FE-COMP OF BUILDING -FOUND-LECT hytredgk

gfkgsvnpih r;sacfinl

1. COMPONENTS OF BUILDING COMPONENTS OF BUILDING

DEFINITION OF BUILDING:DEFINITION OF BUILDING: ((AS PER NBC-SP7-1970)AS PER NBC-SP7-1970)
ANY STRUCTURE FOR WHATSOEVER PURPOSE AND OF ANY STRUCTURE FOR WHATSOEVER PURPOSE AND OF
WHATSOEVER MATERIALS CONSTRUCTED AND EVERY PART WHATSOEVER MATERIALS CONSTRUCTED AND EVERY PART
THEREOF WHETHER USED AS HUMN HABITATION OR NOT THEREOF WHETHER USED AS HUMN HABITATION OR NOT
AND INCLUDES FOUNDATION, PLINTH, WALLS, FLOORS, AND INCLUDES FOUNDATION, PLINTH, WALLS, FLOORS,
ROOFS, CHIMNEYS, PLUMBING AND BUILDING SERVICES ROOFS, CHIMNEYS, PLUMBING AND BUILDING SERVICES
FIXED PLATFORMS, VERANDAH, BALCONY, CORNICE OR FIXED PLATFORMS, VERANDAH, BALCONY, CORNICE OR
PROJECTION, PART OF A BUILDING OR ANYTHING PROJECTION, PART OF A BUILDING OR ANYTHING
AFFIXED THERETO OR ANY WALL ENCLOSING OR AFFIXED THERETO OR ANY WALL ENCLOSING OR
INTENDED TO ENCLOSE ANY LAND OR SPACE AND SIGNS INTENDED TO ENCLOSE ANY LAND OR SPACE AND SIGNS
AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES. TENTS , SHAMIANAS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES. TENTS , SHAMIANAS
AND TARPAULIN SHELTERS ARE NOT CONSIDERED AS AND TARPAULIN SHELTERS ARE NOT CONSIDERED AS
BUILDINGBUILDING..

2. BASIC COMPONENTS OF BUILDINGBASIC COMPONENTS OF BUILDING

SUB – STRUCTURE:SUB – STRUCTURE:

The part of the structure which is The part of the structure which is
below the ground level. below the ground level.

For building structure the part of the For building structure the part of the
structure below the plinth level is call structure below the plinth level is call
sub-structure.sub-structure.

SUPER – STRUCTURE:SUPER – STRUCTURE:

The part of the structure which is The part of the structure which is
above the ground leve.above the ground leve.

3. COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF
SUB-STRUCTURE SUB-STRUCTURE

FOUNDATION (footing)FOUNDATION (footing)

PCCPCC

PLINTHPLINTH

DPC (DAMP PROOF COURSE)DPC (DAMP PROOF COURSE)

4. 
WALLSWALLS

PILLARS AND COLUMNSPILLARS AND COLUMNS

DOORSDOORS

WINDOWSWINDOWS

WINDOW SILLSWINDOW SILLS

LINTELS AND ARCHESLINTELS AND ARCHES

WEATHER SHADES, CHAJJAS AND WEATHER SHADES, CHAJJAS AND
SUNBREAKERSSUNBREAKERS
COMPONENTS OF SUPER-STRUCTURE COMPONENTS OF SUPER-STRUCTURE

5. 
FLOORSFLOORS

CEILINGCEILING

BEAMSBEAMS

SLABSSLABS

TRUSSTRUSS

PARAPET WALL AND COPINGPARAPET WALL AND COPING

STEPS, STAIRS AND LIFTSSTEPS, STAIRS AND LIFTS

FINISH FOR WALLSFINISH FOR WALLS
COMPONENTS OF SUPER-STRUCTURECOMPONENTS OF SUPER-STRUCTURE

6. FOUNDATION BED
PCC
FOOTING
STEPS
GR LVL
WINDOW
CHAJJA
LINTEL
DOOR
PARAPET WALL
COPING
ROOF SLAB
FLOORING
BED CONC
DPC
RUBBLE/
MURUMFI
LLING
S
U
P
E
R
S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
E
S
U
B
-
S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
E
SECTION THROUGH EXT WALL OF A BUILDING
PLINTH

7. LOAD BEARING STRUCTURELOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
S
U
B

S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
E
S
U
P
E
R
S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
E
SECTION
PITCHED ROOF (GI
/AC SHEETS
RF TRUSS

8. COMPONENTS OF RCC FRAMED STRUCTURECOMPONENTS OF RCC FRAMED STRUCTURE
COLUMN
PARAPET
BEAM
RCC FOOTING
SLAB
WALL
PLINTH BEAM

9. FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTSFUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
FOUNDATION: FOUNDATION: Lowermost portion of the Lowermost portion of the
building which is buried below ground.building which is buried below ground.
To transfer load of building uniformly to a To transfer load of building uniformly to a
larger area of subsoil to reduce the larger area of subsoil to reduce the
intensity of load .intensity of load .
To sustain load of the building without To sustain load of the building without
yieldingyielding
To provide a level surface for the concreting To provide a level surface for the concreting
and masonry work.and masonry work.
To provide stability and strength to the To provide stability and strength to the
building against various disturbing forces building against various disturbing forces
such as wind, rain and safety against such as wind, rain and safety against
sliding, overturning, and bending. sliding, overturning, and bending.

10. PLINTH: PLINTH: Portion of the substructure Portion of the substructure
between the level of the surrounding ground between the level of the surrounding ground
and the level of the ground floor.and the level of the ground floor.
To support the super structure and provide To support the super structure and provide
stability and strengthstability and strength
Transfer the load from the building the Transfer the load from the building the
foundation layer.foundation layer.
To retain the plinth fillingTo retain the plinth filling
To provide safety against rats, flood on roads To provide safety against rats, flood on roads
etc.etc.
To give aesthetic aspect to the elevation of To give aesthetic aspect to the elevation of
the building.the building.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTSFUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

11. 
DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC): DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC): It is the It is the
layer provided in between the sub-layer provided in between the sub-
structure and super-structure.structure and super-structure.

Prevents entry of moisture into the Prevents entry of moisture into the
foundation below and super-structure foundation below and super-structure
above and vice-versa.above and vice-versa.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTSFUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

12. WALLS:WALLS:
TYPES: (i) Load Bearing Walls TYPES: (i) Load Bearing Walls
(ii) Non –Load Bearing Walls(ii) Non –Load Bearing Walls

Functions:Functions:
To enclose or divide the space to make To enclose or divide the space to make
it functional and usefulit functional and useful
To transfer load of floors to To transfer load of floors to
foundationfoundation
To provide privacy, security and To provide privacy, security and
protection against weathering protection against weathering
conditions.conditions.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTSFUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

13. 
PILLARS AND COLUMNS:PILLARS AND COLUMNS:

To provide lateral stability to the wall. To provide lateral stability to the wall.

Provide support to the beams, slabs and Provide support to the beams, slabs and
transfer loads to the foundation.transfer loads to the foundation.

DOORS:DOORS:

Provide horizontal circulation or movement Provide horizontal circulation or movement
of the inmates from one room to another.of the inmates from one room to another.

WINDOWS:WINDOWS:

To provide light, ventilation, exterior view To provide light, ventilation, exterior view
etc.etc.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTSFUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

14. 
LINTEL AND ARCHES:LINTEL AND ARCHES:

To support the load of the wall above To support the load of the wall above
the opening since the frame of the door the opening since the frame of the door
or window is not strong to bear it.or window is not strong to bear it.

Arches supports the load by arch action.Arches supports the load by arch action.

WEATHER SHED/CHAJJA/SU-BREAKERS:WEATHER SHED/CHAJJA/SU-BREAKERS:

To provide protection against sun, rain, To provide protection against sun, rain,
frost etc.frost etc.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTSFUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

15. 
FLOORS:FLOORS:

Occupants live and keep their materials.Occupants live and keep their materials.

CEILING:CEILING:

Insulators against sound and vibrations of upper Insulators against sound and vibrations of upper
floorfloor

BEAMS: BEAMS: Structural horizontal members of a buildingStructural horizontal members of a building..

To Support floors and transfer their loads to the To Support floors and transfer their loads to the
columns.columns.

SLABS:SLABS:

It acts as a floors or roof for multistoried buildings.It acts as a floors or roof for multistoried buildings.

Distributes loads of floors uniformly and transfer it to Distributes loads of floors uniformly and transfer it to
the beams, columns the beams, columns

PARAPET WALL AND COPING:PARAPET WALL AND COPING:

To prevent falling of persons.To prevent falling of persons.

Coping is provided to throw off the rain water.Coping is provided to throw off the rain water.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTSFUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

16. SOIL AND ROCK TYPE AS SOIL AND ROCK TYPE AS
FOUNDATION STRATAFOUNDATION STRATA

SOIL:SOIL:

Soil is a natural aggregate of mineral Soil is a natural aggregate of mineral
grains with or without any organic grains with or without any organic
matter.matter.

The loads of the superstructures are The loads of the superstructures are
transferred to the subsoil.transferred to the subsoil.

Under load soil gets pressed and grains Under load soil gets pressed and grains
get dislodged.get dislodged.

Soil resists dislodging due to Soil resists dislodging due to
interlocking of grains.interlocking of grains.

17. SOIL AND ROCK TYPE AS FOUNDATION SOIL AND ROCK TYPE AS FOUNDATION
STRATASTRATA

18. TYPES OF SOILSTYPES OF SOILS
NON-COHESIVE SOILSNON-COHESIVE SOILS
GRAVEL GRAVEL : 4.75mm – 80mm: 4.75mm – 80mm
SANDY SOILSANDY SOIL : 0.06mm-4.75mm: 0.06mm-4.75mm
SILTSILT :0.002mm -0.06mm:0.002mm -0.06mm
COHESIVE SOILSCOHESIVE SOILS
CLAYEY SOILCLAYEY SOIL : <0.002mm: <0.002mm
BLACK COTTON SOILBLACK COTTON SOIL
PEAT PEAT
MADE UP GROUNDSMADE UP GROUNDS

19. SOIL AND ROCK AS FOUNDATION STRATASOIL AND ROCK AS FOUNDATION STRATA

CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY:CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY:

It is the capacity of the soil to sustain the It is the capacity of the soil to sustain the
total load of the structure without yielding total load of the structure without yielding
or showing any settlement. or showing any settlement.

TYPES OF BEARING CAPACITY:TYPES OF BEARING CAPACITY:

Ultimate Bearing CapacityUltimate Bearing Capacity

The ultimate load per unit area, which The ultimate load per unit area, which
would cause the soil to fail in shear.would cause the soil to fail in shear.

Safe Bearing Capacity:Safe Bearing Capacity:

The maximum load per unit area that The maximum load per unit area that
the soil can safely carry without the soil can safely carry without
displacement.displacement.

20. FACTOR OF SAFETYFACTOR OF SAFETY

SAFE BEARING CAPACIATY = S.B.C.SAFE BEARING CAPACIATY = S.B.C.
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITYULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY

S.B.C. = -------------------------------- S.B.C. = --------------------------------
FACTOR OF SAFETY (F.S.) FACTOR OF SAFETY (F.S.)
FACTOR OF SAFETY = 2 TO 3FACTOR OF SAFETY = 2 TO 3

21. DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITYDETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY

Collecting Information – local experience in Collecting Information – local experience in
construction of similar buildings:construction of similar buildings:
i)i)tests already carried out in adjoining areas to find tests already carried out in adjoining areas to find
out bearing capacity, andout bearing capacity, and
ii)ii) bearing capacity adopted in adjoining areas.bearing capacity adopted in adjoining areas.

Trial pits and use of code of practice: trial pits of size Trial pits and use of code of practice: trial pits of size
1.2mx1.2m and upto sufficient depth to underlying 1.2mx1.2m and upto sufficient depth to underlying
strata. Depending on strata met with, code strata. Depending on strata met with, code
recommends SBC to be adopted.recommends SBC to be adopted.

Soft rock – 450 KN/sqmSoft rock – 450 KN/sqm

Sand gravel – 250 KN/sqmSand gravel – 250 KN/sqm

Find sand, silt – 150 KN/sqmFind sand, silt – 150 KN/sqm

Soft clay, Black Cotton Soil:50KN/sqmSoft clay, Black Cotton Soil:50KN/sqm

Field Tests/in-situ tests/Plate-Bearing Test / Plate Load Field Tests/in-situ tests/Plate-Bearing Test / Plate Load
TestTest

22. 
For multi-storied buildings. Simplest type of test.For multi-storied buildings. Simplest type of test.

Method consists essentially in loading a rigid plate at Method consists essentially in loading a rigid plate at
the foundation level observing the settlement for each the foundation level observing the settlement for each
increment of load after intervals.increment of load after intervals.

Plotting the load-settlement curve and then Plotting the load-settlement curve and then
determining the UBC which is taken as the load at determining the UBC which is taken as the load at
which the plate starts sinking at a rapid rate. which the plate starts sinking at a rapid rate.

Method consists essentially in loading a rigid plate at Method consists essentially in loading a rigid plate at
the foundation level observing the settlement for each the foundation level observing the settlement for each
increment of load after intervals.increment of load after intervals.

Plotting the load-settlement curve and then Plotting the load-settlement curve and then
determining the UBC which is taken as the load at determining the UBC which is taken as the load at
which the plate starts sinking at a rapid rate. which the plate starts sinking at a rapid rate.
FIELD TEST: IN-SITU/PLATE BEARING TESTFIELD TEST: IN-SITU/PLATE BEARING TEST

23. Apparatus: Apparatus:
(1) Bearing plates- M.S. circular/square: (1) Bearing plates- M.S. circular/square:
300-750mm size, not less than 25mm thk. 300-750mm size, not less than 25mm thk.
(2) hydraulic jack, (2) hydraulic jack,
(3) loading platform. (3) loading platform.
(4) settlement recording device (4) settlement recording device
(5) proving ring.(5) proving ring.
Procedure: Procedure:
i) excavation of test pit-i) excavation of test pit-
ii) thin layer of sand or pop is spread.ii) thin layer of sand or pop is spread.
iii) loading. iii) loading.
FIELD TEST: IN-SITU/PLATE BEARING TESTFIELD TEST: IN-SITU/PLATE BEARING TEST

24. FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TESTFIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST
PLAN
Dp
Test Plate
Bp
5Bp
5Bp
steps
Bp
5Bp
D
FOUNDATION LVL

25. DETAILS OF EXCAVATED PIT FOR PLATE DETAILS OF EXCAVATED PIT FOR PLATE
LOAD TESTLOAD TEST
Bp / Bf = Dp / Df
PLAN
SECTION
POP LAYER
Dp
BEARING PLATE
Bp
5Bp
5Bp
steps
TEST PLATE

26. FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TESTFIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST
DIAL
MASONRY
PROVING
RING
HYDRAULIC
JACK
SAND BAGS
PLANKS
CROSS
JOINTS
MAIN GIRDER
TEST PLATE
FOUNDATION LVL

27. 
SENSITIVITY OF DIAL GAUGES : 0.02MMSENSITIVITY OF DIAL GAUGES : 0.02MM

OBSERVATION OF SETTLEMENTF FOR EACH OBSERVATION OF SETTLEMENTF FOR EACH
INCREAMENT OF LOADINCREAMENT OF LOAD

INTERVAL FOR MEASUREING SETTLEMENTS: INTERVAL FOR MEASUREING SETTLEMENTS:
1,4,10,20,40, 60 MIN AND THEREAFTER HOURLY 1,4,10,20,40, 60 MIN AND THEREAFTER HOURLY
INTERVALS.INTERVALS.

MAXIMUM LOAD: 1.5 TIMES ESTIMATED MAXIMUM LOAD: 1.5 TIMES ESTIMATED
ULTIMATE LOAD. ULTIMATE LOAD.
FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TESTFIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST

28. LOAD SETTLEMENT CURVESLOAD SETTLEMENT CURVES
LOAD INTENSITY
S
E
T
T
L
E
M
E
N
T
INTERMEDIATE
SOILS
NONCOHESIVE SOILS
COHESIVE
SOILS

29. The test is carried out on a small area and the The test is carried out on a small area and the
results are used for larger area.results are used for larger area.
Bearing capacity in respect of clayey strata, Bearing capacity in respect of clayey strata,
remains unaffected, whether the test is carried remains unaffected, whether the test is carried
on small or large area. However, in case of on small or large area. However, in case of
cohesion less soils, bearing capacity increases cohesion less soils, bearing capacity increases
with size of footing. with size of footing.
Thus with this test, soil upto a depth twice the Thus with this test, soil upto a depth twice the
width of steel plate is tested. But in practice Bf width of steel plate is tested. But in practice Bf
the width of footing is far more than Bp. Hence, the width of footing is far more than Bp. Hence,
if loose weak soil pockets are present within a if loose weak soil pockets are present within a
depth of 2Bp then results obtained from the depth of 2Bp then results obtained from the
plate bearing test will not hold good. plate bearing test will not hold good.

LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TESTLIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST

30. LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TESTLIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST

HARD STRATA
SOFT STRATA
ACTUAL FOUNDATION
LOAD TEST
L
I
M
I
T

O
F

P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E

1
.
5
W
1
.
5

W
P
LOOSE POCKETS

31. 
With rise in water table, bearing capacity With rise in water table, bearing capacity
reduces. This aspect needs consideration reduces. This aspect needs consideration
while finalizing B.C., especially of non-while finalizing B.C., especially of non-
cohesive soils.cohesive soils.

It is difficult to carry out tests at greater It is difficult to carry out tests at greater
depths. depths.

The results of test carried on small square The results of test carried on small square
plate cannot be used for continuous footing.plate cannot be used for continuous footing.

Settlements in respect of cohesive soils take Settlements in respect of cohesive soils take
lot of time, as such, ultimate settlement of lot of time, as such, ultimate settlement of
cohesive soils cannot be determined in short cohesive soils cannot be determined in short
period.period.

LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TESTLIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST

32. FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING
CAPACITY OF SOILCAPACITY OF SOIL

TYPE & NATURE OF SOIL (COARSE/FINE GRAINED)TYPE & NATURE OF SOIL (COARSE/FINE GRAINED)

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:

DRAINAGE, SEEPAGE, ACCUMULATIO OF WATERDRAINAGE, SEEPAGE, ACCUMULATIO OF WATER

EXTENT OF SOIL COMPACTIONEXTENT OF SOIL COMPACTION

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: DENSITY, STRENGTH ETCPHYSICAL PROPERTIES: DENSITY, STRENGTH ETC

MOISTURE CONTENTMOISTURE CONTENT

DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTDIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONSTYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

DEPTH OF FOUNDATIONDEPTH OF FOUNDATION

PROXIMITY OF GROUND WATER TABLEPROXIMITY OF GROUND WATER TABLE

33. METHODS OF IMPROVING B.C. METHODS OF IMPROVING B.C.
OF SOILOF SOIL

INCREASING DEPTH OF FOUNDATIONINCREASING DEPTH OF FOUNDATION

DRAINING NON-COHESIVE SOILSDRAINING NON-COHESIVE SOILS

REDUCING VOIDS BY COMPACTIONREDUCING VOIDS BY COMPACTION

DRIVING SAND PILESDRIVING SAND PILES

GROUTING BY CEMENT OR CHEMICALSGROUTING BY CEMENT OR CHEMICALS

34. FAILURE OF FOUNDATIONFAILURE OF FOUNDATION

SETTLEMENT OF SUB-SOIL AND MASONRY.SETTLEMENT OF SUB-SOIL AND MASONRY.

LATERAL M OVEMENT OF SOIL ADJOINING THE LATERAL M OVEMENT OF SOIL ADJOINING THE
STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING OF SOIL DUE TO SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING OF SOIL DUE TO
WEATHER CHANGESWEATHER CHANGES

LATERAL PRESSURE CAUSING OVERTURNING OF LATERAL PRESSURE CAUSING OVERTURNING OF
STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

CRACKS IN FOUNDATION MASONRY DUE TO CRACKS IN FOUNDATION MASONRY DUE TO
GROWTH OF TREES NEAR FOUNDATIONGROWTH OF TREES NEAR FOUNDATION

35. SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONSETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION

THE VERTICAL DOWNWARD MOVE-MENT OF THE VERTICAL DOWNWARD MOVE-MENT OF
THE BASE OF THE BUILDING IS CALLED THE BASE OF THE BUILDING IS CALLED
SETTLEMENTSETTLEMENT

CAUSESES OF SETTLEMENTCAUSESES OF SETTLEMENT

STATIC LOADSTATIC LOAD

DYNAMIC LOADDYNAMIC LOAD

LOWERING OF WATER TABLELOWERING OF WATER TABLE

EXCAVATION NEAR CONSTRUCTIONEXCAVATION NEAR CONSTRUCTION

OTHERS – OTHERS –

SUBSOIL ERROSION, VIBRATIONS DUE TO SUBSOIL ERROSION, VIBRATIONS DUE TO
BLASTING, FLOODS.BLASTING, FLOODS.

36. TYPES OF SETTLEMENTTYPES OF SETTLEMENT
UNIFORM SETTLEMENTSUNIFORM SETTLEMENTS
CAUSES:CAUSES:
SOIL WITH UNIFORM PROPERTIESSOIL WITH UNIFORM PROPERTIES
INTENSITY OF LOADING IS UNIFORMINTENSITY OF LOADING IS UNIFORM
NO SERIOUS DAMAGENO SERIOUS DAMAGE
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTDIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
NON-UNIFORM, UN-EQUAL, UNEVEN SETTLEMENT NON-UNIFORM, UN-EQUAL, UNEVEN SETTLEMENT
OF SOME PART OF THE BASE OF THE STRUCTURE.OF SOME PART OF THE BASE OF THE STRUCTURE.
MORE DANGEROUSMORE DANGEROUS
CAUSES:CAUSES:
NON-UNIFORM SOIL STRATANON-UNIFORM SOIL STRATA
NON-UNIFORM LOADINGNON-UNIFORM LOADING
OVERLOADING OF SOILSOVERLOADING OF SOILS
UNEQUAL EXAPANSION OF SOILSUNEQUAL EXAPANSION OF SOILS

37. UNIFORM SETTLEMENTUNIFORM SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

38. DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEEMENT

39. TYPES OF FOUNDATIONTYPES OF FOUNDATION

TERZAGHI – FATHER OF SOIL OF MECHTERZAGHI – FATHER OF SOIL OF MECH

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONSSHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

DEPTH DEPTH ≤ ≤ WIDTH WIDTH

OPEN FOUNDATIONSOPEN FOUNDATIONS

FOOTING IS USED IN RELATION TO SHALLOW FOOTING IS USED IN RELATION TO SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONSFOUNDATIONS

FOOTING IS A FOUNDATIO UNIT CONSTRUCTED IN FOOTING IS A FOUNDATIO UNIT CONSTRUCTED IN
BRICKWORK MASONRY OR CONCRETE UNDER THE BASE BRICKWORK MASONRY OR CONCRETE UNDER THE BASE
OF A WALL OR COLUMN FOR THE PURPOSE OF OF A WALL OR COLUMN FOR THE PURPOSE OF
DISTRIBUTING THE LOAD OVER A LARGER AREA.DISTRIBUTING THE LOAD OVER A LARGER AREA.

DEEP FOUNDATIONSDEEP FOUNDATIONS

DEPTH IS VERY LARGE IN COMPARISON TO ITS DEPTH IS VERY LARGE IN COMPARISON TO ITS
WIDTH (i. e. D > W)WIDTH (i. e. D > W)

40. TYPES OF SHALLOW TYPES OF SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONSFOUNDATIONS

SPREAD FOOTINGSPREAD FOOTING

STRIP FOOTINGSTRIP FOOTING

SIMPLE STRIP FOOTINGSIMPLE STRIP FOOTING

STEPPED FOOTINGSTEPPED FOOTING

PAD FOOTING (ISOLATED FOOTING)PAD FOOTING (ISOLATED FOOTING)

SIMPLE PAD FOOTING SIMPLE PAD FOOTING

STEPPED PAD FOOTINGSTEPPED PAD FOOTING

ISOLATED FOOTING FOR RCC COLUMNSISOLATED FOOTING FOR RCC COLUMNS

GRILLAGE FOUNDATION (SP. TYPE OF ISOLATED C.F.)GRILLAGE FOUNDATION (SP. TYPE OF ISOLATED C.F.)

COMBINED FOOTINGCOMBINED FOOTING

COMBINED RECTANGULAR FOOTINGCOMBINED RECTANGULAR FOOTING

COMBINED TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTINGCOMBINED TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING

CONTINUOUS FOOTINGCONTINUOUS FOOTING

41. TYPES OF SHALLOW FOOTINGSTYPES OF SHALLOW FOOTINGS

42. 
STRAP FOOTING OR CANTILEVER FOOTINGSTRAP FOOTING OR CANTILEVER FOOTING

MAT OR RAFT FOOTINGMAT OR RAFT FOOTING

COMMON TYPES-COMMON TYPES-

FLAT PLATE TYPEFLAT PLATE TYPE

FLAT PLATE THICKENED UNDER COLUMNFLAT PLATE THICKENED UNDER COLUMN

FLAT PLATE WITH PEDASTALSFLAT PLATE WITH PEDASTALS

TWO WAY BEAM AND SLABTWO WAY BEAM AND SLAB

CELLULAR CONSTRUCTIONCELLULAR CONSTRUCTION

BASEMENT WALLS AS RIGID FRAMEBASEMENT WALLS AS RIGID FRAME
TYPES OF SHALLOW TYPES OF SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONSFOUNDATIONS