Eye disorders

ITS USEFUL TO NURSING STUDENTS SPECIALLY 3 YEAR B.Sc.(NURSING) & 2 YEAR G.N.M.

1. EYE
DISORDERS PREPARED BY PREPARED BY PREPARED BY PREPARED BY AHMED SODHA AHMED SODHA AHMED SODHA AHMED SODHA AHMED SODHA AHMED SODHA AHMED SODHA AHMED SODHA
M.Sc.(N) M.Sc.(N) M.Sc.(N) M.Sc.(N) ––––M.S.N. M.S.N. M.S.N. M.S.N.

2. Layers of the Eye
•Sclera: outer white layer; maintains shape
of eye; muscles attached control eye
movement
•Choroid: contains blood vessels

3. Chambers &
Fluids of Eye
Liquids (humour):
–gives shape to eye
–Help refract light rays

4. Regulating Amount of Light
•Iris
•Pupil

5. contracted pupil
dilated pupil

6. Focusing Light Rays
•Cornea
•Lens
•Ciliary muscle

7. Focusing Light Rays
•Light rays from distant objects enter the eye
parallel
to one another
•Light rays from close objects
diverge
.

8. Nearby Objects Distant Objects

9. Image Production
•Retina
•Optic nerve
•Optic disc
•Macula lutea
•Fovea centralis

10. Rods and Cones
•rod
cells:
light
sensors
–120 million
–Functions in less intense light
–Used in peripheral vision
–Responsible for night vision
–
Detects black, white and shades of grey
–
Detects black, white and shades of grey
•cone
cells: detects
colour
–7 million
–Highest concentration at fovea centralis
–Functions best in bright light
–Perceives fine details
–3 types of cone cells, each sensitive to one of the three
primary additive colours: red, green, and blue

11. OPTHALMOSCOPE

12. OPTHALMOSCOPE

13. TONOMETER
SCHIOTZ TONOMETER DEVICE SCHIOTZ TONOMETER DEVICE SCHIOTZ TONOMETER DEVICE SCHIOTZ TONOMETER DEVICE

15. SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION

16. SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION

17. GONIOSCOPE

18. GONIOSCOPE

19. GONIOSCOPE

20. OPTHALMOSCOPY

21. OPTHALMOSCOPY

22. SNELLEN’S CHART

24. BLEPHARITIS:- ITSDEFINEDASINFECTION& INFLAMMATION
OF EYELIDMARGINS.
CAUSES:- -BACTERIAL INFECTION(STAPHYLOCOCCAL) -
UNHYGIENIC
PRACTICES
-
UNHYGIENIC
PRACTICES
C/M:-
ITCHINGOF EYELID
-SWELLINGOF EYELID
-REDNESS
-IRRITATION

25. D/E:- H.C. & P.E. MANAGEMENT:- - WARM COMPRESS - EYE CARE & HYGIENE
- ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENT

26. HORDEOLUM / STY

27. ITS INFECTION& INFLAMMATIONOF MEIBOMIAN
GLAND(SEBACEOUS GLANDS) OF THE EYELID
MARGINS.
CAUSES:- -BACTERIAL INFECTION(STAPHYLOCOCCUS)
- UNHYGIENE OF EYE
- ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
-
SLEEP
DEPRIVATION
-
SLEEP
DEPRIVATION
C/M/:- - EYELIDMARGINS BECOME RED& EDEMATOUS
- EYE PAIN& TENDERNESS
- EYE IRRITATION& ITTCHING
- HEAVINESS OF EYELID
- DISCOMFORT DURINGBLINKINGOF THE EYE

28. D/E:- - H.C. & P.E. TREATMENT:- - ANTIBIOTICSEYEDROPS(CIPROFLOXACIN)
- EYEIRRIGATION
- WARMAPPLICATION(10-15MINUTES)
-
EYE
CARE
&
EYE
HYGIENE
-
EYE
CARE
&
EYE
HYGIENE
- WEARGLASSES
- AVOIDEYEEXPOSURETOSUNLIGHT
- AVOIDTODOITCHING
- AVOIDTOTEAREDEMATOUSEYELIDBYHAND

29. CHALAZION:- A CHALAZIONISINFLAMMATIONORCYST
FORMATIONOF MEIBOMIANGLAND.
CHALAZIONISDIFFERFROMSTYEINTHATTHEY
AREMOREPAINFUL THANSTYES.
C/M
:
-
HARD
LUMP
&
NON
TENDER
C/M
:
-
HARD
LUMP
&
NON
TENDER
FOREIGNBODYSENSATIONINEYELIDMARGINS

30. ENTROPION

31. IT’SA CONDITIONINWHICHTHEEYELIDMARGIN
ROLLSINWARDS. EITHERLOWERORUPPEROR
BOTH.
TYPES:- 1. CONGENITAL
2. SENILE
3.
MECHANICAL
3.
MECHANICAL
SYMPTOMS:- - EYEPAIN
- EYEIRRITATION
- LACRIMATION

32. D/E:- - H.C. & P.E. MANAGEMENT:- WHEELER’S OPERATION

33. ECTROPION

34. IT’S A CONDITION IN WHICH THE EYELID MARGIN
ROLLS OUTWARDS.
TYPES:- 1. PARALYTIC
2. SENILE
SYNPTOMS:- -
EYE PAIN
-
EYE PAIN
- EYE IRRITATION
- CONJUCTIVITIS
D/E:- H.C. & P.E.
MANAGEMENT:- - WHEELER’S OPERATION

35. TRICHIASIS

36. TRICHIASISISA CONDITIONINWHICH
MISDIRECTIONOF EYELASHES, SOITSRUB
AGAINSTTHECORNEA.
CAUSES:-
SECONDARYTOBLEPHRITIS
-SECONDARYTOENTROPION
-MECHANICAL INJURY
-
SCAR
OR
BURN
OF
EYELID
MARGINS
-
SCAR
OR
BURN
OF
EYELID
MARGINS
C/M.:-
FOREIGNBODYSENSATIONINEYE
LACRIMATION
EYEPAIN& IRRITATION
CORNEAL ULCER

37. TREATMENT:- qMISDIRECTED CILIA REMOVED BY EPILATION
FORCEPS
qELECTROLYSIS EPILATION (WITH A FINE
PLATINUM NEEDLE THE ROOT IS DESTROYED.
BY WEEK CURRENT OF 2mA IS PASSED FOR 10
SECONDS INTO EYELASHES ROOT)

38. CONJUCTIVITIS

39. CONJUCTIVITISISTHEINFLAMMATIONOF
CONJUCTIVAMEMBRANE.
CAUSES:- -BACTERIAL INFECTION(STAPHYLOCOCCUS,
STREPTOCOCCI, H.INFLUEZA)
-VIRAL INFECTION(MYXOVIRUS,ADENOVIRUS,
HERPES
SIMPLEX)
HERPES
SIMPLEX)
-IRRITATINGTOXICSTIMULI
-SEASONAL ALLERGY

40. CLASSIFICATION:- 1. BACTERIAL CONJUCTIVITIS
2. VIRAL CONJUCTIVITIS
3. ALLERGICCONJUCTIVITIS
C/M:- → EYEPAIN
→ FOREIGNBODYSENSATIONINEYE
→
EYE
IRRITATION
→
EYE
IRRITATION
→ REDNESSOF EYE
→ SWELLING
→ WATERYDISCHARGE
→ ITCHING
D/E:-
H.C. & P.E.

41. TREATMENT:- →ANTIBIOTICEYEDROPS(CIPROFLOXACIN)
→ANTIBIOTICSOINTMENT
(OXYTETRACYCLINEOINTMENT)
→ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
(ACYCLOVIR,TRIFLURIDINE,IDOXURIDINE)
→ DEXAMETHASONE EYE DROPS (4 TIMES) FOR
ALLERGIC CONJUCTIVITIS ALLERGIC CONJUCTIVITIS →EYE IRRIGATION
→WASH EYE WITH COLD WATER REGULARLY
→AVOID TO TOUCH EYE WITH UNCLEAN HAND
→DO PROPER HANDWASH

42. TRACHOMA

45. TRACHOMA /
GRANULAR CONJUCTIVITIS/ COMJUCTIVITIS GRANULAR /
EGYPTIAN OPTHALMIA
vTRACHOMAMEANS“ROUGHEYE” (GREEK
WORD)
ITS
AN
INFECTION
OF
CONJUCTIVA
CAUSED
BY
ITS
AN
INFECTION
OF
CONJUCTIVA
CAUSED
BY
CHLAMYDIATRACHOMATISBACTERIA.
vGLOBALLY84million PEOPLESUFFERFROM
THISDISEASE.
vINCUBATIONPERIOD- 5 TO12 DAYS
vMODEOF TRANSMISSION:- DIRECTCONTACT&
THROATSECRETIONS

46. WHO CLASSIFICATION:- 1. TRACHOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
FOLLICULAR(TF):- PRESENCE OF 5 OR MORE
FOLLICLES (0.5mm DIAMETER) IN CONJUCTIVA
2. TRACHOMATOUS INFLAMMATION INTENSE
(TI):- INFLAMMATORY THICKENING OF UPPER
TARSAL CONJUCTIVA
3.
TRACHOMATOUS SCARRING(TS):
-
PRESENCE
OF EASILY VISIBLE SCARS IN CONJUCTIVA
3.
TRACHOMATOUS SCARRING(TS):
-
PRESENCE
OF EASILY VISIBLE SCARS IN CONJUCTIVA
4. TRACHOMATOUS TRICHIASIS(TT):- PRESENT
OF TRICHIASIS ALONG WITH CONJUCTIVAL
INFLAMMATION
5. CORNEAL OPACITY(CO):- CORNEAL OPACITY
PRESENT ALONG WITH CONJUCTIVAL
INFLAMMATION

47. C/M:- - DISCHARGE FROM EYE
- SWOLLEN EYELIDS
- TRICHIASIS
- EYE IRRITATION & ITCHING
- BLURRED VISION
- CLOUDY CORNEA

48. D/E:-
H.C. & P.E.
- LABORATORY TEST (DIAGNOSE CHLAMYDIA
TRACHOMATIS ORGANISM) MANAGEMENT:-
THE KEY TO THE TREATMENT OF
TRACHOMA IS THE
SAFE
STRATEGY GIVEN BY
WHO
.
S
-
SURGEY
S
-
SURGEY
A- ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
F- FACIAL CLEANLINESS
E- ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

49. SURGERY- CORRECTTHEEYELIDPROBLEMSLIKE
TRIACHIASISBYEPILATION. KERATOPLASTYFOR
CORNEALOPACITY.
ANTIBIOTICTHERAPY- WHORECOMMENDS2
ANTIBIOTICSLIKEORAL AZITHROMYCIN&
TETRACYCLINEOINTMENT.
FACIAL CLEANLINESS- FACIAL CLEANLINESS
REDUCESEVERITY.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE- INTHATPROMOTION
OF CLEANWATERSUPPLIES, HOUSEHOLD
HYGIENE, SAFEDISPOSAL OF WASTE& FECES.

50. KERATITIS
KERATITISISANINFECTION& INFLAMMATION
OF THECORNEA.
CAUSES:- -BACTERIA(STAPHYLOCOCCUS, PSEUDOMONAS)
- VIRUS(HERPESSIMPLEX,HERPESZOSTER&
ADENOVIRUS)
-
EXPOSURE
TO
ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION
-
EXPOSURE
TO
ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION
TYPES:- SUPERFICIAL KERATITIS:-INVOLVES SUPERFICIAL
EPITHELIUM LAYER OF THE CORNEA. AFTER HEALING
DOES NOT LEAVE A SCAR.
DEEP KERATITIS:-INVOLVES DEEPER LAYER OF THE
CORNEA, LEAVES THE SCAR AFTER HEALING.

51. C/M:- → PAIN
→FOREIGN BODY SENSATION IN EYE
→DIFFICULTY IN OPENING EYE
→LACRIMATION
TREATMENT:- →
ANTIBIOTICS EYE DROPS (EVERY 30 MINUTES
FOR FEW DAYS) →
ANTIBIOTICS EYE DROPS (EVERY 30 MINUTES
FOR FEW DAYS) →ANTIBIOTICSOINTMENT
(OXYTETRACYCLINEOINTMENT)
→ EYE IRRIGATION
KERATOPLASTY IF ITS REQUIRED FOR VISION
DISTURBANCE BECAUSE OF DEEP SCAR.

52. CATARACT

56. CATARACT
CATARACT IS DEFINEDAS A CLOUDINGOROPACITY
DEVELOPINGINTHE CRYSTALLINE LENS OF THE EYE.
CATARACT GREEKWORDCATARACTOS WHICH
MEANS RAPIDLYRUNNINGWATER.
CAUSES:- → AGE →
HEREDITY
→
HEREDITY
→EXPOSURE TOUVRAYS
→ HIGHALTITUDE
→EXPOSURE TOHEAT (INDUSTRIAL WORKERS LIKE
WELDERS & GLASS BLOWERS)
→ SECONDARYTOGLAUCOMA
→ PHOTOTOXICMEDICATIONS LIKE PHENOTHIAZINES,
TETRACYCLINE, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES &
CORTICOSTEROIDS

57. P/P:-
DUE TO ETIOLOGY
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES STARTED IN LENS
DENATURATION OF LENS PROTEIN
ACCUMULATION OF WATER
LENS BECOME CLOUDY
BLURRED VISION

58. CLASSIFICATION:-
A. ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
B. MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

59. A. ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:-
1. CONGENITAL CATARACT
2. ACQUIRED CATARACT
qSENILE CATARACT - ITS ALSOCALLED AS AGE RELATED
CATARACT.
qTRAUMATIC CATARACT - BLUNT INJURY OR PENETRATING
INJURYTOEYE.
qCOMPLICATED CATARACT - SECONDARY TOOTHER OCCULAR
DISEASECATARCTISDEVELOPED.
qMETABOLIC CATARACT - DUE TOENDOCRINE DISORDERS &
BIOCHEMICAL
ABNORMALITIES
BIOCHEMICAL
ABNORMALITIES
qRADIATIONCATARACT - CATARACT DEVELOP DUE TORADIATION
DAMAGE.
qELECTRIC CATARACT - DUE TOPASSAGE OF POWERFULL
ELECTRICCURRENT.
qDERMATOGENIC CATARACT - CATARACT ASSOCIATED WITHSKIN
DISORDERS.
qTOXIC CATARACT -PHOTOTOXIC MEDICATIONS LIKE
PHENOTHIAZINES, TETRACYCLINE, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES &
CORTICOSTEROIDS

60. B. MORPHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
1. CAPSULAR CATARACT – IT INVOLVES ANTERIOR OR
POSTERIOR CAPSULAR PART OF LENS.
2. SUBCAPSULAR CATARACT – IT INVOLVES SUB
CAPSULAR PART OF LENS.
3.CORTICAL CATARACT – IT INVOLVES FIBRES OF THE
CORTEX PART OF LENS.
4.NUCLEAR CATARACT – IT INVOLVES NUCLEUS PART
OF LENS. OF LENS. 5. SUPRANUCLEAR CATARACT – IT INVOLVES PART
JUST OUTSIDE OF NUCLEUS OF LENS.
6. POLAR CATARACT- IT INVOLVES POLAR REGION OF
THE LENS.

61. CLINICAL STAGES OF CATARACT DEVELOPMENT:- vIMMATURECATARACT-LENSISNOTCOMPLETELYOPAQUE
&VISIONISPARTIALLYAFFECT.
vMATURE CATARACT – LENS IS COMPLETELYOPAQUE &
VISIONISSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCED.
vINTUMESCENT CATARACT – LENS ABSORBWATER&
INCREASESINSIZE.
vHYPERMATURECATARACT–LENSPROTEINLEAKINGOUT
FROMTHELENS.

62. C/M.:- ØPAINLESS BLURRING
ØLOSS OF VISION
ØDECREASED COLOR PERCEPTION
ØPOOR VISION
ØPHOTOPHOBIA (LIGHT SENSITIVITY)
D/E:
-
H.C & P.E.
D/E:
-
H.C & P.E.
§DIRECT OPTHALMOSCOPY
§SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
§SNELLEN VISUAL ACUITY TEST
§PENLIGHT EXAMINATION OF PUPILS

63. MANAGEMENT:-
SURGERY-
qEXTRA CAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION (ECCE)
qINTRA CAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION (ICCE)
REMOVING THE ENTIRE LENS MANUALLY.
qPHECOEMULSIFICATION – DESTRUCTION OF LENS
NUCLEUS BY ULTRASONIC SOUND WAVES (40,000 Hz) NUCLEUS BY ULTRASONIC SOUND WAVES (40,000 Hz) BY INSERTING TITANIUM NEEDLE & THIS NEEDLE
VIBRATES AT THIS FREQUENCY & LENS IS EMULSIFIED.
qIOP (INTRAOCCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION )
qCRYOSURGERY – FREEZES THE LENS WITH LIQUID
NITROGEN.

64. GLAUCOMA

66. FLOW OF AQUEOUS FLUID

68. GALUCOMAIS DEFINEDAS INCREASEDINTRAOCCULAR
PRESSURE (IOP) MORE THAN25mmof Hg &
CHARACTERIZEDBYOPTICNERVE DYSTROPHY&
PERIPHERALVISUALFIELDLOSS.
NORMAL IOP LESS THAN20mmofHg.
ETIOLOGY/ RISKFACTORS:- -AGING -
GENETIC
/
FAMILY
HISTORY
-
GENETIC
/
FAMILY
HISTORY
-IDIOPATHIC
-OCCULARSURGERY
-HYPERTENSION
-INJURY/ TRAUMA
-SECONDARYTOOCCULARINFECTION

69. CLASSIFICATION:- 1. CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
2. ACQUIRED GLAUCOMA
vCONGENITAL GLAUCOMA- ITS RARE CONDITIONWHENA
CONGENITAL DEFECT INTHE ANGLE OF THE ANTERIOR
CHAMBEROBSTRUCTS THE OUT FLOWOF AQUEOUS
HUMOR.
v
ACQUIRED
GLAUCOMA
:
-
DEVELOPING
DURING
LIFE
SPAN
.
v
ACQUIRED
GLAUCOMA
:
-
DEVELOPING
DURING
LIFE
SPAN
.
qPRIMARYGLAUCOMA
ØPRIMARYOPENANGLEGALUCOMA(POAG)
ØPRIMARYCLOSEANGLEGLAUCOMA(PCAG)
qSCONDARYGLAUCOMA

70. PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA (POAG) –
ITS RESULTS FROMOVERPRODUTIONOROBSTRUCTION
OF AQUEOUS FLUIDTHROUGHTHE TRABECULAR
MESHWORKORCANALOFSCHLEMM’SCANAL.
PRIMARYCLOSE ANGLE GLAUCOMA(PCAG) - ITS RESULTS
FROMOBSTRUCTIONTOTHE OUTFLOWOF AQUEOUS
HUMOR. THIS OBSTRUCTIONCAUSEDBYANATOMICALLY
NARROW
ANGLE
BETWEEN
THE
ANTERIOR
IRIS
&
THE
NARROW
ANGLE
BETWEEN
THE
ANTERIOR
IRIS
&
THE
POSTERIORCORNEAL SURFACE, CLOSINGTHE ANGLE,
ABSENCEOFTRABECULARMESHWORK.

71. C/M:-
MILD TO SEVERE HEADACHE
PAIN IN EYE (PCAG)
INCREASED IOP MORE THAN 25 (POAG)
INCREASED IOP MORE THAN 40-70mm of Hg(PCAG)
PHOTOPHOBIA
VISUAL DISTURBANCE
CORNEAL EDEMA
D/E:-
H.C. & P.E.
TONOMETRY
OPTHALMOSCOPY
GONIOSCOPY
SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION

72. MANAGEMENT:- •BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS –
TIMOLOL, BETAXOLOL
•MIOTICS
CARBACOL,
•CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS (DECREASE
AQUEOUS FLUID PRODUCTION)
DORZOLAMIDE, METHAZOLAMIDE
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:- ARGON LASER TRABECULOPLASTY (POAG)
LASER IRIDOTOMY (PCAG)
CYCLOCRYOTHERAPY (FREEZING CILIARY BODY)
(POAG)
TRABECULOTOMY (POAG)
DRAINAGE IMPLANTS & SHUNTS (PCAG)

75. RETINAL DETACHMENTS
RETINAL DETACHMENT IS SEPARATION OF THE
RETINA FROM CHOROID LAYER.
(RETINA–SENSORYLAYER& PIGMENT EPITHELIUMLAYER)
[NORAMALLYTHESE2LAYERSARELOOSELYATTACHEDTO
EACHOTHERWITHSPACEINBETWEEN]
ETIOLOGY
:
-
AGING
(DEGENERATIVE
CHANGES)
ETIOLOGY
:
-
AGING
(DEGENERATIVE
CHANGES)
→BLUNTTRAUMA/PENETRATINGTRAUMA
→UVEITIS (INFLAMMATIONOF UVEAL TRACT / MIDDLE
LAYER)
→HEMORRHAGE
→TUMORINRETINA

76. P/P:-
DUE TO ETIOLOGY
TEAR IN RETINAL LAYER
ALLOWS VITROUS FLUID TO SEEP UNDER THE RETINA
PULLS RETINA PULLS RETINA
VISION LOSS

77. CLASSIFICATION:- 1. RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT:-
IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH HOLE/TEAR IN THE SENSORY
RETINA.
2. TRACTIONAL R.D.
DUE TO INJURY FIVROVASCULAR TISSUE FORMED &
PULLING SENSORY LAYER.
3. EXUDATIVE R.D.
DUE TO INFLAMMATION ACCUMULATION OF FLUID
UNDERNEATH RETINA WITHOUT PRESENCE OF
HOLE/TEAR.

78. C/M:- → DARK SPOTS COMING IN VISION
→PHOTOPSIA (A SENSATION OF BRIGHT LIGHT)
→BLURRED VISION
→FEELING OF HEAVINESS IN THE EYE
→SLIGHTLY INCREASE IOP
→MILD TO NO PAIN (SOME TIME PAINLESS)
D/E:- →H.C. & P.E.
→SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
→OPTHALMOSCOPY

79. MANAGEMENT:- - CRYOSURGERY
- ELECTRO DIATHERMY
- SCLERAL BUCKLING

81. RETINITIS
RETINITIS IS INFLAMMATION OF RETINA.
ETIOLOGY-
- CYTOMEGALO VIRUS
- INJURY / BLUNT TRAUMA
C/M:
-
VISION PROBLEMS
C/M:
-
VISION PROBLEMS
OCCULAR PAIN
D/E :- H.C & P.E.
- SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
- OPTHALMOSCOPY

82. MANAGEMENT:- - ANTIVIRAL (GANCICLOVIR / FOSCARNET- ORALLY)
- FOMIVIRSEN (INTRAOCCULAR INJECTION)

83. UVEITIS:-
IT IS DEFINEDAS INFLAMMATIONOF MIDDLE LAYER
OF THE EYE.
ETIOLOGY:- -TRAUMA/ INJURY
- VIRAL ORBACTERIAL INFECTION
TYPES:- 1. ANTERIORUVEITIS - THIS IS INFLAMMATIONOF
IRIS (IRITIS) & CILIARYBODY(IRIDOCYCLITIS).
2. POSTERIORUVEITIS – THIS IS INFLAMMATIONOF
CHOROID.

84. MANAGEMENT:- - ANTIBIOTIC EYE DROPS (CIPROFLOXACIN)
- MYDRIATIC EYE DROPS (ATROPINE,
CYCLOPENTOLATE)
-STEROIDS EYE DROPS
-EYE IRRIGATION
-EYE HYGIENE

85. PTOSIS / LAZY EYE

86. ITS DEFINEDAS DROOPINGOF EYELIDBECAUSE OF
WEAKNESS OF MUSCLE.
CAUSES- -WEALNESS OF THE MUSCLE RESPONSIBLE FOR
RAISINGEYELID.
- DAMAGE TONERVE SUPLLIES TOTHIS MUSCLE
- INJURY
-
EXPOURE
TO
TOXIN
(SNAKE
BITE
/
MEDICATION
SIDE
-
EXPOURE
TO
TOXIN
(SNAKE
BITE
/
MEDICATION
SIDE
EFFECT)
- AGING
- STROKE
-BRAINTUMOR

87. C/M:- DROOPLINGOF ONE ORBOTHEYELIDS
-INCREASEDTEARING
-VISIONDISTURBANCE
D/E :- - H.C. & P.E. -
NEUROLOGICAL
EXAMINATION
-
NEUROLOGICAL
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT:- SURGICAL CORRECTIONOF WEAKNEDMUSCLE

88. SQUINT
(STRABISMUS)

89. SQUINT(STRABISMUS):-
ITS DEFINEDAS
MISALIGNMENT OF THE TWOEYES, SOTHAT BOTH
EYES ARE NOT LOOKINGINTHE SAME DIRECTION.
ETIOLOGY:- IDIOPATHIC
ØDEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS
ØINJURYTOTHE MUSCLE (MUSCLES RESPONSIBLE
FOREYE BALL MOVEMENT)
Ø
NERVE
DAMAGE
WHICH
SUPPLIES
TO
MUSCLE
Ø
NERVE
DAMAGE
WHICH
SUPPLIES
TO
MUSCLE
RESPONSIBLE FOREYE BALL MOVEMENT

90. PROBLEMS WITH SQUINT
EACH OF EYE IS FOCUSING ON DIFFERENT OBJECTS
OR SENDS SIGNAL TO BRAIN
THESE 2 DIFFERENT IMAGE REACHING TO BRAIN
DEVELOP CONFUSION
MAY HAVE EITHER OF 2 EFFECTS
PERSONWOULDIGNORE IMAGING
COMES FROMDEVIATEDEYE
[LOST DEPTHOF PERCEPTION]
POOR DEVELOPMENT OF VISION

92. C/M:-
CROSS EYE (EYES DONOT ALIGNINSAME
DIRECTION)
-DOUBLE VISION
-UNCORDINATEDEYE VISION
D/E:-
H.C & P.E.
-SNELLENCHART
-NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION MANAGEMENT:- SURGICAL REPAIR

93. OCCULAR PROSTHESIS
OCCULARPROSTHESIS ORARTIFICIAL EYE WHICHHELPS
TOREPLACES NATURAL EYE BUT DOES NOT PROVIDE
VISION.

94. TYPES:- -CUSTOMIZEDPROSTHESIS:- PREPARINGEYE SHELLS
FORTHE PATIENT ACCORDINGTOTHEIRSOCKET.
-STOCKEYES:- READYMADE EYE SHELLS THAT ARE
AVAILABLE INMARKET.
q
MAINTENANCE OF PROSTHESIS
oWASHHANDBEFORE HANDLINGPROSTHESIS. o
SHELLS
HAS
TO
BE
CLEANED
ONCE
A
DAY
WITH
o
SHELLS
HAS
TO
BE
CLEANED
ONCE
A
DAY
WITH
CLENWATER, DRIED& WORN.
oPRECAUTIONS SHOULDBE TAKENTOREDUCE
SCRATCHES.
oEYE LUBRACANTS SHOULDBE USEDPROPERLY.
oPOLISHIINGMUST BE DONE ONCE A YEAR.

95. REFRACTIVE ERRORS / AMETROPIA
EMMETROPIA:-
IT IS THE NORMAL CONDITIONOF
THE EYE. WHENPARALLEL RAYS OF LIGHT FROM
INFINITYCOME TOFOCUS ONRETINA.
AMETROPIA:-
WHENTHE PARELLEL RAYS OF LIGHTS
COMINGFROMINFINITYARE FOCUSEDEITHERIN
FRONT
OR
BEHIND
THE
RETINA
IN
ONE
OR
BOTH
FRONT
OR
BEHIND
THE
RETINA
IN
ONE
OR
BOTH
MERIDIANS.
INREFRACTIVE ERROS, VISIONIS IMPAIREDBECAUSE
OF LIGHT RAYS ARE NOT FOCUSINGONRETINA.
TYPES:-
REFRACTIVE ERRORS ARE CATEGORIZEDAS
1. SPHERICAL ERRORS
2. CYLINDRICAL ERRORS

96. 1.SPHERICAL ERRORS:-
IT OCCURS WHENOPTICAL
POWEROF THE EYE IS EITHERTOOLARGE ORTOO
SMALL TOFOCUS LIGHT ONTHE RETINA.
-MYOPIA
-HYPERMETROPIA
2. CYLINDRICAL ERRORS:-
IT OCCURS WHENTHE
OPTICAL
POWER
OF
THE
EYE
IS
TOO
POWERFUL
OR
OPTICAL
POWER
OF
THE
EYE
IS
TOO
POWERFUL
OR
TOOWEAKACROSS ONE MERIDIAN.
- ASTIGMATISM

98. MYOPIA:-
ALSO CALLED SHORT-SIGHTEDNESS.
INTHIS TYPE PARALLEL RAYS OF LIGHT COMING
FROMTHE INFINITYARE FOCUSEDINFRONT OF THE
RETINA.
ETIOLOGY:- ØINCREASEDANTERO-POSTERIORLENGTHOF THE EYEBALL
THAN
NORMAL
(AXIAL
MYOPIA)
.
EYEBALL
THAN
NORMAL
(AXIAL
MYOPIA)
.
ØCURVATURE OF THE CORNEAORTHE LENS IS MORE
THANNORMAL. (CURVATURE MYOPIA).
ØCORTEXOF THE CRYSTALLINE (REFRACTIVE
INDEX) LENS IS MORE THANNORMAL. (INDEX
MYOPIA)

99. C/M:- REDUCED VISUAL ACUITY FOR THE DISTANCE,
BUT NEAR OBJECTS ARE SEEN CLEARLY.
D/E :- H.C & P.E. , SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
SNELLEN CHART, OPTHALMOSCOPE
MANAGEMENT:-
ØIT’S MANAGED BY PRESCRIBING CONCAVE
SPHERICAL GLASSES. (EXACT POWER IS REQUIRED) SPHERICAL GLASSES. (EXACT POWER IS REQUIRED) ØCONTACT LENS
ØADVICE PATIENT FOREYE HYGIENE
ØADVICE PATIENT FORPROPERPOSITON, GOOD
ILLUMINATION& CORRECT DISTANCE FROMBOOK
(ABOUT 25cm) WHILE READING.

100. ØLASIKLASER[LASERASSISTEDINSITU
KERATOMILEUSIS]
ØIOL

101. HYPERMETROPIA :-
ALSO CALLED AS LONG-SIGHTEDNESS
INTHIS TYPE PARALLEL RAYS OF LIGHT COMING
FROMTHE INFINITYARE FOCUSEDINBEHINDTHE
RETINA.
ETIOLOGY:- ØSHORT ANTERO-POSTERIORLENGTHOF THE
EYEBALL THANNORMAL (AXIAL HYPERMETROPIA).
Ø
FLAT
CURVATURE
OF
THE
CORNEA
OR
THE
LENS
Ø
FLAT
CURVATURE
OF
THE
CORNEA
OR
THE
LENS
THANNORMAL. (CURVATURE HYPERMETROPIA).
ØCORTEXOF THE CRYSTALLINE (REFRACTIVE INDEX)
LENS IS LESS THANNORMAL. (INDEX
HYPERMETROPIA)

102. C/M:- HEADACHE
-REDUCED VISUAL ACUITY FOR THE NEAR OBJECTS,
BUT DISTANCE OBJECTS ARE SEEN CLEARLY.
D/E:- H.C & P.E. , SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
SNELLEN CHART, OPTHALMOSCOPE
MANAGEMENT:-
IT’S
MANAGED
BY
PRESCRIBING
CONVEX
Ø
IT’S
MANAGED
BY
PRESCRIBING
CONVEX
SPHERICAL GLASSES. (EXACT POWERIS REQUIRED)
ØCONTACT LENS

106. ASTIGMATISM:-
INTHIS PARALLEL LIGHT RAYS
FROMINFINITYHAVING2 FOCAL POINTS DUE TO
UNEQUAL REFRACTIONINDIFFERENT MERIDIANS.
ETIOLOGY:-
UNEQUAL CURVATURE OF THE CORNEA
ORLENS INDIFFERENT MERIDIANS
TYPES
a.
SIMPLE
A
.
:
-
ONE
FOCAL
POINT
ON
THE
RETINA,
a.
SIMPLE
A
.
:
-
ONE
FOCAL
POINT
ON
THE
RETINA,
OTHERFOCAL POINT IS EITHERINFRONT OR
BACKOF RETINA.
b. COMPOUNDA. :- BOTHFOCAL POINT ARE FOUND
INFRONT ORBACKOF RETINA.
c. MIXEDA. :-ONE FOCAL POINT IS BEHINDANDONE
FOCAL POINT IS INFRONT OF RETINA.

107. C/M:- HEADACHE
-DIMNISHED VISUAL ACUITY
-HEADACHE
-EYE STRAIN
D/E:- H.C & P.E. , SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
SNELLEN CHART, OPTHALMOSCOPE
MANAGEMENT:-
ØIT’S MANAGEDBYSUITABLE CYLINDRICAL GLASS
ORLENS
ØKERATOPLASTY

109. PRESBYOPIA PRESBYOPIA IS NOT AN ERROR OF REFRACTION BUT
A PHYSIOLOGIC CONDITION LEADING TO DECREASED
NEAR VISION.
ETIOLOGY:- -DECREASE ELASTICITY OF LENS WITH AGE C/M:- REDUCED VISUAL ACUITY FOR THE NEAR
OBJECTS
MANAGEMENT:- TREATED BY SPHERICAL CONVEX
LENS OR GLASSES
ØIOL