F.w. taylor , Principles of Scientific Management,

Principles of Scientific Management,Harmony not discord -F.W.Taylor’s Experiment with Pig Iron: �A Start for Scientific Management,Midvale Steel Company USA

1. The Business
Management Lessons
from the Pioneers
Management Series
Episode -2
Puttu Guru Prasad -VIVA
F.W.Taylor’s Experiment with Pig Iron:
A Start for Scientific Management

2. Frederick Winslow Taylor

3. •Meaning:Conductofbusinessactivities
accordingto standardizedtools,
methodsandtrainedpersonalsoasto
haveincreasedoutputthrougheffective
andoptimumutilizationofresources.
Henceitstressesthatthereisalways
onebestwayofdoingthings.
SCIENTIFICMANAGEMENT:

4. 1.Sciencenotruleofthumb-
•Thereshouldbescientificstudyandanalysis
ofeachelementofjobratherthanadopting
oldruleofthethumbapproachonahitand
missmethod.Encourage“thinkingbefore
doing”.
2.Harmonynotdiscord-
•Thereshouldbecompleteharmonyandproper
understandingbetweenmanagementand
workersinachievingtheorganisationgoals.
Principles of Scientific Management

5. Principles of Scientific Management
3.Cooperationnotindividualism-
•Tayloremphasizedontheimportanceofcooperative
groupeffortbetweenthemanagementandworkersin
achievingtheorganization'sgoalsandnot
individualism.
4.Developmentofworkerstotheirgreatestefficiency
andprosperity:
•Themanagementshouldscientificallyselectthe
workers;assignjobaspertheirphysical,mentaland
intellectualcapabilityandpotential;andtrainthemas
perthejobrequirement.

6. Midvale Steel Company USA

7. Midvale Steel Company USA

8. Bethlehem steel company

9. Major Problems Affecting Productivity
•Beinganengineer,Taylorhadaperfectinsightinto
howtheworkwasbeingdonebyordinaryworkers.
Inhisresearchhehadoutlinedwhatdecreased
productivitymostofall:
•Workers’ negligence;
•Low safety standards at production which led to
numerous injuries;
•Poor work organization and distribution of resources;
•Soldiering (workers purposefully working below their
abilities as a response to low wages, fear to lose the
job and rule of thumb method).

10. ManagementLessons
from F.W.Taylor
In1911ThePrinciplesofScientificManagement,a
researchconductedbyFrederickW.Taylor,was
published.Thebookmadeaprofoundimpacton
whatisnowcalledmanagement(infact,ithasgiven
itareal,scientificstart).Wenowrefertohimasone
ofthefoundingfathersofmanagement.
“Understanding of the Nature of
Productivity.”

11. •While working for Midvale Steel Company, Taylor needed to find ways to make
workers operate faster and better. In his experiment with pig iron he decided to
research whether it was possible to make them move 47 tons of pig iron instead
of 12 ½ tons. It was, as it later turned out.
•So, what did Taylor do? First of all, he selected a certain amount of physically fit,
enduring men who had strength enough to work more. In fact, he found out that
only about 12,5% of men already employed were really fit to work in the steel
industry.
•Second of all, he ordered these men to follow instructions of their supervisors
precisely, no matter how strange they could have seemed –have short rest
during the day, sit down for a while, distract from work, etc. (at that times workers
could hardly take frequent breaks or go for a stroll so these orders seemed really
weird to them).
•Next, Taylor divided the work into several operations and tracked exact time
needed to perform them. Average rates for the whole industry were thus defined
and workers wishing to keep their jobs were obliged to follow them.
•Also, Taylor found out that if the workers were left to decide how they could
organize their work on their own they failed to perform better. On the contrary, if
supervisors kept an eye on the work / rest ratio laborers could lift 47 tons a day
without tiring. Such system proved that what was previously done by 500 workers
could instead be done by 140.

13. The Patron Saint of the Shovel
•Taylor’sinnovativeapproachtomanagementisbestillustratedinhis
studyoftheBethlehemSteelCompany.Aftersomeresearch,Taylor
concludedthattheefficiencyofthewholeoperationcouldbegreatly
enhancedifeachmanhadabettershovel.Atthetime,thetoolsusedin
thefactorywereonesizefitsall.Amanwhohadtobreakthrough
dense,heavysubstances,suchasironore,wouldendupwithback-
breakinglyheavyloadseachtimehedugin.Bytheendoftheday,these
workersweresoexhaustedthattheycouldbarelymove.
•Ontheotherhand,workerswhohadtoscooplightmaterials,suchas
ash,werestuckwithidenticalshovels.Afullscoopwassolightthat,as
Taylorputit,“itwasmanifestlyimpossibletoevenapproximateaday’s
work”nomatterhowfuriouslytheworkershoistedtheirtools.ByTaylor’s
reckoning,theoptimalweightofaloadedshovelshouldbearound21
pounds;amancouldswingthatweightalldaywithoutbecoming
exhaustedlaterinhisshift.

15. Calling a Spade a Spade
•Insteadofgivingeveryonethesameshovelregardlessof
task,Taylorofferedworkerseightspecializedshovelsthat
wouldfitvariousjobs.Sureenough,themenwiththe
customshovelsgotmoreworkdone.Infact,thetools
nearlyquadrupledtheproductivityofeachshoveling
laborer,improvingtheaverageworker’sdailyoutputfrom
16to59tons!
•Taylorwasn’tjustefficientintheworkplace—hisexpertise
extendedtothetenniscourt.In1881,heusedaspoon-
shapedracketofhisowndesigntobecomehalfofthe
winningmen’sdoublesteamattheUnitedStatesNational
Championship,theforerunneroftheU.S.Open.

17. Frederick W Taylor
Taylor (1856-1915) based his philosophy on 4principles(Scientific Management,
1911)
1.Development of science of management to get best method of
work
2.Scientific selection of workers to find the best fit
3.Scientific education and development of worker
4.Intimate, friendly relations between labor and management
5. Using time study as his base he broke each job into component parts
and designed quickest and best methods of performance
6. Pay more to more productive workers to motivate them-differential
rate system

18. Frederick W Taylor

20. Method, Time, Work, Motion,
Fatigue Study of F.W.Taylor

21. Techniquesofscientific management
•a) Functional foremanship
•• Supervision is to be divided into several specialized
functions and each function to be entrusted to a
special foreman.
•• Each worker will have to take orders from eight
foremen in the related process of function of
production.
••Stress on separating planning function from
executive function.

22. •b)Standardisation and
simplification of work
•Processofsettingstandardsforevery
businessactivitytomaximizeoutput.
•Simplificationiseliminatingunnecessary
varieties,sizesandgradesofproduct
manufacturedintheorganisation.
Techniquesofscientific management

23. c)Method study
•Finding one best way of doing a job.
•Critical analysis is made for plant layout, product design,
material handling and work processes using techniques like
process charts, operations research etc.
d)Motion study
•Making a thorough analysis of various motions being performed
by a worker while doing a particular task.
•Identifying and determining the ideal productive
•movement.
•Eliminate the unproductive movements and equipment's
Techniquesofscientific management

24. e) Time study
•Itisthetechniqueusedtodeterminethestandard
timetakenbytheworkmanwithreasonableskill
andabilitytoperformaparticulartask.
•Herethejobisdividedintoseriesofelementsand
thetimerequiredtocompleteeachelement
idealisticallyisrecordedusingastopwatch.
Techniquesofscientific management

25. F) Fatigue Study
•Determinestheamountandfrequencyofrest
intervalsrequiredincompletingatask.
G) Differential Piece wage system
•Evolveasystemwhereintheefficientand
inefficientworkersarepaidatdifferentrates,as
financialincentivesactasmotivators.
•Firstastandardtaskisestablishedwiththeaidof
timeandmotionstudy,thentworatesare
established.Higherwhenstandardoutputsis
producedandlowerwhenthestandardisnotmet
Techniquesofscientific management

26. Advantages of scientific
management
•To the employer;
•Higher productivity
•Lower cost of production
•Better utilisation of resources
•Improved quality of work.
•To the employee;
•Improvement in working condition.
•Higher earnings
•Better skills through training

27. •To the society;
•Higher standard of living
•Better employee employer relations
•Improvement in work methods
Advantages of scientific
management

28. Definition of scientific management
•Scientificmanagementistheart
ofknowingexactlywhatyou
wantyourmentodoandthen
seeingthattheydoitinthebest
andcheapestway.
F.W.TAYLOR