insight, reasons, or color commentator. It is important that the
commentary explain how the concrete detail helps prove the writer's point (the TS).
Example 1:
CM1: This shows that she feels taken advantage of by her selfish stepmother and
stepsisters.
CM2: This is important because her horrible life gives her a present, her fairy
godmother.
Example 2:
CM1: Global warming should be man's greatest worry.
CM2: This is because the Earth can become negatively and drastically affected
world wide.
They contain no facts, rather, comments from the paragraph writer about
the fact presented in the CD. This sentence contains analysis, interpretation,
inference, insight, reasons, or color commentator. It is important that the
commentary explain how the concrete detail helps prove the writer's point (the TS).
Example 1:
CM1: This shows that she feels taken advantage of by her selfish stepmother and
stepsisters.
CM2: This is important because her horrible life gives her a present, her fairy
godmother.
Example 2:
CM1: Global warming should be man's greatest worry.
CM2: This is because the Earth can become negatively and drastically affected
world wide.
Commentary Transitions
General practice is that commentary sentences often
start with a transition such as the following:
This (also) shows that
This is (important) because
In addition
Furthermore,
Therefore,
Also
For example,
General practice is that commentary sentences often
start with a transition such as the following:
This (also) shows that
This is (important) because
In addition
Furthermore,
Therefore,
Also
For example,
Concluding sentence / closing sentence (CS)
The Concluding Sentence (CS) is the closing sentence
that wraps up the TS and sums up the paragraph. It closes up
the thoughts and gives insight to the next paragraph.
Emotional or connotative words are preferred here usually
beginning with "As a result" or another concluding sentence.
Example 1: As a result, she becomes a princess.
Example 2: Therefore, global warming is top priority and
cannot be ignored.
The Concluding Sentence (CS) is the closing sentence
that wraps up the TS and sums up the paragraph. It closes up
the thoughts and gives insight to the next paragraph.
Emotional or connotative words are preferred here usually
beginning with "As a result" or another concluding sentence.
Example 1: As a result, she becomes a princess.
Example 2: Therefore, global warming is top priority and
cannot be ignored.
For Example…
A student should attempt at least one Pre-AP course in 9
th
grade because colleges want
to see that their applicants are striving to take challenging classes. According to
College Board, “studies have shown that the rigor of a student's high school curriculum is
the single best predictor of success in college” (College Board). Even if a student is
struggling in a Pre-AP course, it is important for teenagers to push themselves to work
harder, to manage their time, and to learn how to study. These are skills that will pay
off tremendously in college. Colleges are looking for students who they know will be
good additions to their campus, and Pre-AP classes are just the proof these universities
need to predict student success.
Topic Sentence (TS)
Concrete Detail (evidence) (CD)
Commentary (CM)
Concluding/Transition Sentence (CS)
A student should attempt at least one Pre-AP course in 9
th
grade because colleges want
to see that their applicants are striving to take challenging classes. According to
College Board, “studies have shown that the rigor of a student's high school curriculum is
the single best predictor of success in college” (College Board). Even if a student is
struggling in a Pre-AP course, it is important for teenagers to push themselves to work
harder, to manage their time, and to learn how to study. These are skills that will pay
off tremendously in college. Colleges are looking for students who they know will be
good additions to their campus, and Pre-AP classes are just the proof these universities
need to predict student success.
Topic Sentence (TS)
Concrete Detail (evidence) (CD)
Commentary (CM)
Concluding/Transition Sentence (CS)
Concluding Paragraph
Purpose of Concluding Paragraph
To summarize your main ideas for your reader,
so they leave your writing with clarity.
Elements of Concluding Paragraph
Restate your topic statement
Review body paragraphs
Purpose of Concluding Paragraph
To summarize your main ideas for your reader,
so they leave your writing with clarity.
Elements of Concluding Paragraph
Restate your topic statement
Review body paragraphs
Expository
Essay
Example
Essay
Example
Writing the
Comparison and Contrast Essay
Comparison and Contrast Essay
What is the purpose of comparison
and contrast?
Comparison-Contrast: Shows the similarities and differences
between ideas, people, objects, places, and so forth.
Ex: Dogs and Cats Are More Alike Than Different
Demonstrates how one subject is superior in some way to the
other.
Demonstrates how two subjects, which appear dissimilar, are
actually similar.
Instead of judgmental, may be informational.
and contrast?
Comparison-Contrast: Shows the similarities and differences
between ideas, people, objects, places, and so forth.
Ex: Dogs and Cats Are More Alike Than Different
Demonstrates how one subject is superior in some way to the
other.
Demonstrates how two subjects, which appear dissimilar, are
actually similar.
Instead of judgmental, may be informational.
How do you prepare to write a comparison and
contrast essay?
Brainstorm everything about two subjects.
Identify points that are relevant to both subjects.
Establish a dominant idea after examining points of
similarity and difference. This is the basis of the
comparison-contrast essay.
Select those traits or points to focus upon based upon the
dominant idea.
Specific impression
Dominant idea
Controlling idea
Dominant impression
contrast essay?
Brainstorm everything about two subjects.
Identify points that are relevant to both subjects.
Establish a dominant idea after examining points of
similarity and difference. This is the basis of the
comparison-contrast essay.
Select those traits or points to focus upon based upon the
dominant idea.
Specific impression
Dominant idea
Controlling idea
Dominant impression
Writing the Thesis Statement
How do I write a thesis statement for a comparison
and contrast essay?
- Decide to what extent the similarities between
subjects will be stressed, and to what extent
their differences will be stressed.
- Create a thesis statement that reflects that
decision.
How do I write a thesis statement for a comparison
and contrast essay?
- Decide to what extent the similarities between
subjects will be stressed, and to what extent
their differences will be stressed.
- Create a thesis statement that reflects that
decision.
Examples: Weak Thesis Statements
They are both somewhat alike and somewhat
different.
I can see some similarities and some differences
too.
Both of them involve (only a single similarity, no
differences).
They are both somewhat alike and somewhat
different.
I can see some similarities and some differences
too.
Both of them involve (only a single similarity, no
differences).
Examples: Better Thesis Statements
Ralph and Jack have very different leadership styles
and motivations which leads to the eventual chaos
and anarchy on the island.
In order to make a decision between the Honda Civic
and the BMW, consider the following criteria: price of
the vehicle, average mileage, and price of insurance.
Ralph and Jack have very different leadership styles
and motivations which leads to the eventual chaos
and anarchy on the island.
In order to make a decision between the Honda Civic
and the BMW, consider the following criteria: price of
the vehicle, average mileage, and price of insurance.
Example thesis statements for a
comparison/contrast essay on
The Most Dangerous Game and The Monkey’s Paw.
Weak Thesis: The Most Dangerous Game and The Monkey’s
Paw are different and similar in many different ways.
Average Thesis: The fiction, horror stories The Most
Dangerous Game and The Monkey’s Paw explore people’s
greatest fear — the fear of death.
Strong Thesis: While both The Most Dangerous Game and
The Monkey’s Paw explore people’s fear of death and the
suspense that leads up to this final moment, Richard
Connell’s short story deals with a man killing his enemy and
W.W. Jacobs’ story deals with a father killing his son.
comparison/contrast essay on
The Most Dangerous Game and The Monkey’s Paw.
Weak Thesis: The Most Dangerous Game and The Monkey’s
Paw are different and similar in many different ways.
Average Thesis: The fiction, horror stories The Most
Dangerous Game and The Monkey’s Paw explore people’s
greatest fear — the fear of death.
Strong Thesis: While both The Most Dangerous Game and
The Monkey’s Paw explore people’s fear of death and the
suspense that leads up to this final moment, Richard
Connell’s short story deals with a man killing his enemy and
W.W. Jacobs’ story deals with a father killing his son.
Comparison and Contrast Organization
Two classic organizational patterns of a
comparison or contrast essay are:
•block arrangement of ideas
•point-by-point or alternating arrangement
of ideas.
comparison or contrast essay are:
•block arrangement of ideas
•point-by-point or alternating arrangement
of ideas.
•Suppose you are interested in showing the differences
between vacationing in the mountains and vacationing at
the beach.
•You will then write a contrast composition.
•One way to arrange your material is to use the block
arrangement which is to write about vacationing in the
mountains in one paragraph and vacationing at the beach
in the next.
•If you mention a particular point in the mountains
paragraph, you must mention the same point (price,
accommodation, convenience) in the beach paragraph, and
in the same order.
between vacationing in the mountains and vacationing at
the beach.
•You will then write a contrast composition.
•One way to arrange your material is to use the block
arrangement which is to write about vacationing in the
mountains in one paragraph and vacationing at the beach
in the next.
•If you mention a particular point in the mountains
paragraph, you must mention the same point (price,
accommodation, convenience) in the beach paragraph, and
in the same order.
Block Arrangement (four paragraphs)
•The introductory paragraph is
followed by the mountains paragraph,
the beach paragraph, then the
conclusion.
•The fully developed essay is just
four paragraphs.
•The introductory paragraph is
followed by the mountains paragraph,
the beach paragraph, then the
conclusion.
•The fully developed essay is just
four paragraphs.
Study the following outline, which shows
this kind of organization.
Block Arrangement (four paragraphs)
I.Introduction in which you state your purpose which is to
discuss the differences between vacationing in the mountains
or at the beach
II.Mountain
A.
Climate
B.
Types of Activities
C.
Location
III.Beach
A.
Climate
B.
Types of Activities
C.
Location
IV.Conclusion
this kind of organization.
Block Arrangement (four paragraphs)
I.Introduction in which you state your purpose which is to
discuss the differences between vacationing in the mountains
or at the beach
II.Mountain
A.
Climate
B.
Types of Activities
C.
Location
III.Beach
A.
Climate
B.
Types of Activities
C.
Location
IV.Conclusion
Paragraph Organization
--Block--
Price Mileage Insurance
BMW
→→
Honda
Civic
→→
2
nd
Paragraph
3
rd
Paragraph
--Block--
Price Mileage Insurance
BMW
→→
Honda
Civic
→→
2
nd
Paragraph
3
rd
Paragraph
Outline -- Block Method
I. Introduction
a) Hook
b) Background Information
c) Thesis
II. BMW
a) Price
b) Mileage
c) Insurance
III. Honda Civic
a) Price
b) Mileage
c) Insurance
IV. Conclusion
a) Emphasize Major Ties
b) So What? Evaluate
c) Clincher
I. Introduction
a) Hook
b) Background Information
c) Thesis
II. BMW
a) Price
b) Mileage
c) Insurance
III. Honda Civic
a) Price
b) Mileage
c) Insurance
IV. Conclusion
a) Emphasize Major Ties
b) So What? Evaluate
c) Clincher
•A second way to organize this material
is to discuss a particular point about
vacationing in the mountains and then
immediately to discuss the same point
about vacationing at the beach.
•This is called point-by-point or
alternating arrangement.
Point-by-Point or Alternating
Arrangement (five paragraphs)
is to discuss a particular point about
vacationing in the mountains and then
immediately to discuss the same point
about vacationing at the beach.
•This is called point-by-point or
alternating arrangement.
Point-by-Point or Alternating
Arrangement (five paragraphs)
Point-by-Point or Alternating Arrangement (five paragraphs)
I. Introduction in which you state your purpose which is to
discuss differences between vacationing in the mountains or
at the beach
II.First difference between mountains and beaches is climate
A.
Mountains
B.
Beach
III.Second difference between mountains and beaches are types
of activities
A.
Mountains
B.
Beach
IV.Third difference between mountains and beaches is the
location
A.
Mountains
B.
Beach
V. Conclusion
I. Introduction in which you state your purpose which is to
discuss differences between vacationing in the mountains or
at the beach
II.First difference between mountains and beaches is climate
A.
Mountains
B.
Beach
III.Second difference between mountains and beaches are types
of activities
A.
Mountains
B.
Beach
IV.Third difference between mountains and beaches is the
location
A.
Mountains
B.
Beach
V. Conclusion
Paragraph Organization
--Alternating--
Price Mileage Insurance
BMW ↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
Honda
Civic
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
2
nd
Paragraph3rd Paragraph4
th
Paragraph
--Alternating--
Price Mileage Insurance
BMW ↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
Honda
Civic
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
2
nd
Paragraph3rd Paragraph4
th
Paragraph
Outline -- Alternating
I. Introduction
a) Hook
b) Background Information
c) Thesis
II. Price
a) BMW
b) Honda
III. Mileage
a) BMW
b) Honda
IV. Insurance
a) BMW
b) Honda
V. Conclusion
a) Emphasize Major Ties
b) So What? Evaluate
c) Clincher
I. Introduction
a) Hook
b) Background Information
c) Thesis
II. Price
a) BMW
b) Honda
III. Mileage
a) BMW
b) Honda
IV. Insurance
a) BMW
b) Honda
V. Conclusion
a) Emphasize Major Ties
b) So What? Evaluate
c) Clincher
Should I use block or alternating
arrangement?
Block: Treats all of the elements for each subject separately.
Alternating: Treats each element with respect to each subject
sequentially.
If the comparison is short (a paragraph or two), then the block
method is fine.
Alternating is usually preferable for longer comparisons; there is
a risk that a block essay will sound like two separate essays
weakly connected with a transitional paragraph or sentence.
arrangement?
Block: Treats all of the elements for each subject separately.
Alternating: Treats each element with respect to each subject
sequentially.
If the comparison is short (a paragraph or two), then the block
method is fine.
Alternating is usually preferable for longer comparisons; there is
a risk that a block essay will sound like two separate essays
weakly connected with a transitional paragraph or sentence.
What are the rules of comparison
and contrast essays?
Be sure to discuss both subjects equally in terms of coverage.
Be sure to discuss the same elements for each subject; do not
discuss one element for one subject and not do so for the
other!
Decide either upon block or alternating arrangement; do not
mix.
Have a clear purpose to achieve in the comparison/contrast.
and contrast essays?
Be sure to discuss both subjects equally in terms of coverage.
Be sure to discuss the same elements for each subject; do not
discuss one element for one subject and not do so for the
other!
Decide either upon block or alternating arrangement; do not
mix.
Have a clear purpose to achieve in the comparison/contrast.
Using Indicators
Why do I need to use indicators?
Good comparison or contrast essays feature the
use of indicator words to convey to the reader
at any given moment whether a comparison or
contrast is being made and the nature of it.
Why do I need to use indicators?
Good comparison or contrast essays feature the
use of indicator words to convey to the reader
at any given moment whether a comparison or
contrast is being made and the nature of it.
Compare and Contrast Structure Words
Compare and contrast structure words are
transition signals
which show the similarities
or differences. Below are some common
examples.
Compare
•Similarly
•Likewise
•also
•both...and...
•not only...but also...
•neither...nor...
•just like (+ noun)
•similar to (+ noun)
•to be similar (to)
•to be the same as
•to be alike
•to compare (to/with)
Examples
- Computers can be used to communicate
easily, for example via email.
Similarly/Likewise, the mobile phone is a
convenient tool for communication.
- Both
computers
and mobile phones can be
used to communicate easily with other
people.
- Just like
the computer, the mobile phone
can be used to communicate easily with
other people.
- The computer
is
similar to
the mobile
phone in the way it can be used for easy
communication.
Compare and contrast structure words are
transition signals
which show the similarities
or differences. Below are some common
examples.
Compare
•Similarly
•Likewise
•also
•both...and...
•not only...but also...
•neither...nor...
•just like (+ noun)
•similar to (+ noun)
•to be similar (to)
•to be the same as
•to be alike
•to compare (to/with)
Examples
- Computers can be used to communicate
easily, for example via email.
Similarly/Likewise, the mobile phone is a
convenient tool for communication.
- Both
computers
and mobile phones can be
used to communicate easily with other
people.
- Just like
the computer, the mobile phone
can be used to communicate easily with
other people.
- The computer
is
similar to
the mobile
phone in the way it can be used for easy
communication.
Compare and Contrast Structure Words
Contrast
•However
•In contrast
•In comparison
•By comparison
•On the other hand
•while
•whereas
•but
•to differ from
•to be different (from)
•to be dissimilar to
•to be unlike
Examples
- Computers, although increasingly small, are
not always easy to carry from one place to
another. However, the mobile phone can be
carried with ease.
- Computers are generally not very portable,
whereas the mobile phone is.
- Computers differ from mobile phones in their
lack of portability.
- Computers are unlike mobile phones in their
lack of portability.
Contrast
•However
•In contrast
•In comparison
•By comparison
•On the other hand
•while
•whereas
•but
•to differ from
•to be different (from)
•to be dissimilar to
•to be unlike
Examples
- Computers, although increasingly small, are
not always easy to carry from one place to
another. However, the mobile phone can be
carried with ease.
- Computers are generally not very portable,
whereas the mobile phone is.
- Computers differ from mobile phones in their
lack of portability.
- Computers are unlike mobile phones in their
lack of portability.
Examples of Comparison and
Contrast Essay
Contrast Essay
Title: There
have been many advances in technology over the past fifty years. These have revolutionized the way we
communicate
with people who are far away. Compare and contrast methods of communication used today with those
which
were used in the past.
Before the advent of computers and modern technology, people communicating over long distances used traditional means
such as letters and the telephone. Nowadays we have a vast array of communication tools which can complete this task, ranging from
email to instant messaging and video calls. While the present and previous means of communication are similar in their general
form, they differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available.
One similarity between current and previous methods of communication relates to the form of communication. In the past,
both written forms such as letters were frequently used, in addition to oral forms such as telephone calls. Similarly, people nowadays
use both of these forms. Just as in the past, written forms of communication are prevalent, for example via email and text messaging.
In addition, oral forms are still used, including the telephone, mobile phone, and voice messages via instant messaging services.
However, there are clearly many differences in the way we communicate over long distances, the most notable of which is
speed. This is most evident in relation to written forms of communication. In the past, letters would take days to arrive at their
destination. In contrast, an email arrives almost instantaneously and can be read seconds after it was sent. In the past, if it was
necessary to send a short message, for example at work, a memo could be passed around the office, which would take some time to
circulate. This is different from the current situation, in which a text message can be sent immediately.
Another significant difference is the range of communication methods. Fifty years ago, the tools available for communicating
over long distances were primarily the telephone and the letter. By comparison, there are a vast array of communication methods
available today. These include not only the telephone, letter, email and text messages already mentioned, but also video conferences
via software such as Skype or mobile phone apps such as Wechat, and social media such as Facebook and Twitter.
In conclusion, methods of communication have greatly advanced over the past fifty years. While there are some similarities,
such as the forms of communication, there are significant differences, chiefly in relation to the speed of communication and the range
of communication tools available. There is no doubt that technology will continue to progress in future, and the advanced tools which
we use today may one day also become outdated.
have been many advances in technology over the past fifty years. These have revolutionized the way we
communicate
with people who are far away. Compare and contrast methods of communication used today with those
which
were used in the past.
Before the advent of computers and modern technology, people communicating over long distances used traditional means
such as letters and the telephone. Nowadays we have a vast array of communication tools which can complete this task, ranging from
email to instant messaging and video calls. While the present and previous means of communication are similar in their general
form, they differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available.
One similarity between current and previous methods of communication relates to the form of communication. In the past,
both written forms such as letters were frequently used, in addition to oral forms such as telephone calls. Similarly, people nowadays
use both of these forms. Just as in the past, written forms of communication are prevalent, for example via email and text messaging.
In addition, oral forms are still used, including the telephone, mobile phone, and voice messages via instant messaging services.
However, there are clearly many differences in the way we communicate over long distances, the most notable of which is
speed. This is most evident in relation to written forms of communication. In the past, letters would take days to arrive at their
destination. In contrast, an email arrives almost instantaneously and can be read seconds after it was sent. In the past, if it was
necessary to send a short message, for example at work, a memo could be passed around the office, which would take some time to
circulate. This is different from the current situation, in which a text message can be sent immediately.
Another significant difference is the range of communication methods. Fifty years ago, the tools available for communicating
over long distances were primarily the telephone and the letter. By comparison, there are a vast array of communication methods
available today. These include not only the telephone, letter, email and text messages already mentioned, but also video conferences
via software such as Skype or mobile phone apps such as Wechat, and social media such as Facebook and Twitter.
In conclusion, methods of communication have greatly advanced over the past fifty years. While there are some similarities,
such as the forms of communication, there are significant differences, chiefly in relation to the speed of communication and the range
of communication tools available. There is no doubt that technology will continue to progress in future, and the advanced tools which
we use today may one day also become outdated.
The State Railway of Thailand and France’s TGV
Rail transport has become commonplace all over the world over the
course of the past century. Rail journeys range from short commuter trips on
high frequency services into big cities, to transcontinental passages on
sleeper trains taking several days. This essay, however, will evaluate the
long-distance rail services offered in two countries which have quite similar
sizes and populations – Thailand and France.
The main rail routes in Thailand and France are of similar lengths –
from the French capital, Paris, to the south coast or from the Thai capital,
Bangkok, to Chiang Mai. Both rail networks are owned by the state and have
been in operation for many years. Alternative forms of transport are available
in both countries, with competition from the airlines a strong factor, while in
Thailand it is also possible to make the long journey by bus. Both networks
offer two or more classes of travel, and make cheap tickets available to
citizens who would not otherwise have the financial resources to travel. Both
rail networks carry passengers and freight between the major centers.
Rail transport has become commonplace all over the world over the
course of the past century. Rail journeys range from short commuter trips on
high frequency services into big cities, to transcontinental passages on
sleeper trains taking several days. This essay, however, will evaluate the
long-distance rail services offered in two countries which have quite similar
sizes and populations – Thailand and France.
The main rail routes in Thailand and France are of similar lengths –
from the French capital, Paris, to the south coast or from the Thai capital,
Bangkok, to Chiang Mai. Both rail networks are owned by the state and have
been in operation for many years. Alternative forms of transport are available
in both countries, with competition from the airlines a strong factor, while in
Thailand it is also possible to make the long journey by bus. Both networks
offer two or more classes of travel, and make cheap tickets available to
citizens who would not otherwise have the financial resources to travel. Both
rail networks carry passengers and freight between the major centers.
However, the similarities between the Thai and French rail networks are
outweighed by the differences. Thailand relies on ageing diesel locomotives and imported
rolling stock to provide services over track which is in desperate need of upgrading. France,
on the contrary, has made large investments in the development of its Train a Grande
Vitesse (TGV) system which uses the world’s most modern high speed electric trains on
specially constructed high speed rail lines (SNCF.com, 2012). In fact, one critical difference
between the systems is that while Thai freight and passenger trains share the same track,
with all the operational limitations that are caused, the TGV lines are used only for
passenger services.
The speed of the trains is also a huge difference. Thai trains rarely exceed 100 km/h
while their French counterparts spend much of their time travelling over three times faster
(SNCF.com, 2013). This is one reason why passenger numbers on the French network are
very high, with very frequent services, while in Thailand the passenger numbers are low,
and there are comparatively few daily trains. The French TGV also has an excellent safety
record despite the high number of services operating at very high speeds. In contrast, the
Thai network has encountered frequent accidents, with derailments commonplace due to
the poor condition of the infrastructure (Bangkok Post, 2013).
In the future, Thailand plans to introduce its own high speed services (Bangkok
Post, 2014), so perhaps the French model would be a suitable standard to which the state
Railway of Thailand might aspire. It would take a large investment in both trains and
infrastructure for Thailand to eliminate the differences and develop rail services to match
those of France, but the benefits to the people of Thailand could be considerable if the
cities of northern and southern Thailand could be brought within only a few hours’
travelling time of Bangkok.
outweighed by the differences. Thailand relies on ageing diesel locomotives and imported
rolling stock to provide services over track which is in desperate need of upgrading. France,
on the contrary, has made large investments in the development of its Train a Grande
Vitesse (TGV) system which uses the world’s most modern high speed electric trains on
specially constructed high speed rail lines (SNCF.com, 2012). In fact, one critical difference
between the systems is that while Thai freight and passenger trains share the same track,
with all the operational limitations that are caused, the TGV lines are used only for
passenger services.
The speed of the trains is also a huge difference. Thai trains rarely exceed 100 km/h
while their French counterparts spend much of their time travelling over three times faster
(SNCF.com, 2013). This is one reason why passenger numbers on the French network are
very high, with very frequent services, while in Thailand the passenger numbers are low,
and there are comparatively few daily trains. The French TGV also has an excellent safety
record despite the high number of services operating at very high speeds. In contrast, the
Thai network has encountered frequent accidents, with derailments commonplace due to
the poor condition of the infrastructure (Bangkok Post, 2013).
In the future, Thailand plans to introduce its own high speed services (Bangkok
Post, 2014), so perhaps the French model would be a suitable standard to which the state
Railway of Thailand might aspire. It would take a large investment in both trains and
infrastructure for Thailand to eliminate the differences and develop rail services to match
those of France, but the benefits to the people of Thailand could be considerable if the
cities of northern and southern Thailand could be brought within only a few hours’
travelling time of Bangkok.
Cause-Effect Essay
Cause-EffectCause-Effect essayessay
A cause and effect essay is one that shows A cause and effect essay is one that shows how two or more events are how two or more events are
connected. connected.
A cause and effect essay looks at A cause and effect essay looks at the reasons/why/how (or causes) for the reasons/why/how (or causes) for
something, something, then then discusses the results/what resulted from the event (or discusses the results/what resulted from the event (or
effects). effects).
For this reason, cause and effect essays are sometimes referred to as reason
and result essays.
- Discuss the causes and effects of global warming ['cause and effect' essay]
- Explain the high death rate in Chernobyl ['causes' only essay]
- Discuss the WTO and its effects on the Chinese economy ['effects' only
essay]
A cause and effect essay is one that shows A cause and effect essay is one that shows how two or more events are how two or more events are
connected. connected.
A cause and effect essay looks at A cause and effect essay looks at the reasons/why/how (or causes) for the reasons/why/how (or causes) for
something, something, then then discusses the results/what resulted from the event (or discusses the results/what resulted from the event (or
effects). effects).
For this reason, cause and effect essays are sometimes referred to as reason
and result essays.
- Discuss the causes and effects of global warming ['cause and effect' essay]
- Explain the high death rate in Chernobyl ['causes' only essay]
- Discuss the WTO and its effects on the Chinese economy ['effects' only
essay]
Purpose of this Rhetorical PatternPurpose of this Rhetorical Pattern
To understand a situationTo understand a situation
To solve a problemTo solve a problem
To predict an outcomeTo predict an outcome
To entertainTo entertain
To persuadeTo persuade
To understand a situationTo understand a situation
To solve a problemTo solve a problem
To predict an outcomeTo predict an outcome
To entertainTo entertain
To persuadeTo persuade
When writing a cause and effect essay
Distinguish between cause and effect.
- To determine causes, ask, "Why did this happen?"
- To identify effects, ask, "What happened because of this?”
Develop your thesis statement.
- State clearly whether you are discussing causes, effects, or both.
- Introduce your main idea, using the terms “cause” and/or “effect.”
Distinguish between cause and effect.
- To determine causes, ask, "Why did this happen?"
- To identify effects, ask, "What happened because of this?”
Develop your thesis statement.
- State clearly whether you are discussing causes, effects, or both.
- Introduce your main idea, using the terms “cause” and/or “effect.”
Unity in Cause/Effect Unity in Cause/Effect
FocusFocus must be only on must be only on one topic and its causes/effectsone topic and its causes/effects
UnityUnity is achieved in a paragraph by deciding on an organizational is achieved in a paragraph by deciding on an organizational
pattern.pattern.
Is there Is there a link between the causes or effects?a link between the causes or effects? Use that link as Use that link as the the
controlling idea controlling idea (ex. negative effects, positive outcomes, happy (ex. negative effects, positive outcomes, happy
reasons.)reasons.)
Create a thesis statement Create a thesis statement demonstrating the topic, the chosen pattern demonstrating the topic, the chosen pattern
and the controlling idea.and the controlling idea.
FocusFocus must be only on must be only on one topic and its causes/effectsone topic and its causes/effects
UnityUnity is achieved in a paragraph by deciding on an organizational is achieved in a paragraph by deciding on an organizational
pattern.pattern.
Is there Is there a link between the causes or effects?a link between the causes or effects? Use that link as Use that link as the the
controlling idea controlling idea (ex. negative effects, positive outcomes, happy (ex. negative effects, positive outcomes, happy
reasons.)reasons.)
Create a thesis statement Create a thesis statement demonstrating the topic, the chosen pattern demonstrating the topic, the chosen pattern
and the controlling idea.and the controlling idea.
You should support all causes or effects with:
Good examples
Definition
Description
Narration, and/or
Comparison
Good examples
Definition
Description
Narration, and/or
Comparison
• Introduce the EVENT to be discussed
• Give any necessary background information about the EVENT
• Thesis statement (sets up the outline or structure for the paper)
Ex. There are many possible causes of …
Children today are increasingly overweight primarily due to
overconsumption of highly processed foods.
The recent increase in childhood obesity has resulted in children
suffering from numerous health problems, including high blood pressure,
elevated cholesterol, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Introduction
• Give any necessary background information about the EVENT
• Thesis statement (sets up the outline or structure for the paper)
Ex. There are many possible causes of …
Children today are increasingly overweight primarily due to
overconsumption of highly processed foods.
The recent increase in childhood obesity has resulted in children
suffering from numerous health problems, including high blood pressure,
elevated cholesterol, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Introduction
Thesis Statement
The thesis statement includes the topic and an
indication of whether you will present causes, effects,
or both.
Weak car emissions standards are destroying our air
quality. (effect)
Heart disease, the country’s number one killer, has three
top causes. (cause)
Topic + Specific Impression (Indication) = Thesis Statement
Specific impression
Dominant idea
Controlling idea
Dominant impression
The thesis statement includes the topic and an
indication of whether you will present causes, effects,
or both.
Weak car emissions standards are destroying our air
quality. (effect)
Heart disease, the country’s number one killer, has three
top causes. (cause)
Topic + Specific Impression (Indication) = Thesis Statement
Specific impression
Dominant idea
Controlling idea
Dominant impression
Thesis Statement
- There are several causes of higher operating costs.
- There are several effects of higher operating costs.
- There are several reasons for higher operating costs.
- There are three main reasons why supply is lower.
- The weak U.S. dollar has had several important effects on
the world economy.
- There are several causes of higher operating costs.
- There are several effects of higher operating costs.
- There are several reasons for higher operating costs.
- There are three main reasons why supply is lower.
- The weak U.S. dollar has had several important effects on
the world economy.
Body
- First sentence is a topic sentence that states what the cause or effect is.
- Each cause or effect gets its own body paragraph
- Give supporting details/facts to support your claim
Topic Sentence
Explanation of Cause or Effect or Both
Evidence from the Text
Wrap Up Sentence
- First sentence is a topic sentence that states what the cause or effect is.
- Each cause or effect gets its own body paragraph
- Give supporting details/facts to support your claim
Topic Sentence
Explanation of Cause or Effect or Both
Evidence from the Text
Wrap Up Sentence
Conclusion
•Restatement of the thesis statements (but in
different words)
•Summarizing everything you said in the Essay
•Personal statement that gives your opinion, and
finalizes the essay.
•Restatement of the thesis statements (but in
different words)
•Summarizing everything you said in the Essay
•Personal statement that gives your opinion, and
finalizes the essay.
Use appropriate transitions
To blend details,
use the transitional
words and phrases.
Cause Signal
Words
Effect Signal
Words
because,
due to,
one cause is,
another is,
since,
for,
first,
second
consequently,
as a result,
thus,
resulted in,
one result is,
another is,
therefore
To blend details,
use the transitional
words and phrases.
Cause Signal
Words
Effect Signal
Words
because,
due to,
one cause is,
another is,
since,
for,
first,
second
consequently,
as a result,
thus,
resulted in,
one result is,
another is,
therefore
Signal Words
Cause and EffectDegrees of CertaintyLevels of Importance
As a result Certainly Above all,
Because May Equally important,
Consequently Necessarily Most importantly,
Due to Perhaps First,
If … then Possibly Initially,
Leads to Probably Last,
Therefore Undoubtedly Primarily,
Thus Unquestionably Second,
As a consequenceUndeniably Finally,
Cause and EffectDegrees of CertaintyLevels of Importance
As a result Certainly Above all,
Because May Equally important,
Consequently Necessarily Most importantly,
Due to Perhaps First,
If … then Possibly Initially,
Leads to Probably Last,
Therefore Undoubtedly Primarily,
Thus Unquestionably Second,
As a consequenceUndeniably Finally,
The essay organization
Block organization
Introduction
Transition Sentence/ Paragraph
Conclusion
Body
Effect
Cause
Introduction
Transition Sentence/ Paragraph
Conclusion
Body
Effect
Cause
Car accidents
Bad road infrastructure
Careless driving
Lack of law enforcement
Focus on Causes
Bad road infrastructure
Careless driving
Lack of law enforcement
Focus on Causes
Cause Effect
Greenhouse emissions
Climatic changes
Danger to coastal
regions
Change in weather
patterns.Focus on Effects
Greenhouse emissions
Climatic changes
Danger to coastal
regions
Change in weather
patterns.Focus on Effects
Outline
Smoking
In the past smoking was not a big issue or problem. However,
nowadays smoking has increased in many different ways.
There are several causes and dangerous effects of the
increase of smoking.
Causes
* A lot of free time
* Surrounded by smokers
* Big Advertisements
Effects
* Death (Cancer)
* Less time with family
* Waste of money
In Conclusion, smoking is a very bad habit. Many people have
died from smoking. This habit must be contained by
government to get rid of it.
BodyBody
ConclusionConclusion
In the past smoking was not a big issue or problem. However,
nowadays smoking has increased in many different ways.
There are several causes and dangerous effects of the
increase of smoking.
Causes
* A lot of free time
* Surrounded by smokers
* Big Advertisements
Effects
* Death (Cancer)
* Less time with family
* Waste of money
In Conclusion, smoking is a very bad habit. Many people have
died from smoking. This habit must be contained by
government to get rid of it.
BodyBody
ConclusionConclusion
EFFECTS OF WATCHING TOO MUCH TV
Discoveries and invention of devices
are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its
benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray
and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in
wounded soldiers in the Sudan. TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind. That is, there
would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we
are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings.
One of the physiological effects of watching TV in excessive amounts is eye-strain. It is true that there
are specifications for watching TV; TV should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be
adequately lit, TV should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not
prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching TV for a long time. Another effect is obesity,
which is widely observed in people who like watching TV and eating snacks
everyday (there is even a
term “TV snacks” to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the TV). TV is such a
powerful machine that people cannot get away from it – it is addictive.
Apart from the physiological effects, TV also causes psychological effects. One
is a result of watching
too much violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on TV, people start considering violent actions
normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the
interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other
people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work people seek to relax in
front of the TV, and generally people prefer watching TV to talking to each other. This issue is very
important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces.
To conclude, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from
them. TV is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose only – being educated
and entertained for a reasonable period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the
adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching too much TV.
Discoveries and invention of devices
are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its
benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray
and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in
wounded soldiers in the Sudan. TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind. That is, there
would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we
are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings.
One of the physiological effects of watching TV in excessive amounts is eye-strain. It is true that there
are specifications for watching TV; TV should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be
adequately lit, TV should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not
prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching TV for a long time. Another effect is obesity,
which is widely observed in people who like watching TV and eating snacks
everyday (there is even a
term “TV snacks” to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the TV). TV is such a
powerful machine that people cannot get away from it – it is addictive.
Apart from the physiological effects, TV also causes psychological effects. One
is a result of watching
too much violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on TV, people start considering violent actions
normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the
interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other
people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work people seek to relax in
front of the TV, and generally people prefer watching TV to talking to each other. This issue is very
important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces.
To conclude, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from
them. TV is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose only – being educated
and entertained for a reasonable period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the
adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching too much TV.
Causes of Divorce
From the past to present, people all over the world have determined to get married, which means living together.
In other words, they depend on each other for love and support. Nevertheless, some couples are unable to maintain their
relationship; therefore, they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between husbands and
wives. The divorce rates continually increase nowadays, thus it might be argued that divorces can be taken easier than the
past. There are three main causes of divorce: changing woman's roles, stress in modern living and lack of
communication.
The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is that women have completely changed
roles. In the past, men earned the money to afford the expense of family, whereas women only worked in the home and took
care of the children and the family; hence women had no money which led them to depend on their husband's money. These
situations made it too difficult for most women to separate from their husbands. However, the equality between men and
women in roles are very clear at the moment, thus women can work outside to earn money, while men share the household
tasks such as cooking, cleaning, washing as well as caring for children. It can be clearly seen that women are independent
from husbands as they can earn money to support themselves. Accordingly, they now find the power in themselves to stand
on their own and the divorce rates rise day by day.
Another cause to confirm the recent increase in divorce rates is stress in modern living. Many people have
a considerable amount of pressure to earn money. Some families can earn money, but it is not enough for covering their
expenses. Therefore, it is easy to think about divorce. Or, some people are laid off from their companies; consequently, the
stress occurs in their family, which leads to divorce. Nevertheless, the rates of unemployment continually increase; as a
result, the divorce rates can also rise. It is no doubt that the stress in modern living may lead to recently increasing divorce
rates.
The final cause of recently increasing divorce is lack of communication. Owing to financial status in each
family, many people are fairly busy. For this reason, they have inadequate time to discuss the problems with their partners,
which produces the likelihood of divorce. Some couples are often quiet when they have problems with each other. As a
consequence, little problems can be expanded to probably become huge problems, resulting in divorce. It is quite clear that
the more communication that is used, the more divorce rates are reduced.
In conclusion, a family is one of the most important parts of society, thus many people had better be aware of the
significance of their relationship. At the moment, although people tend to think carefully before they get married, the rates of
divorce continuously rise due to the changing of women's roles, stress in modern living and lack of communication.
From the past to present, people all over the world have determined to get married, which means living together.
In other words, they depend on each other for love and support. Nevertheless, some couples are unable to maintain their
relationship; therefore, they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between husbands and
wives. The divorce rates continually increase nowadays, thus it might be argued that divorces can be taken easier than the
past. There are three main causes of divorce: changing woman's roles, stress in modern living and lack of
communication.
The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is that women have completely changed
roles. In the past, men earned the money to afford the expense of family, whereas women only worked in the home and took
care of the children and the family; hence women had no money which led them to depend on their husband's money. These
situations made it too difficult for most women to separate from their husbands. However, the equality between men and
women in roles are very clear at the moment, thus women can work outside to earn money, while men share the household
tasks such as cooking, cleaning, washing as well as caring for children. It can be clearly seen that women are independent
from husbands as they can earn money to support themselves. Accordingly, they now find the power in themselves to stand
on their own and the divorce rates rise day by day.
Another cause to confirm the recent increase in divorce rates is stress in modern living. Many people have
a considerable amount of pressure to earn money. Some families can earn money, but it is not enough for covering their
expenses. Therefore, it is easy to think about divorce. Or, some people are laid off from their companies; consequently, the
stress occurs in their family, which leads to divorce. Nevertheless, the rates of unemployment continually increase; as a
result, the divorce rates can also rise. It is no doubt that the stress in modern living may lead to recently increasing divorce
rates.
The final cause of recently increasing divorce is lack of communication. Owing to financial status in each
family, many people are fairly busy. For this reason, they have inadequate time to discuss the problems with their partners,
which produces the likelihood of divorce. Some couples are often quiet when they have problems with each other. As a
consequence, little problems can be expanded to probably become huge problems, resulting in divorce. It is quite clear that
the more communication that is used, the more divorce rates are reduced.
In conclusion, a family is one of the most important parts of society, thus many people had better be aware of the
significance of their relationship. At the moment, although people tend to think carefully before they get married, the rates of
divorce continuously rise due to the changing of women's roles, stress in modern living and lack of communication.
The Causes and Effects of Gaza City’s Traffic Problem
Gaza is a modern city, but it also has a modern problem. It has a serious traffic
congestion problem. Every morning and evening, the streets are crowded with cars, taxis
and trucks. Several factors have contributed to Gaza City’s traffic problems that led
to some serious effects for the city.
One of the main causes of congestion is the high number of cars. Because of the
city’s rapid economic growth, most residents can afford private cars. Another
contributing factor is the lack of a public transport infrastructure. The absence of
buses, trains or an underground forces residents to rely on cars or taxis. The road
system is third cause of congestion. The roads are not well-maintained and are
often unable to keep up with the rapid expansion of the population.
Therefore, traffic jams have many negative consequences for the city. The
biggest effect is increased anger and frustration. Commuters and shoppers experience
delays, resulting in tension and stress as they sit in traffic. Another adverse effect is on
the environment. Air quality declines as vehicle emissions rise. Noise levels also
increase. In general, the city becomes a less pleasant place to live or work. A major
effect is on productivity and efficiency. Workers and students are late for work or
school. Salesmen and travelers waste hours in traffic jams, leading to lost profits.
Overall, too many cars for too few roads have led to severe congestion in the city.
However, if the municipal authorities encourage residents to use public transport, I am sure
Gaza will continue to be a pleasant city to live in in the future.
Gaza is a modern city, but it also has a modern problem. It has a serious traffic
congestion problem. Every morning and evening, the streets are crowded with cars, taxis
and trucks. Several factors have contributed to Gaza City’s traffic problems that led
to some serious effects for the city.
One of the main causes of congestion is the high number of cars. Because of the
city’s rapid economic growth, most residents can afford private cars. Another
contributing factor is the lack of a public transport infrastructure. The absence of
buses, trains or an underground forces residents to rely on cars or taxis. The road
system is third cause of congestion. The roads are not well-maintained and are
often unable to keep up with the rapid expansion of the population.
Therefore, traffic jams have many negative consequences for the city. The
biggest effect is increased anger and frustration. Commuters and shoppers experience
delays, resulting in tension and stress as they sit in traffic. Another adverse effect is on
the environment. Air quality declines as vehicle emissions rise. Noise levels also
increase. In general, the city becomes a less pleasant place to live or work. A major
effect is on productivity and efficiency. Workers and students are late for work or
school. Salesmen and travelers waste hours in traffic jams, leading to lost profits.
Overall, too many cars for too few roads have led to severe congestion in the city.
However, if the municipal authorities encourage residents to use public transport, I am sure
Gaza will continue to be a pleasant city to live in in the future.
Chain organization
Introduction
Cause
Effect
Cause
Effect
Cause
Effect
Conclusion
Body
Introduction
Cause
Effect
Cause
Effect
Cause
Effect
Conclusion
Body
Chain Organization
One event causes a second event, a second event
causes a third event and so on.
Causes and effects linked to each other in a chain.
One event causes a second event, a second event
causes a third event and so on.
Causes and effects linked to each other in a chain.
Chain reasoning
Greenhouse
emissions
Global warming
Negative effects on
natural resources
Changes to agriculture
Endangerment to
species.
Greenhouse
emissions
Global warming
Negative effects on
natural resources
Changes to agriculture
Endangerment to
species.
Chain organization outline
In a chain-reaction essay, the reader describes how
one event led to another.
In a chain-reaction essay, the reader describes how
one event led to another.
My wife left me!
Chain Reaction of events:
I received a deport from my boss.
Because of my arrest, I lost my job.
Because I lost my job, I had no money.
Because I had no money, my wife left me.
IntroductionIntroduction
CauseCause
EffectEffect
CauseCause
EffectEffect
ConclusionConclusion
Chain Reaction of events:
I received a deport from my boss.
Because of my arrest, I lost my job.
Because I lost my job, I had no money.
Because I had no money, my wife left me.
IntroductionIntroduction
CauseCause
EffectEffect
CauseCause
EffectEffect
ConclusionConclusion
Causal chain / Domino
In this pattern, the events lead to one another, as in the following organization:
Thesis statement: Using deodorants with chlorofluorocarbon gas will bring the end of
world.
I. Chlorofluorocarbon gases are contained in most deodorants
and released by some
factories
into the air.
II. This gas causes the ozone layer
to become thinner and finally disappear in patches.
III. The unfiltered ultraviolet rays of the sun cause overheating in the poles of the earth,
where the icebergs start to melt.
IV. The huge amount of water released from the poles leads to a rise in the sea-level.
V. The sea will cover the land and this will be the end of the world.
In this pattern, the events lead to one another, as in the following organization:
Thesis statement: Using deodorants with chlorofluorocarbon gas will bring the end of
world.
I. Chlorofluorocarbon gases are contained in most deodorants
and released by some
factories
into the air.
II. This gas causes the ozone layer
to become thinner and finally disappear in patches.
III. The unfiltered ultraviolet rays of the sun cause overheating in the poles of the earth,
where the icebergs start to melt.
IV. The huge amount of water released from the poles leads to a rise in the sea-level.
V. The sea will cover the land and this will be the end of the world.
Block pattern Vs chain pattern
Block pattern
Is usually easier if the causes and effects are very
closely interrelated.
Chain pattern
Is usually easier with larger, complex topics such
as global warming or homelessness.
Block pattern
Is usually easier if the causes and effects are very
closely interrelated.
Chain pattern
Is usually easier with larger, complex topics such
as global warming or homelessness.
The Process Essay
‘How-To’ Paragraphs
-A “how to” paragraph explains how to do something or how to make
something.
-It must be carefully organized.
-There are 4 keys to write a clear “how to” paragraph.
1. Begin with a topic sentence that names the topic and says the paragraph will give
instructions about it.
2. Divide the instructions into series of steps or tips. You will need to use time order
and time-order transition signals to present each step of a process from beginning to
end.
3. Explain each step or tip one by one.
-A “how to” paragraph explains how to do something or how to make
something.
-It must be carefully organized.
-There are 4 keys to write a clear “how to” paragraph.
1. Begin with a topic sentence that names the topic and says the paragraph will give
instructions about it.
2. Divide the instructions into series of steps or tips. You will need to use time order
and time-order transition signals to present each step of a process from beginning to
end.
3. Explain each step or tip one by one.
‘How-To’ Paragraphs
4. Use transition signals to introduce each important step or tip.
Example: use time order to give step-by-step instructions on
how to check in oil a car.
First, turn off the engine. Next, open the hood of the car. After
you’ve done that, locate the …..
For topics where it is not important to do steps in certain order, you
can use listing order and listing-order transition signals to present a series of
tips.
Example: use listing order to present a series of tips on how to
improve your speaking skills.
First, use every opportunity to practice. Second, don’t worry
about making mistakes. In addition, …..
4. Use transition signals to introduce each important step or tip.
Example: use time order to give step-by-step instructions on
how to check in oil a car.
First, turn off the engine. Next, open the hood of the car. After
you’ve done that, locate the …..
For topics where it is not important to do steps in certain order, you
can use listing order and listing-order transition signals to present a series of
tips.
Example: use listing order to present a series of tips on how to
improve your speaking skills.
First, use every opportunity to practice. Second, don’t worry
about making mistakes. In addition, …..
What is a Process Essay?
•A process analysis essay can either provide steps on how
to do something or provide information. An obvious
example of process writing is a recipe.
•A process analysis essay may explain to the reader:
–How to perform steps in a process.
–How something works./ How something is done.
–How the important steps in a process.
–The logical order in which to do something.
–Explain how something happens.
•A process analysis essay can either provide steps on how
to do something or provide information. An obvious
example of process writing is a recipe.
•A process analysis essay may explain to the reader:
–How to perform steps in a process.
–How something works./ How something is done.
–How the important steps in a process.
–The logical order in which to do something.
–Explain how something happens.
Two Types of Process Writing
1. Instructions (“How-to” writing)
– Enables readers to perform a process.
– The title tells you what the instructions are for.
– A recipe, a handout, an operating manual are
examples of instruction writing.
– List what is needed at the beginning.
– Write in chronological order.
– Use imperative mood and present tense.
– Subject of sentences is “you” understood;
speak directly to reader.
1. Instructions (“How-to” writing)
– Enables readers to perform a process.
– The title tells you what the instructions are for.
– A recipe, a handout, an operating manual are
examples of instruction writing.
– List what is needed at the beginning.
– Write in chronological order.
– Use imperative mood and present tense.
– Subject of sentences is “you” understood;
speak directly to reader.
2. Process Explanation (“How-it-works” writing)
-Purpose is to help reader understand how a process
is carried out or how something works.
-The purpose of this type of process essay is to inform the reader. The
reader is not going to do the process explained in the essay, but the reader
will understand the process when he or she finishes reading the essay.
-Use either 1
st
person or 3
rd
person; not second person or imperative
mood. May be in present or past tense.
-For example, a driver’s manual will tell you how traffic laws works
and how you need to follow them.
-Purpose is to help reader understand how a process
is carried out or how something works.
-The purpose of this type of process essay is to inform the reader. The
reader is not going to do the process explained in the essay, but the reader
will understand the process when he or she finishes reading the essay.
-Use either 1
st
person or 3
rd
person; not second person or imperative
mood. May be in present or past tense.
-For example, a driver’s manual will tell you how traffic laws works
and how you need to follow them.
First Person Third Person
Present
Tense
“After I place the chemicals in the
tray, I turn out the lights in the
darkroom.”
(habitual process performed by the
writer)
“After photographers place the
chemicals in the tray, they turn out the
lights in the darkroom.”
(habitual process performed by
someone other than the writer)
Past Tense“After I placed the chemicals in the
tray, I turned out the lights in the
darkroom.”
(process performed in the past by the
writer)
“After the photographer placed the
chemicals in the tray, she turned out
the lights in the darkroom.”
(process performed in the past by
someone other than the writer)
Using First and Third Person
Present
Tense
“After I place the chemicals in the
tray, I turn out the lights in the
darkroom.”
(habitual process performed by the
writer)
“After photographers place the
chemicals in the tray, they turn out the
lights in the darkroom.”
(habitual process performed by
someone other than the writer)
Past Tense“After I placed the chemicals in the
tray, I turned out the lights in the
darkroom.”
(process performed in the past by the
writer)
“After the photographer placed the
chemicals in the tray, she turned out
the lights in the darkroom.”
(process performed in the past by
someone other than the writer)
Using First and Third Person
A Process of Digestion
The digestive process is important in maintaining the lives of living organisms and in
providing them with needed energy. Groups of organs, such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and
intestines, work together to perform this complex task. Digestion is the process of breaking down
food from large molecules into small ones to make it easier for absorption. The three major steps
involved in the digestive process are ingestion, digestion, and absorption.
Ingestion, which occurs in the mouth, is the first step of the digestive process. After food
enters the mouth, the teeth chew it. Saliva, which is produced by the salivary glands, plays a major
role in breaking down the food into smaller pieces. These small pieces travel to the stomach
through the esophagus.
In the stomach, the second step of the digestive process begins. When the chewed food
reaches the bottom of the esophagus, a valve lets the food enter the stomach. Contraction of the
stomach wall mixes the food. Acidic gastric juices, which are secreted by the gastric glands in the
stomach, help in mixing the food and in turning it into a partial liquid so it will have the ability to
move into the small intestine. In the small intestine, enzymes are secreted, and digestion is
completed.
The last step in the digestive process is absorption. Absorption takes place in the small
intestine. The wall of the small intestine is lined with small, finger like projections called villi. Small
molecules of food are absorbed by the huge number of villi. Some of these absorbed molecules
enter the bloodstream to be distributed throughout the whole body.
In conclusion, the digestive process involves three major steps: ingestion, digestion, and
absorption. Ingestion, which occurs in the mouth, helps to increase the surface are of the food
particles and prepares them for digestion. In the stomach, digestion begins, and it continues until it
reaches the small intestine, where absorption takes place. The digestive process maintains
organisms' lives by providing them with energy needed for different functions.
The digestive process is important in maintaining the lives of living organisms and in
providing them with needed energy. Groups of organs, such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and
intestines, work together to perform this complex task. Digestion is the process of breaking down
food from large molecules into small ones to make it easier for absorption. The three major steps
involved in the digestive process are ingestion, digestion, and absorption.
Ingestion, which occurs in the mouth, is the first step of the digestive process. After food
enters the mouth, the teeth chew it. Saliva, which is produced by the salivary glands, plays a major
role in breaking down the food into smaller pieces. These small pieces travel to the stomach
through the esophagus.
In the stomach, the second step of the digestive process begins. When the chewed food
reaches the bottom of the esophagus, a valve lets the food enter the stomach. Contraction of the
stomach wall mixes the food. Acidic gastric juices, which are secreted by the gastric glands in the
stomach, help in mixing the food and in turning it into a partial liquid so it will have the ability to
move into the small intestine. In the small intestine, enzymes are secreted, and digestion is
completed.
The last step in the digestive process is absorption. Absorption takes place in the small
intestine. The wall of the small intestine is lined with small, finger like projections called villi. Small
molecules of food are absorbed by the huge number of villi. Some of these absorbed molecules
enter the bloodstream to be distributed throughout the whole body.
In conclusion, the digestive process involves three major steps: ingestion, digestion, and
absorption. Ingestion, which occurs in the mouth, helps to increase the surface are of the food
particles and prepares them for digestion. In the stomach, digestion begins, and it continues until it
reaches the small intestine, where absorption takes place. The digestive process maintains
organisms' lives by providing them with energy needed for different functions.
Structure of Process Essay
•Introduction: identifies the process and indicates why and under what circumstances it is
performed.
•Includes thesis
•Introduces whatever materials or preliminary steps may be needed.
•Body of essay
•One major stage of the process in each body paragraph.
•Each stage may involve several steps
•Conclusion
•May not be necessary in very short, simple process essay.
•Briefly reviews the procedure’s major stages
•Reinforces the thesis by summarizing the results of the process, or explaining its
significance.
•Introduction: identifies the process and indicates why and under what circumstances it is
performed.
•Includes thesis
•Introduces whatever materials or preliminary steps may be needed.
•Body of essay
•One major stage of the process in each body paragraph.
•Each stage may involve several steps
•Conclusion
•May not be necessary in very short, simple process essay.
•Briefly reviews the procedure’s major stages
•Reinforces the thesis by summarizing the results of the process, or explaining its
significance.
Introductory paragraph
•Use a hook to engage the reader
•Make certain that the reader understands why knowing how this process
works is important.
•Transition from the hook to the thesis statement
Examples:
- The three major steps involved in the digestive process are ingestion,
digestion, and absorption.
- This essay will explain the basic steps involved in maintaining a snake-free
residence.
•Use a hook to engage the reader
•Make certain that the reader understands why knowing how this process
works is important.
•Transition from the hook to the thesis statement
Examples:
- The three major steps involved in the digestive process are ingestion,
digestion, and absorption.
- This essay will explain the basic steps involved in maintaining a snake-free
residence.
Body Paragraph
Each Body Paragraph should include:
•A topic sentence that informs the reader what the paragraph will cover.
•Supporting details that include a quotation, summary statement, or
paraphrase of at least one of the authors read.
•A closing that explains the function of what was described in the paragraph
and that may help to transition to the next paragraph.
Each Body Paragraph should include:
•A topic sentence that informs the reader what the paragraph will cover.
•Supporting details that include a quotation, summary statement, or
paraphrase of at least one of the authors read.
•A closing that explains the function of what was described in the paragraph
and that may help to transition to the next paragraph.
The Conclusion Paragraph
•The result of the process should be demonstrated.
•Restate the thesis statement in a novel way.
•Include closing remarks that give the reader something to think about:
•It may discuss the future.
•It may inspire the reader.
•It may provide contemplation on the impact the process has on families.
•The result of the process should be demonstrated.
•Restate the thesis statement in a novel way.
•Include closing remarks that give the reader something to think about:
•It may discuss the future.
•It may inspire the reader.
•It may provide contemplation on the impact the process has on families.
Using transitions
•Transitions are words that helpyou indicate the order of your steps.
•Use transitions to establish sequential and chronological relationships
between steps in process.
•The steps of a process are usually written in chronological or time
order.
•Transition words include: First, second, third, next, before, after,
meanwhile, after this, next, then, at the same time, following this,
when you have finished, and finally etc.
•Transitions are words that helpyou indicate the order of your steps.
•Use transitions to establish sequential and chronological relationships
between steps in process.
•The steps of a process are usually written in chronological or time
order.
•Transition words include: First, second, third, next, before, after,
meanwhile, after this, next, then, at the same time, following this,
when you have finished, and finally etc.
How to Remove Snakes from your Home
For people who live in tropical countries, snakes are a common hazard. Almost everyone has
personal experience of encountering a snake, and all too often the meeting takes places within the home.
Many snakes love to find a cool, quiet corner in which to rest, and your house can represent the ideal spot.
For this reason, it is useful to know what to do when you find a snake lurking in your house and need to
safely remove it from the premises. This essay will explain the basic steps involved in maintaining a
snake-free residence.
First of all,
it is very important to be correctly dressed and equipped for the task of removing the
snake. Experts recommend that you wear a pair of stout shoes and thick woolen socks, ideally with a pair
of long trousers of a material strong enough to resist snake bites. It is a good idea to tuck the trousers into
your socks for added security. A pair of thick leather gloves will protect your hands, while a pair of ski
goggles provides a barrier against the venom of spitting cobras and will complete the ensemble.
For people who live in tropical countries, snakes are a common hazard. Almost everyone has
personal experience of encountering a snake, and all too often the meeting takes places within the home.
Many snakes love to find a cool, quiet corner in which to rest, and your house can represent the ideal spot.
For this reason, it is useful to know what to do when you find a snake lurking in your house and need to
safely remove it from the premises. This essay will explain the basic steps involved in maintaining a
snake-free residence.
First of all,
it is very important to be correctly dressed and equipped for the task of removing the
snake. Experts recommend that you wear a pair of stout shoes and thick woolen socks, ideally with a pair
of long trousers of a material strong enough to resist snake bites. It is a good idea to tuck the trousers into
your socks for added security. A pair of thick leather gloves will protect your hands, while a pair of ski
goggles provides a barrier against the venom of spitting cobras and will complete the ensemble.
Once suitably attired,
you will also need a brush. Depending upon the size of the snake, which is always a
critical consideration, the “witch’s broomstick” is often the most effective implement. A long handle is the key
component, since this serves to place extra distance between you and the snake while simultaneously increasing the
leverage. However, you should take care that the brush handle is not
too
long because this adds weight to the brush
and can make it very difficult to generate the optimum brush-head speed which is essential in getting the snake
moving towards the exit.
When you are ready,
the next step is
to
approach the snake. Do so quietly and calmly, using smooth and
controlled movements so as not to alarm the reptile. Hold the brush at arm’s length in front of you, and try to remain
lightly balanced on the balls of your feet. This will ensure that you are able to react swiftly to any sudden aggression
from the snake with a firm defensive prod. Assuming, however, that the snake does not seek to engage in combat, you
must then position yourself so that the snake has a clear and unimpeded path to the nearest exit. Then, from a
position behind the snake, softly place the brush-head close to the mid-section of the snake, and then use your wrists
to flick the snake firmly towards the open door. It is now imperative that you keep the snake in motion. In no
circumstances should you allow it the chance to get its bearings, or, worse, to stage a counter-attack. As soon as the
snake passes through the doorway, close and bolt the door, and secure the windows so that it cannot return.
you will also need a brush. Depending upon the size of the snake, which is always a
critical consideration, the “witch’s broomstick” is often the most effective implement. A long handle is the key
component, since this serves to place extra distance between you and the snake while simultaneously increasing the
leverage. However, you should take care that the brush handle is not
too
long because this adds weight to the brush
and can make it very difficult to generate the optimum brush-head speed which is essential in getting the snake
moving towards the exit.
When you are ready,
the next step is
to
approach the snake. Do so quietly and calmly, using smooth and
controlled movements so as not to alarm the reptile. Hold the brush at arm’s length in front of you, and try to remain
lightly balanced on the balls of your feet. This will ensure that you are able to react swiftly to any sudden aggression
from the snake with a firm defensive prod. Assuming, however, that the snake does not seek to engage in combat, you
must then position yourself so that the snake has a clear and unimpeded path to the nearest exit. Then, from a
position behind the snake, softly place the brush-head close to the mid-section of the snake, and then use your wrists
to flick the snake firmly towards the open door. It is now imperative that you keep the snake in motion. In no
circumstances should you allow it the chance to get its bearings, or, worse, to stage a counter-attack. As soon as the
snake passes through the doorway, close and bolt the door, and secure the windows so that it cannot return.
You have now successfully removed the snake from your house, thereby ensuring the safety of
your family. If you memorize these simple steps, you will be well-prepared to take appropriate action
any time you find a snake trying to make itself at home in your place of residence, and you will no
longer have any need to fear living in the tropics.
your family. If you memorize these simple steps, you will be well-prepared to take appropriate action
any time you find a snake trying to make itself at home in your place of residence, and you will no
longer have any need to fear living in the tropics.
How
to Take Pictures with a DSLR Camera
If you want to become a famous photographer and bask in the glory,
the first aspect of photography you need to master is using a digital single-
lens reflex camera. Let us presume you have already glanced into your new
camera’s manual and learned what all those numerous buttons and levers do
so that you are able to operate your device with ease: then you must be
craving to take your first photo. To make it a masterpiece, let us follow
several simple instructions.
1. Though it may sound unnecessary for the first step, do not forget to
take the protective cap off the lens. A solid part of photography is about
capturing the right moment, and it is disappointing to miss one just because
of your own carelessness.
2. Find a solid frame. It is a matter of practice. For starters, try not to
crop peoples’ heads or other body parts, and do not put objects right in the
frame’s center. Leave some head space or your images will appear
overloaded.
to Take Pictures with a DSLR Camera
If you want to become a famous photographer and bask in the glory,
the first aspect of photography you need to master is using a digital single-
lens reflex camera. Let us presume you have already glanced into your new
camera’s manual and learned what all those numerous buttons and levers do
so that you are able to operate your device with ease: then you must be
craving to take your first photo. To make it a masterpiece, let us follow
several simple instructions.
1. Though it may sound unnecessary for the first step, do not forget to
take the protective cap off the lens. A solid part of photography is about
capturing the right moment, and it is disappointing to miss one just because
of your own carelessness.
2. Find a solid frame. It is a matter of practice. For starters, try not to
crop peoples’ heads or other body parts, and do not put objects right in the
frame’s center. Leave some head space or your images will appear
overloaded.
3. Adjust aperture, shutter speed, and ISO values. Or to make a process
faster and easier, use A- or S-modes (‘aperture priority’ and ‘shutter priority’
modes respectively). The A-mode allows you to set the F-number (which
influences the depth of field), while automatics takes care of ISO and shutter
speed. S-mode does the same for shutter speed, which affects whether the
objects in your picture will be blurry or clear.
4. Let your camera autofocus by pushing the release button halfway,
and then slightly press it to the end to make a shot. If you shoot at nightfall,
set shutter speed low and use a tripod to exclude image distortions caused by
your hands’ shaking. If your camera cannot focus on its own (which often
happens when it is dark outdoors) switch from auto to manual mode, and
focus your lens on lights, or to the infinity.
5. Do not be afraid to post-process your photos. Digital photography
grants you a wide variety of ways to improve your images’ quality, so feel free
to use them—at least until you become a professional. At the same time,
many professionals use Photoshop as well. Anyway, you may be surprised
how simple saturation, contrast, or hue adjustments are able to make your
images look much better.
faster and easier, use A- or S-modes (‘aperture priority’ and ‘shutter priority’
modes respectively). The A-mode allows you to set the F-number (which
influences the depth of field), while automatics takes care of ISO and shutter
speed. S-mode does the same for shutter speed, which affects whether the
objects in your picture will be blurry or clear.
4. Let your camera autofocus by pushing the release button halfway,
and then slightly press it to the end to make a shot. If you shoot at nightfall,
set shutter speed low and use a tripod to exclude image distortions caused by
your hands’ shaking. If your camera cannot focus on its own (which often
happens when it is dark outdoors) switch from auto to manual mode, and
focus your lens on lights, or to the infinity.
5. Do not be afraid to post-process your photos. Digital photography
grants you a wide variety of ways to improve your images’ quality, so feel free
to use them—at least until you become a professional. At the same time,
many professionals use Photoshop as well. Anyway, you may be surprised
how simple saturation, contrast, or hue adjustments are able to make your
images look much better.
6. Take multiple shots. Hardened pros may follow
the rule ‘One shot—one hit,’ but to do that you must
take thousands of photos before. Taking several shots of
one frame will give you an opportunity to choose the
best among similar images. So shoot, shoot, and shoot.
There are many nuances in photography cannot be
crammed into a short guide. But we hope that it will give
you a successful start, so that one day you are able to
take astonishing photos.
the rule ‘One shot—one hit,’ but to do that you must
take thousands of photos before. Taking several shots of
one frame will give you an opportunity to choose the
best among similar images. So shoot, shoot, and shoot.
There are many nuances in photography cannot be
crammed into a short guide. But we hope that it will give
you a successful start, so that one day you are able to
take astonishing photos.
Topics/prompts for Cause and Effect Essay
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of pollution on the environment.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of climate change.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of poverty on society.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of crime.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of drug addiction.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of obesity.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of the Internet on society.”
•What is the impact of air pollution on health?
•What causes trees to die?
•What are the effects of video games on childhood development?
•What are some reasons a teacher might ban cell phones from class?
•What are the effects of tablet use on small children?
•What are some of the benefits of owning a smartphone and what are some of the drawbacks?
•What are some of the causes of homelessness?
•How do school uniforms affect students?
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of pollution on the environment.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of climate change.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of poverty on society.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of crime.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of drug addiction.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of obesity.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.”
•Write a Cause and Effect Essay on “The causes and effects of the Internet on society.”
•What is the impact of air pollution on health?
•What causes trees to die?
•What are the effects of video games on childhood development?
•What are some reasons a teacher might ban cell phones from class?
•What are the effects of tablet use on small children?
•What are some of the benefits of owning a smartphone and what are some of the drawbacks?
•What are some of the causes of homelessness?
•How do school uniforms affect students?
Topics/prompts for Cause and Effect Essay
•What has been the impact of marriage equality in Thailand?
•Describe the ways in which youth sports influence a child’s development.
•How can stress affect the immune system?
•Describe the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted mental health.
•What are some of the causes of insomnia and in what ways does it affect mental health?
•What the effects of teacher quality on student success?
•What are the causes and effects of student loan debt?
•What are the causes and effects of low graduation rates?
•What are the effects of assigning homework?
•What is the effect of A.I. on education?
•Should students be required to study a foreign language in school, and what are the effects of
learning a foreign language?
•What effect has the COVID pandemic had on education?
•Effect of school bullying on children
•Stress impact on health
•What makes a person to be a good teacher/mother/doctor/artist
•What has been the impact of marriage equality in Thailand?
•Describe the ways in which youth sports influence a child’s development.
•How can stress affect the immune system?
•Describe the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted mental health.
•What are some of the causes of insomnia and in what ways does it affect mental health?
•What the effects of teacher quality on student success?
•What are the causes and effects of student loan debt?
•What are the causes and effects of low graduation rates?
•What are the effects of assigning homework?
•What is the effect of A.I. on education?
•Should students be required to study a foreign language in school, and what are the effects of
learning a foreign language?
•What effect has the COVID pandemic had on education?
•Effect of school bullying on children
•Stress impact on health
•What makes a person to be a good teacher/mother/doctor/artist
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