FECAL –ORAL TRANSMITTED DISEASES.pdf cdc

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1. Fecal –oral transmitted diseases
Chapter -4
By
Mr. Osman Hassan Ali (B.sc, MPH & HDCH)

2. Ascariasis
Definition
Ahelminthicinfectionofthesmallintestinegenerallyassociatedwithfeworno
symptoms.
Infectiousagent
Ascarislumbricoides.
Epidemiology
Occurrence-Themostcommonparasiteofhumanswheresanitationispoor.School
children(5-10yearsofage)aremostaffected.Highlyprevalentinmoisttropical
countriesincludingSomalia
Reservoir-Humans;ascarideggsinsoil.

3. Modeoftransmission-Ingestionofinfectiveeggsfromsoilcontaminatedwith
humanfecesoruncookedproducecontaminatedwithsoilcontaininginfective
eggsbutnotdirectlyfrompersontopersonorfromfreshfeces.
Incubationperiod-4-8weeks.
Periodofcommunicability-Aslongasmaturefertilizedfemalewormslivein
theintestine.Usuallifespanoftheadultwormis12months.
Susceptibilityandresistance-Susceptibilityisgeneral.

4. Transmission and life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides.
↓Infective eggs ingested in food or from contaminated hands
↓Larvae hatch. Migrate through liver and lungs.
↓Pass up trachea and are swallowed
↓Become mature worms in small intestine
↓Eggs produced and passed in feces.
↓Eggs become infective in soil in 30-40 days.
↓Infective eggs contaminate the environment.

6. Clinical Manifestation
Most infections go unnoticed until large worm is passed in feces and occasionally
the mouth and nose.
Migrant larvae may cause itching, wheezing, dyspneaand fever, cough productive
of bloody sputum may occur.
Abdominal pain may arise from intestinal or duct (biliary, pancreatic) obstruction.
Serious complications include bowel obstruction due to knotted/intertwined worms.
Diagnosis
Microscopic identification of eggs in a stool sample
Adult worms passed from anus, mouth or nose.

7. Treatment
1.Albendazoleor
2.Mebendazoleor
3.Piperazineor
4.Levamisole
Preventionandcontrol
1.Treatmentofcases
2.Sanitarydisposaloffeces
3.Preventsoilcontaminationinareaswherechildrenplay
4.Promotegoodpersonalhygiene(handwashing).

8. Trichuriasis
Definition
A nematode infection of the large intestine, usually asymptomatic in nature.
Infectious agent
Trichuris trichuria (whip worm)
Epidemiology
Worldwide, especially in warm moist regions. Common in children 3-11 years of age.
Reservoir-Humans

9. Modeoftransmission-Indirect,particularlythroughpicaoringestionof
contaminatedvegetables.Notimmediatelytransmissiblefrompersontoperson.
Incubationperiod-Indefinite
Periodofcommunicability-Severalyearsinuntreatedcarriers.
Susceptibilityandresistance-Susceptibilityisuniversal.

10. TransmissionandlifecycleofTrichuristrichuria.
↓Infectiveeggsingestedinfoodorfromcontaminatedhands
↓Larvaehatch.Developinsmallintestine.Migratetocaecum.
↓Becomematureworms.
↓Eggsproducedandpassedinfeces.
↓Eggsbecomeinfectiveinsoilafter3weeks.
↓Infectiveeggscontaminatetheenvironment

12. Diagnosis
Demonstration of eggs in feces.
Treatment
1. Albendazole or
2. Mebendazole
Prevention and control
1. Sanitary disposal of feces
2. Maintaining good personal hygiene (i.e. washing hands and vegetables and other soil
contaminated foods)
3. Cutting nails especially in children
4. Treatment of cases.

13. Entrobiasis (Oxyuriasis, pinworm infection)
Definition
Acommonintestinalhelminthicinfectionthatisoftenasymptomatic.
Infectiousagent
Entrobiusvermicularis
Epidemiology
Occurrence-Worldwide,affectingallsocio-economicclasseswithhighratesinsome
areas.Prevalenceishighestinschool-agedchildren,followedbypreschoolsandis
lowestinadultsexceptformothersofinfectedchildren.Prevalenceisoftenhighin
domiciliaryinstitutions.Infectionusuallyoccursin
morethanonefamilymember.

14. Reservoir-Human
Modeoftransmission-Directtransferofinfectiveeggsbyhandfromanustomouthof
thesameoranotherpersonorindirectlythroughclothing,bedding,foodorotherarticles
contaminatedwitheggsoftheparasite.
Incubationperiod-2-6weeks
Periodofcommunicability-Aslongasgravidfemalesaredischargingeggsonperianal
skin.Eggsremaininfectiveinanindoorenvironmentforabout2weeks.
Susceptibilityandresistance-Susceptibilityisuniversal.

15. Transmission and life cycle of Entrobius vermicularis.
↓AdultwormsinCaecum
↓Gravidfemalesmigratethroughtheanustotheperianalskinanddepositeggs
(usuallyduringthenight)
↓Eggsbecomeinfectiveinafewhoursinperianalarea
↓IngestionofeggsbyMan
↓Larvaehatchinduodenum
↓MigratedownTocaecum

17. Clinical
manifestation
•Perianal itching, disturbed sleep, irritability and some times secondary
infection of the scratched skin.
Diagnosis
•Stool microscopy for eggs or female worms.
Treatment
•Mebendazole

18. Prevention and
control
Educate the public
about hygiene (i.e.
hand washing
Treatment of
cases
Reduce
overcrowding in
living spaces.
Provide
adequate
toilets.

19. Strongyloidiasis
Definition
An often asymptomatic helminthic infection of the duodenum and upper jejunum.
Infectious agent: Strongyloides stercolaris
Epidemiology: Occurrence-In tropical and temperate areas. More common in
warm and wet regions.
Reservoir-Human
Mode of Transmission: Infective (filariform) larvae penetrate the skin and enter
the venous circulation.

20. Incubationperiod:2-4weeks(fromskinpenetrationuptowhenrhabditiform
larvaeappearinthefeces).
Periodofcommunicability:Aslongaslivingwormsremainintheintestine;upto35
yearsincasesofauto-infection.
Susceptibilityandresistance:Susceptibilityisuniversal.PatientswithAIDSoron
immuno-suppressivemedicationareatriskofdissemination.

22. Transmission and life cycle of Strongyloidesstercoralis
↓Infectivefilariformlarvaepenetrateskin,e.g.feet.autoinfectionalsooccurs.
↓Larvaemigrate,passuptracheaandareswallowed.
↓Becomematurewormsinsmallintestine
↓Eggslaid.Hatchrhabditiformlarvaeinintestine.
↓Rhabditiformlarvae:passedinfeces,orbecomefilariformlarvaeinintestine,
causingautoinfection.
↓Insoillarvaebecomefreelivingwormsproducemorerhabditiformlarvaeand
Free-livingcyclecanberepeatedseveraltimes
↓7.Becomeinfectivefilariformlarvaeinthesoil

23. Clinical Manifestation
Pneumonia occurs during heavy larval migration.
Mild peptic ulcer like epigastric discomfort to severe watery diarrhea.
Heavy infection may result in malabsorption syndrome.
Diagnosis: Identification of larvae in stool specimen.
Treatment: Albendazole Thiabendazole
Prevention and control
1. Proper disposal of human excreta (feces)
2. Personal hygiene including use of footwear.
3. Case treatment.

24. Hookwormdisease(Ancylostomiasis,Necatoriasis)
Definition
Acommonchronicparasiticinfectionwithavarietyofsymptomsusuallyinproportion
ofthedegreeofanemia
Infectiousagent
1.Ancylostomaduodenale
2.Necatoramericanus
Epidemiology
Occurrence-Widelyendemicintropicalandsubtropicalcountrieswheresanitary
disposalofhumanfecesisnotpracticedandthesoilmoistureandtemperature
conditionsfavourdevelopmentofinfectivelarvae.

25. Reservoir-Humans
Modeoftransmission-Throughskinpenetrationbytheinfectivelarvae.
Incubationperiod-Symptomsmaydevelopafterafewweekstomanymonths
dependingonintensityofinfectionandironintakeofthehost.
Periodofcommunicability-Infectedpeoplecancontaminatethesoilforseveral
yearsintheabsenceoftreatment.
Susceptibilityandresistance-Susceptibilityisuniversal.Noevidencethatimmunity
developswithinfection.

27. Transmission and life cycle of Hookworms: Ancylostoma duodenale and Nectar
americanus.
↓Infective filariform larvae penetrate the skin, e.g. feet. Ancylostoma duodenale
also transmitted by ingestion of larvae.
↓Eggs develop; Rhabditiform larvae hatch. Feed in soil.
↓Develop into infective filariform larvae in about 1 week.
↓Filariform larvae contaminate soil.
↓Larvae migrate. Pass up trachea and are swallowed.
↓Become mature worms in small intestine (attach to wall and suck blood).
↓Eggs produced and passed in feces.

28. Clinical Manifestation
The clinical manifestation is related to:
1.Larval migration of the skin
•Produces transient, localized maculopapular rash associated with itching called
ground itch.
2.Migration of larva to the lungs.
•Produces cough, wheezing and transient pneumonitis.
3.Blood sucking
•Light infection-no symptoms
•Heavy infection-result in symptoms of peptic ulcer disease like epigastric pain and
tenderness. Further loss of blood leads to anaemia manifested by exertional
dyspenea, weakness and light-headedness.

29. Diagnosis
Demonstration of eggs in stool specimen.
Treatment
1. Mebendazoleor
2. Albendazoleor
3. Levamisole
Prevention and control
1. Sanitary disposal of feces
2. Wearing of shoes
3. Case treatment.

30. Direct Contact with Feces
These are diseases transmitted mainly through direct contact with feces of the infected
person.
Poliomyelitis
Definition
A viral infection most often recognized by the acute onset of
flaccid paralysis.
Infectious agent
Polio viruses (type I, II and III)

31. Epidemiology:Occurrence –Worldwide prior to the advent of immunization. Cases
of polio occur both sporadically and in epidemics. Primarily a disease of infants and
young children. 70-80% of cases are less than three years of age. More than 90% of
infections are unapparent. Flaccid paralysis occurs in less than 1% of infections.
Reservoir –humans, especially children
Mode of transmission-Primarily person-to-person, spread principally through the
fecal-oral route. In rare instances, milk, food stuffs and other materials contaminated
with feces have been incriminated as vehicles.

32. Incubation period-commonly 7-14 days
Period of communicability –not precisely known, but transmission is possible as
long as the virus is excreted.
Susceptibility and resistance-Susceptibility is common in children but paralysis
rarely occurs. Infection confers permanent immunity.

33. Clinicalmanifestation
Usuallyasymptomaticornon-specificfeverismanifestedin90%ofcases.
Ifitprogressestomajorillness,severemusclepain,stiffneckandbackwithor
withoutflaccidparalysismayoccur.
Paralysisisasymptomaticandoccurswithinthreetofourdaysofillness.
Thelegsaremoreaffectedthanotherpartofthebody.
Paralysisofrespiratoryandswallowingmusclesislife-threatening.

34. Diagnosis
Based on clinical and epidemiological grounds
Treatment
Symptomatic
Prevention and control
1. Educate public about the advantage of immunization in early childhood.
2. Trivalent live attenuated vaccine (OPV) at birth.
3. Safe disposal of human excreta (feces).