FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD SECURITY AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT

FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD SECURITY AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMEN

1. FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD SECURITY AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS : A CASE OF KIBRA CONSTITUENCY, NAIROBI- KENYA Agnes Wanjiku Maina SMC/128/2020/4767 Benedict Mutina Maluni SMC/128/2020/4764 Kelvin Muchaizi Imbuga SMC/128/2020/4777 Janeth Chebet Langat SMC/128/2020/4780 Virginia Wanjiru Nyagah SMC/128/2020/4778 Heckanusur Judith SMC/128/2020/4769 Mary Obiri SMC/128/2020/4785

2. Background to the Study Across the globe, the issue of food insecurity among households in urban informal settlements has become a worrying trend. Different governments and relevant agencies particularly in sub-Saharan Africa have been trying to address this issue (Shaheen et al., 2017). This issue of food insecurity among households in urban informal settlements has been on the rise because of rapid rural-urban migration (CFS, 2016). AfDB (2012) most of these migrants from rural areas are uneducated and unskilled hence end up in informal sector with low income and live in slums hence become vulnerable to food insecurity

3. Statement of THE Problem Food security has become a major challenge among households in urban informal settlements. The Kenyan government has tried to reduce this issue of food insecurity by increasing the minimum wage and removing the tax levied on diesel and kerosene, as well as excise duty on imported food products. H ouseholds in urban informal settlements continue to struggle with food insecurity. S tudies done on food insecurity have focused on production and accessibility in rural areas and not urban areas This depicts that there is a knowledge gap. This study investigated factors affecting food security among households in urban informal settlements found in Kibra constituency in order to add to the body of knowledge.

4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To establish to what extent does the level of income affects food security among households in urban informal settlements found in Kibra constituency. To investigate how household size affects food security among households in urban informal settlements found in Kibra constituency. To find out how level of education affects food security among the households in urban informal settlements found in Kibra constituency.

5. Research Questions To what extent does the level of income affect food security among households in urban informal settlements found in Kibra constituency? How does household size affect food security among households in urban informal settlements found in Kibra constituency? How does level of education affect food security among the households in urban informal settlements found in Kibra constituency?

6. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Food insecurity among households in urban informal settlements has been rampant The government has tried to put necessary measures to address this issue. Related studies have given conflicting and sometimes similar findings . The study was done to contribute to the debate of the factors affecting food security among households found in urban informal settlements .

7. Gaps from Review of Related Literature Majority of the studies reviewed used population outside Africa and Kenya. This study focused on Kenyan population to find out whether similar results could be replicated in order to add to the body of knowledge. The reviewed studies also used different methodologies hence conflicting and sometimes similar findings were obtained. This study used descriptive survey design to add to the debate of the factors affecting food security among households found in urban informal settlements.

8. Conceptual Framework

9. Methodology Research design - Descriptive survey research design Location of the study - Kibra Constituency- Nairobi County Target population- 61690 households in Kibra constituency (KBNS, 2019) Sampling Technique and Sample size - Two wards (Sarang’ombe and Makina) were randomly selected

10. Sampling Technique and Sample size Cont’D From the two wards, a sample survey was conducted to select 142 households. The households were sampled randomly as per the total number of household for each cluster at an interval of 186.288 The interval was calculated as follows: Total number of households/ Expected number of accessible household = K th household 26453/142= 186.288

11. Sampling Matrix for Sample Size

12. DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION

13. Demographic Characteristics of The RESPONDENTS

14. Gender of Respondents

15. Age of Respondents

16. Marital Status of Respondents

17. Main Findings R/Q1 : To What Extent Does Level of Income Affect Food Security among Households in Urban Informal Settlements Found in Kibra Constituency

18. Respondents’ Estimated Income per Month

19. Money Spent on Food per Month

20. Extent to Which Respondents’ Source of Income Affects Food Security among Households in Urban Informal Settlement Found in Kibra Constituency

21. Extent to Which Respondents’ Estimated Income per Month Affects Food Security among Households in Urban Informal Settlement Found in Kibra Constituency

22. Extent to Which Money Spent on Food by Respondents’ Affects Food Security among Households in Urban Informal Settlement Found in Kibra Constituency

23. R/Q 2: How Household Size Affects Food Security among Households in Urban Informal Settlement Found in Kibra Constituency

24. How Does Household Size Affect Food Security among Households in Urban Informal Settlements Found in Kibra Constituency

25. R/Q 3: How Level of Education of the Household Head Affects Food Security among Households in Urban Informal Settlements Found in Kibra Constituency Level of Education of the Household Head

26. How Level of Education of the Household Head Affects Food Security among Households in Urban Informal Settlements Found in Kibra Constituency

27. Food Security among Households in Urban Informal Settlements Found in Kibra Constituency

28. Respondents’ Perception on Factors Affecting Food Security among Households in Urban Informal Settlements Found in Kibra Constituency M ajority of respondents reported that: Lack of employment Insufficient income Covid-19 pandemic Family size

29. Summary of Findings Respondents whose source of income was not listed in the questionnaire (others) such as selling vegetables and selling second hand clothes had highest (mean= 3.01.7963; SD= .13889) for food security while respondents whose source of income was petty trading had the lowest (mean=1.6667; SD= .21822) for food security. Respondents whose estimated income per month was less than 1000 Shs had highest (mean= 1.7551; SD= .37439) for food security while respondents whose estimated income per month was more than 20000 Shs had the lowest (mean=1.6250; SD= .25000) for food security.

30. Summary of Findings Cont’D Respondents who spent more than 10000 Shs on food per month had highest (mean= 1.8333; SD= .21082) for food security while respondents who spent less than 1000 Shs on food per month had the lowest (mean=1.6815; SD= .40952) for food security . Households with three people had the highest (mean= 1.8556; SD= .35561) for food security while the households with two people had the lowest (mean=1.5667; SD= .23831) for food security.

31. Summary of Findings Cont’D Household heads with primary education level had the highest (mean= 1.7828; SD= .42181) for food security while the household heads with other education levels such as dropouts as was indicated by some respondents had the lowest (mean=1.5833; SD= .11785) for food security. The households of the respondents who participated in the study had (mean= 1.7228; SD= .34088) for food security. This implied that these households were moderately food insecure.

32. CONCLUSION Respondents who earned salary had lower food security compared to other sources of income. The lower the income the higher the food security while the higher the income the lower the food security. The amount of money spent on food determines food security in a household. T he number of people found in a household do not determine the food security T he level of education of the household head does not affect food security of that household. The households of the respondents who participated in the study were moderately food insecure.

33. Recommendations There is need for policy makers to design appropriate policies and programs to mitigate and reduce food insecurity among households in urban informal settlements. The Government of Kenya may subsidize food prices in order to increase the affordability by the households found in informal settlements. The government of Kenya in collaboration with ministry of agriculture may assess feasibility of urban agriculture in urban informal settlement to enhance food security for dwellers .

34. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Local approaches/strategies employed by vulnerable households in urban informal settlements to access food. The effect of insecurity on food security in urban informal settlements The effectiveness of the existing measures meant to alleviate food insecurity in urban informal settlements.

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