Factors influencing growth and deve.pdf

Factors influencing growth & development:
Growth & development depend upon multiple factors or determinants. They influence directly or indirectly by promoting or hindering the process.

The determinants can be grouped as Heredity & environment..
Heredity or genetic factors are also related to sex, race, & nationality. Environment includes both pre natal & post natal factors.

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Presented by
Ms. Chuchhitra Thongam
Assistant professor
Arunachal University of Studies,
Namsai

2. Cont……..
Factors influencing growth & development:
● Growth & development depend upon multiple
factors or determinants. They influence directly
or indirectly by promoting or hindering the
process.

●The determinants can be grouped as Heredity &
environment..
● Heredity or genetic factors are also related to
sex, race, & nationality. Environment includes
both pre natal & post natal factors.

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3. Cont.……
Post natal environment can be….

● Internal environment
● External environment.
1. Hereditary:
● Each child has a different genetic potential.
Genetic predisposition is the important factor
which influence the growth & development of
children.

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4. Cont.……….
●Different characteristics such as height, body
structure, colour of skin, eyes & hair etc.

● Depend upon inherited gene from parents.
Thus tall parents have tall children & parents
with high intelligence are more likely to have
children with high level of inherent intelligence.

5. Cont.……
●Abnormal genes from ancestors may produce
different familial disease which usually hinders
the growth & development.
● Ex: thalassemia, haemophilia, galactosemia,
D.M, H.T.N.

● The process of growth & development is also
affected in children with chromosomal
abnormalities.
● Ex: down syndrome, turner syndrome,
klinefelter syndrome.

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6. Cont.……..
2. Race & nationality:

● Physical characteristics of different national
groups also vary. Height & stature of Americans
& Indians are usually differ because of
differences in growth pattern
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7. Cont.…….
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8. Pre natal factors:
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●Intrauterine environment is an important predominant
factors of growth & development various conditions
influence the foetal growth in utero.

1.Maternal mal- nutrition:

● Dietary insufficiency & anaemia lead to intra-
uterine – growth retardation. LBW & pre term babies
have poor growth potentials. In later life , those
children are usually having disturbances of growth &
development.

9. Cont.………..
2.Maternal infections:
▪ Different intrauterine infections HIV, HBV,
TORCH . May transmit to the foetus via
placenta & affect the foetal growth.
● Various complications may occur like
congenital anomalies, congenital infections etc.
Which ultimately affect the growth &
development in extra -uterine life.

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3. Maternal substance use:

▪ Intake of teratogenic drugs(Thalidomide,phenytoin )
by the pregnant women in the 1st trimester, affect the
organogenesis& lead to congenital malformations.

● Maternal tobacco intake ( smoking & chewing) &
alcohol abuse also produce growth & development.

Cont.……..

11. Cont.……..
4. Maternal ill ness:

● Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) ,
Anaemia, heart disease, hypothyroidism, D.M,
chronic renal failure, hyperpyrexia, have adverse
effect on fetal growth. Iodine deficiency of the
mother may lead to mental retardation of the
baby in later life.

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12. Cont.…..
5.Hormones:
● Hormones like thyroxine & insulin influence the fetal
growth. Thyroxine deficiency retards the skeletal
maturation of the foetus.

●Maternal myxedema results in foetal hypothyroidism.
● Antithyroid drug therapy & iodides during last trimister
of pregnancy may lead to foetal goitre &
hypothyroidism.
●Excess insulin stimulates foetal growth leads to large
size foetus with excessive birth weight due to
macrosomia
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13. Cont.………
6.Miscellaneous:

▪ various potential conditions which may also
influence foetal growth include –uterine
malformations (septeduterus,bicornuateuterus)
malposition of the foetus, oligohydramnios, poly
hydramnios, maternal emotion during pregnancy,
inadequate prenatal care.

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14. Post natal factors:
I. External factors:
●1. cultural influences: growth & development of an
individualized child are influenced to the culture in
which he ( or) she is grown up. The child rearing
practices, food habit , traditional beliefs, social taboos,
attitude towards health, standard of living, educational
level.
● Influence the child growth & development . The child
learn standard of traits like honesty, discipline,
intellectual inquiry, manners, aggression, achievement
from the culture of the family & society.

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15. Cont.………
2. socio- economic status:
● Poor socio economic groups may have less
favourable environment for growth& development
than the middle & upper groups. Parents of
unfortunate financial conditions are less likely to
understand & adopt modern scientific child care.
● They lack money to buy essentials for diet &
health care & even unable to accept medical or
hospital services.

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16. Cont.……..
3. Nutrition: “ balanced” amount of essential nutrients
have great significant role in growth & development of
children.
● Both quantitative & qualitative supply of nutrition ( i.e
protein , fat , CHO , vitamins & minerals ) in the daily
diet are necessary for promotion of growth &
development.
● Adequate food intake helps the child in body building ,
energy production, & protection from infections.
● Well nourished child has positive physical & mental
growth, where as undernourished child usually suffers
from growth retardation & various health problems.

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17. Cont.……….
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18. Cont.………..
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5. child hood ill ness ( Deviations from positive
health):

❑ Chronic child hood diseases of heart ( congenital
heart diseases, RHD ) chest ( T.B, asthma ),
kidneys (Nephrotic syndrome), liver ( cirrhosis ),
malignancy, malabsorption syndrome , digestive
disorders, worm infestations , metabolic disorders
. Generally lead to growth impairment.

19. Cont.……..
●Acute ill ness like ARI, diarrhoea, repeated
attack of infections, result in malnutrition &
growth retardation.

● Congenital anomalies , accidental injury &
prolong hospitalization usually have adverse
effect on growth & development
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20. Cont.……
6. play & exercise :

• play & exercise by increase the circulation ,
promotes physiologic activity, & stimulate
muscular development. Physical, physiological,
social, moral. Intellectual & emotional
developments are enhanced by play exercise..

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21. Cont.……..
7. Physical environment:

● Housing, living conditions , safety measures,
environmental sanitation, sunshine, ventilation, &
fresh air, hygiene safe water supply etc, are
having direct influence on child's growth &
development.

● Drough, famine & disaster also influence the
childs growth.

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22. Conti………
8.Psychological environment:
❑ Healthy family, good parent child
relationship & healthy interaction with other
family members , neighbours, friends, peers
&teachers are important factors for promoting ,
emotional, social & intellectual development.

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23. Cont.……
❑ Lack of love & affection & security leads to
emotional disturbance which hinders emotional
maturity personality development.

❑ Broken family, sibling, jealousy& in appropriate
school environment have poor affect on
psychological development.

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24. Cont.………..
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2. Internal factors:
• a)Intelligence: Intelligence of the child influences
mental & social development. A child with higher
intelligence adjust with environment promptly & fulfil
own need & demands, where as child with low level of
intelligence fails to do that.

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