FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS AND ITS METABOLISM.ppt

LIPID METABOLISM

1. Chapter 6
Plant Biotechnology

2. Plant Structure

3. CO
2 + H
2O →C
6H
12O
6 + O
2
Plant Structure

4. Agriculture: The Next Revolution
Biggest industry in the world ($1.3 trillion of
products per year)
Plant transgenesis allows innovations that are
impossible to achieve with conventional
hybridization methods
•Resistant to herbicides
•Pest resistant
•Vaccines

5. Methods Used in Plant
Transgenesis
Unique advantages of plants:
•The long history of plant breeding provides plant
geneticists with a wealth of strains that can be
exploited at the molecular level
•Plants produce large numbers of progeny; so rare
mutations and recombinations can be found more
easily
•Plants have been regenerative capabilities, even
from one cell
•Species boundaries and sexual compatibility are
no longer an issue

6. Protoplast Fusion to create plant
hybrids
•Degrade cell wall with cellulase
•A cell lacking a cell wall is called a
protoplast
•The protoplasts from different
species of plants can be fused
together to create a hybrid
•The fused protoplasts grow in
nutrient agar for a few weeks
•The colonies are then transferred to
media to induce root and shoot
growth
Methods Used in Plant
Transgenesis

7. Methods Used in Plant
Transgenesis
Ti plasmid – found in Agrobacter, a type of soil bacteria
that infects plants
•Integrates into the DNA of the host cell, making it an ideal
vehicle for transferring recombinant DNA to plant cells

8. Leaf fragment Technique
•Small discs of leaf incubated with
genetically modified Agrobacter Ti
plasmid
•Treat with hormones to stimulate
shoot and root development
•Limitation: cannot infect
monocotyledonous plants only
dicotyledonous such as tomatoes,
potatoes, apples and soybeans
Methods Used in Plant
Transgenesis
Transgenic Plant Animation

9. Gene Guns
•Use on Agrobacter-resistant crops
•Blast tiny metal beads coated with
DNA into an embryonic plant cell
•Aim at the nucleus or a chloroplast
•Shoot in gene of interest and a gene
marker (reporter)
Methods Used in Plant
Transgenesis

10. Methods Used in Plant
Transgenesis
Chloroplast Engineering
•More genes can be inserted at one time
•Genes are more likely to be expressed
•DNA is separate from the nucleus

11. Antisense Technology
•Flavr Savr
TM
tomato introduced
in 1994
•Ripe tomatoes normally produce
the enzyme, polyglacturonase
(PG) which digests pectin
•Scientists isolated the PG gene,
produced a complementary
gene which produces a
complementary mRNA that
binds to the normal mRNA
inactivating the normal mRNA
for this enzyme
Methods Used in Plant
Transgenesis

12. RNA Interference (RNAi)
•Inhibits gene expression by
interfering with
transcription or translation
of RNA molecules
Methods Used in Plant
Transgenesis
RNAi video and animations

13. Practical Applications in the Field
Vaccines for Plants
•Contain dead or weakened
strains of plant viruses to
turn on the plant’s immune
system
•Transgenic plants express
viral proteins to confer
immunity

14. Practical Applications in the Field
Genetic Pesticides
•Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
produces a protein that
is toxic to plant pests
•Transgenic plants
contain the gene for the
Bt toxin and have a built-
in defense against these
plant pests

15. Practical Applications in the Field
Herbicide Resistance –resistant to glyphosate

16. Practical Applications in the Field
Safe Storage
•avidin-blocks the availability of biotin for insects
Stronger fibers
Enhanced Nutrition
•Golden rice that is genetically modified to produce
large amounts of beta carotene

17. The Future: From Pharmaceuticals to Fuel
•Plant-based petroleum for fuels, alternatives to
rubber, nicotine-free tobacco, etc
Practical Applications in the Field

18. Metabolic Engineering
•Manipulation of plant biochemistry to
produce nonprotein products or to alter
cellular properties
Practical Applications in the Field

19. Health and Environmental
Concerns
Human Health
•Allergens
Environment
•Super weeds