Feeding optmization final.ppt optimizing performance in cattle

Management strategies to increase reproductive performance

1. NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES FOR
ENHANCING REPRODUCTIVE
EFFICIENCY IN FARM ANIMALS

2. INTRODUCTION
PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES OF THE DAIRY
ANIMALS ARE MUCH LOWER THAN THE DESIRED OPTIMAL LEVEL
THIS MAY BE DUE TO POOR QUALITY OF GERMPLASM, POOR NUTRITION
AND MANAGEMENT AND SOME OTHER FACTORS
REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY MEASURED IN TERMS OF EARLY ATTAINMENT
OF SEXUAL MATURITY AND NO OF CALVES DURING HER ENTIRE LIFE
SPAN
UNDER IDEAL CONDITIONS HEIFERS SHOULD REACH SEXUAL MATURITY
AT AN EARLY AGE OF 2.5- 3.0 YEARS
FIRST CALF SHOULD BE PRODUCED EARLY AND SUBSEQUENTLY AT EVERY
12 TO 14 M INTERVAL (IBTESHAM ET AL., 2018)

3. DURING EARLY LACTATION, THE DEMAND FOR NUTRIENTS TO SUPPORT
MAINTENANCE AND MILK PRODUCTION IS GIVEN THE HIGHEST
PRIORITY, THUS, REPRODUCTION TAKES A “BACK SEAT” UNTIL THESE
DEMANDS FOR NUTRIENTS ARE MET
THE KEY TO GETTING COWS TO MILK TO THEIR GENETIC POTENTIAL
AND TO GETTING THEM BRED BACK IS TO PROVIDE THEM WITH A WELL
BALANCED DIET COMPOSED OF QUALITY FORAGES, SUPPLEMENT, AND
A MINERAL AND VITAMIN MIX

IN RURAL AREAS MOST OF ANIMALS ARE REARED ON CEREAL STRAWS
SUPPLEMENTED WITH UNBALANCED SUPPLEMENTS, SOME TIME GREEN
FODDER AND OCCASIONALLY BALANCED CONCENTRATE ARE FEED.

4. FEEDING DAIRY COW DURING
LACTATION
•EARLY LACTATION (14-100 DAYS)
•MID LACTATION (100 TO 200 DAYS)
•LATE LACTATION (200-305 DAYS)

USUALLY THE LACTATION PERIOD IS ACCOUNTED AS 300 DAYS. PEAK
MILK PRODUCTION IS EXPECTED UP TO 150 DAYS, THEREAFTER THE YIELD
DECREASES AT THE RATE OF 10% IN EACH SUBSEQUENT MONTHS OF
LACTATION

6. EARLY LACTATION
AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS PHASE, COWS WILL ACHIEVE PEAK MILK
PRODUCTION (IIND MONTH), FEED INTAKE IS LAGGING AND COWS ARE
USUALLY LOSING WEIGHT.
AT THE END OF THIS PHASE, PEAK DM WILL BE ACHIEVED AND NO WEIGHT
LOSSES OCCURRING.
TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM PRODUCTION, DAIRY RATIONS SHOULD BE BALANCED
FOR EFFECTIVE FIBER, NON-STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES, RUMINAL
UNDEGRADED PROTEIN, SOLUBLE PROTEIN.
DAIRY RATIONS ARE USUALLY FORMULATED TO MAXIMIZE MICROBIAL YIELD AND
FOR REQUIREMENTS FOR RUMINAL UNDEGRADED AMINO ACIDS.

7. ROLE OF VARIOUS NUTRIENTS ON
MILK PRODUCTION AND
REPRODUCTION

8. •Energy is the most common nutrient limiting reproduction
•Milk production usually peaks approx. 6 weeks into lactation,
whereas feed intake peaks four weeks later at ten weeks after
calving.
•During this period, cow is in a negative energy balance and rely on
their body stores of fat to meet their energy needs
•Cows gaining BW during early lactation have a higher conception
rate and need less service per conception
1. ENERGY

9. •COWS LOSE BW DURING EARLY LACTATION HAVE LONGER INTERVALS TO
FIRST OVULATION AND FIRST ESTRUS, LOWER FIRST SERVICE CONCEPTION
RATES
•COWS MAY START CYCLING WHEN THEY ARE STILL IN NEGATIVE ENERGY
BALANCE BUT ARE STARTING TO RETURN TO A POSITIVE VALUE
•WHEN COWS EXPERIENCE NEGATIVE BALANCE, THE BLOOD LEVELS OF NON
ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS (NEFA) INCREASE, AT THE SAME TIME THAT INSULIN-
LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I (IGF-I), GLUCOSE AND INSULIN ARE LOW
•OVERFEEDING HEIFERS BEFORE PUBERTY CAN CAUSE HEIFERS TO STORE
EXCESSIVE FAT TISSUE IN THE DEVELOPING UDDER AND DECREASE THE
AMOUNT OF MILK-PRODUCING TISSUE

10. EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE ENERGY
BALANCE ON REPRODUCTION
(Ntallaris et al., 2017)

11. -40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Control MM PMM
D
if
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Demand and supply difference of CP and ME to lactating
buffaloes
% CP % ME

12. Effect of supplementation on calving to
conception interval in lactating buffaloes

13. 2. PROTEIN
PROTEIN DEFICIENCIES INCREASES INCIDENCE OF SILENT HEATS AND LOWER
CONCEPTION RATES AND DECREASING FEED INTAKE AND MILK PRODUCTION
COWS DEFICIENT IN PROTEIN INCREASE MILK PRODUCTION WITHIN A COUPLE
OF DAYS WHEN ADDITIONAL PROTEIN IS ADDED TO THE DIET
EXCESSES OF PROTEIN (CP 17-20%) HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN LOWERING
CONCEPTION RATES WITH INCREASES NUMBER OF SERVICES PER CONCEPTION
AND DAYS OPEN
WHEN AN EXCESS OF DEGRADABLE PROTEIN AND/OR A DEFICIENCY OF
ENERGY IS FED, NH
3 NOT INCORPORATED INTO MICROBIAL PROTEIN IS
ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD STREAM
EXCESS NH
3 AND UREA IN THE BLOOD STREAM MAY DECREASE FERTILITY AT THE
SAME TIME ENERGY IS DIVERTED AWAY FROM MILK PRODUCTION AND/OR
REPRODUCTION (RODNEY ET AL., 2018).
BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN) >20 MG/100 ML MAY DECREASE CHANCES OF
PREGNANCY

14. EFFECT ON THE REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE
Animal Nutrition Research
IVRI
0
10
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P
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Selected
animals
Confirmed
pregnant
animals
Pregnant at first
insemination
Pregnant at
subsequent
insemination
No of non-
responsive
animals
Effect of protein supplementation on reproductive performance of
buffaloes
LP BP

15. 1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
LP BP
Insemination per conception

16. MACRO MINERALS
CALCIUM
•LOW CALCIUM LEVEL HAS BEEN REPORTED IN ANOESTRUS
HEIFERS
•REDUCED BLOOD CA MAY DELAY UTERINE INVOLUTION AND
INCREASES INCIDENCE OF DYSTOCIA, RETAINED PLACENTA AND
PROLAPSED UTERUS
•COWS DIAGNOSED WITH CLINICAL HYPOCALCAEMIA WERE
3.2 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE RETAINED (MORDAK ET AL.,
2017)
•RETAINED PLACENTA AND METRITIS CAN HAVE DEVASTATING
EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY IN LACTATING DAIRY
COWS, WITH REDUCED CONCEPTION RATES AND EXTENDED
INTERVALS TO PREGNANCY (GOSHEN AND SHPIEGEL, 2006)

17. PHOSPHORUS
•PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCIES DECREASE FERTILITY, FEED INTAKE, AND
MILK PRODUCTION (KUMAR, 2003)
•MOST OF THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS ON REPRODUCTION IS
SECONDARY TO ENZYME DEFICIENCY AS P PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE
IN ENERGY METABOLISM
•HOWEVER, EVEN A MARGINAL DEFICIENCY OF P HAS A DIRECT
ADVERSE EFFECT ON PITUITARY OVARIAN AXIS CAUSING FAILURE OF
ONSET OF ESTRUS

18. TRACE MINERALS
SELENIUM
•RETAINED PLACENTAS ARE THE MOST COMMON REPRODUCTIVE
PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH SE DEFICIENCY
• EARLY EMBRYONIC DEATHS, INCREASED METRITIS (AN INFECTION OF
THE UTERUS), POOR FERTILITY, AND THE BIRTH OF DEAD OR WEAK
CALVES ALSO ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LOW LEVELS OF SE

COPPER
•DEFICIENCY OF CU IS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY EMBRYONIC DEATH,
REDUCED OVARIAN ACTIVITY, DELAYED OR REDUCED ESTRUS
ACTIVITY, DECREASED CONCEPTION RATE, INCREASED INCIDENCE OF
RETAINED PLACENTA, AND INCREASED DIFFICULTY IN CALVING
 

19. ZINC
•ZN DEFICIENCY REDUCES SPERMATOGENESIS IN BULL, DELAYS
SEXUAL MATURITY, AND CAN CAUSE FETAL ABNORMALITIES
IODINE
•IODINE HAS AN INDIRECT EFFECT ON REPRODUCTION THROUGH ITS
ACTION ON THE THYROID GLAND
•IODINE DEFICIENCIES MAY INDIRECTLY CAUSE EARLY EMBRYONIC
DEATH, ABORTION, STILLBIRTHS, PROLONGED GESTATION, AND AN
INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE OF RETAINED PLACENTA

20. MANGANESE
•MN DEFICIENCY IS RARE IN RUMINANTS
•COWS DEFICIENT IN MN ARE LIKELY TO HAVE POOR DEVELOPMENT
OF THE FOLLICLES, DELAYED OVULATION, MORE SILENT HEATS, AND
LOWER CONCEPTION RATES. THESE COWS ALSO TEND TO ABORT
AND GIVE BIRTH TO WEAK CALVES
COBALT
• CO DEFICIENCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED INCIDENCE
OF SILENT HEATS, DELAYED ONSET OF PUBERTY, NONFUNCTIONAL
OVARIES, AND ABORTION

21. VITAMINS
VITAMIN A
•VITAMIN A IS THE MOST COMMONLY DEFICIENT VITAMIN IN DAIRY
ANIMALS AND REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH VITA A
INCLUDE DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, ABORTION, BIRTH OF DEAD OR
WEAK CALVES, RETAINED PLACENTA, METRITIS, AND SHORTENED
GESTATION PERIODS
•SUPPLEMENTATION WITH VITAMIN A SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN
FEEDING POOR QUALITY FORAGES OR LOW AMOUNTS OF GREEN
FORAGE
VITAMIN E
•FUNCTION OF VITAMIN E ON REPRODUCTION IS NOT CLEARLY DEFINED.
SE AND VITAMIN E ARE CLOSELY RELATED, BUT EACH IS BELIEVED TO
FUNCTION SEPARATELY

22. MID-LACTATION
•BY THE BEGINNING OF THIS PHASE, COWS WILL HAVE ACHIEVED
PEAK PRODUCTION (8-10 WKS. AFTER CALVING)
•COWS SHOULD CONSUME MAXIMUM DMI, WITH NO MORE WEIGHT
LOSSES
•COWS SHOULD BE FED A RATION THAT WILL MAINTAIN PEAK
PRODUCTION (3% DMI) AS LONG AS POSSIBLE
•FOR EVERY 2 KG OF MILK PRODUCTION, LARGE-BREED COWS
SHOULD EAT AT LEAST ONE KG OF DM
•KEY STRATEGY DURING MID LACTATION IS TO MAXIMIZE DMI, DURING
THIS PERIOD THE COW SHOULD BE FED HIGH QUALITY FORAGE WITH
EFFECTIVE FIBER LEVELS
•CONCENTRATES SHOULD NOT EXCEED 2.3% OF BW, RATIONS
SHOULD CONTAIN 15-17% CP

23. LATE LACTATION
•THIS PHASE MAY BEGIN 200 DAYS AFTER CALVING AND END WHEN
THE COW DRIES OFF
•DURING THIS PERIOD, MILK YIELD CONTINUES TO DECLINE AND DMI
EASILY MATCHES MILK YIELD
•COWS ALSO GAIN WEIGHT DURING THIS PERIOD TO REPLENISH
THE ADIPOSE TISSUE LOST DURING EARLY LACTATION
•AS LACTATION APPROACHES AN END, INCREASE IN BODY WEIGHT
IS DUE TO THE INCREASED SIZE OF THE GROWING FETUS
•SOURCES OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY ARE NOT VERY CRITICAL
DURING THIS PERIOD AND CHEAP RATIONS CAN BE FORMULATED
WITH NPN AND READILY SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES

24. FEEDING OF LACTATING ANIMALS FOR OPTIMUM
PRODUCTION
•A COMBINATION OF LEGUMINOUS AND NON-LEGUMINOUS
FODDERS IS CONSIDERED BEST TO MEET THE MAINTENANCE
AND PRODUCTION REQUIREMENT OF COW WEIGHING 400
KG AND YIELDING UP TO 8.0 LITERS OF MILK, WITH ONLY 1.0
KG CONCENTRATE MIXTURE
•WHEN WHEAT STRAW IS FED TO COWS OF THE SAME
CATEGORIES, THE REQUIREMENT OF CONCENTRATES WOULD
STILL BE GREATER (1.0 KG CONCENTRATE FOR EVERY 2.0 LITERS
MILK PRODUCTION + 1.0 KG FOR MAINTENANCE)
•IF GOOD QUALITY FODDER AVAILABLE THE HIGH YIELDER
COWS MAY BE GIVEN CONCENTRATE MIXTURE @ 1.0 KG PER
3.0 LITERS MILK WITH AD-LIBITUM GREEN FODDERS

25. •THERE WOULD BE AN INCREASE IN CONCENTRATES WITH A DECREASE
IN QUALITY OF FORAGE BEING FED, AND THUS INCREASE COST OF
FEEDING
•THE COWS WILL YIELD FULL QUANTITY OF MILK ACCORDING TO
THEIR POTENTIAL AND WILL GIVE PROFITABLE RETURNS ONLY IF THEY
ARE PROPERLY FED WITH WELL-BALANCED LOW COST RATIONS FOR
OPTIMUM METABOLISM
•MILCH COWS COULD PRODUCE 20 KG OF MILK/D, IF KEPT ON
GOOD GREEN FODDER/ PASTURE ALONE. IN COWS YIELDING MORE
THAN 20 LITERS OF MILK, TDN WOULD REMAIN SHORT EVEN IF THE
CONCENTRATE MIXTURE IS RAISED TO 10.0 KG
•FORAGE TO CONCENTRATE RATIO OF 2:1 ON DM BASIS IS
CONSIDERED TO BE SUITABLE FOR MILK PRODUCTION. A NARROW
RATIO OF 1:1 OR A RATIO OF 1:2 FAVORS PROPIONIC ACID IN
RUMEN RESULTING LOW FAT PERCENTAGE IN MILK

26. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING REPRODUCTIVE
EFFICIENCY

EFFECT OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION
•SUPPLEMENTATION THROUGH BALANCED CONCENTRATE MIXTURE HAS
BEEN PROVEN TO BE ONE OF THE EASIEST AND ECONOMIC WAY TO
INCREASE INTAKE, DIGESTION AND PERFORMANCE OF ANIMALS FED
CEREAL CROP RESIDUE/POOR QUALITY ROUGHAGE

•SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING ALSO INCREASES THE PLANE OF NUTRITION
WHICH FAVORABLY INFLUENCES REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
•RESPONSE OF SUPPLEMENTATION IS MEASURED IN TERMS OF
IMPROVEMENT IN PERFORMANCE OVER THE CONTROL

27. SUPPLEMENTARY CONCENTRATES MAY
MANIFEST THEIR INFLUENCE EITHER
THROUGH:

A) INCREASE IN GENERAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND IMPROVED BODY
CONDITION SCORES, WHICH MAY SHORTEN THE ONSET OF PUBERTY AND
POST-PARTUM ANESTRUS
B) STRATEGIC SUPPLEMENTATION BEFORE MATING (FLUSHING) MAY IMPROVE
OVULATION/INDUCE MULTIPLE OVULATION AND DURING PREGNANCY MAY
IMPROVE LAMBING/KIDDING PERFORMANCE AND IMPROVE POST PARTUM
REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF THE DAM

28. 83.3
66.6
37.5
SS NS Control
Fig. Effect of strategic supplementation
on induced estrus
Animal Nutrition Research
IVRI

29. EFFECT OF OIL SEED MEALS
OILSEED MEALS ARE PROBABLY THE MOST WIDELY USED SUPPLEMENT FOR
STRAW BASED RATION
HIGHLY/LOW DEGRADABLE CAKES DEPENDING ON THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS MAY ACT DIFFERENTLY TO INFLUENCE REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE
PROVIDING SOYBEAN MEAL FOR 14 DAYS BEFORE AND 2 DAYS AFTER
MATING INCREASED THE FECUNDITY BY 0.5 LAMBS/EWE.
EXCESS OF DIETARY RDP WAS REPORTED TO IMPAIR CONCEPTION RATE
DIETARY FISHMEAL IMPROVED PREGNANCY RATE FROM 32 TO 41 ,
HOWEVER, OTHER STUDIES CONDUCTED ON SIMILAR LINE SHOWED NO
ADVANTAGE OF ADDING FISHMEAL OVER SOYBEAN MEAL
(MOALLEM,2018)
LIBERAL PROVISION OF RDP IN THE FORM OF SOYBEAN MEAL WAS FOUND
TO STIMULATE FOLLICLE RECRUITMENT, RESULTING IN EARLIER OVULATION,
WHEN COMPARED WITH A LESS DEGRADABLE SOURCE OF PROTEIN, CORN
GLUTEN MEAL (RASBY AND FUNSTON, 2016)

30. EFFECT OF OIL CAKE SUPPLEMENTATION ON
NUTRIENT INTAKE AND MILK YIELD IN BUFFALOES
Attributes Control ES SEM
DMI, kg/d 11.5 14.4 0.45
DMI, g/kg W
0.75
108 117 4.30
Nutrient intake, g/kg W
0.75
DCP 3.96
a
5.59
b
0.28
TDN 50.18
a
57.35
b
1.75
Nutrient concentration (%)
DCP 3.67
a
4.74
b
0.31
TDN 46.32 48.86 5.50
Total milk yield, kg 1114 1448 26.1

31. SUPPLEMENTATION WITH FAT
FAT SUPPLEMENTED COWS HAD SHORTER INTERVAL BETWEEN CALVING
AND RAPID UTERINE REGRESSION.
AN IMPROVEMENT OF CONCEPTION RATE AT FIRST SERVICE TO THE TUNE
OF 13-17 % WAS OBSERVED WITH SUPPLEMENTAL FAT.
SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING OF FAT HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH
SHORTENING OF ANOVULATORY PERIOD POST PARTUM (KUHLA ET
AL.,2016)
IF THE SUPPLEMENTATION OF FAT FAILS TO INCREASE DMI ALONG WITH
THE INCREASED MILK PRODUCTION, THEN COWS ARE LIKELY TO BE MORE
PRONE TO NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE
IN SUCH SITUATION, THE RESPONSE TO SUPPLEMENTARY FAT ON
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE MAY NOT BE OBSERVED, THE EFFECTIVE
WAY IS TO FED FAT IN RUMINALLY INERT FORM USUALLY AS CA-SALT OF
LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (YEASMIN ET AL.,2017)
MAXIMUM RESPONSE HAS BEEN OBSERVED WITH THOSE SUPPLEMENTS
LIKE RICE BRAN OR RICE BRAN OIL CONTAINING HIGHER PROPORTION OF
OLEIC ACID OR LINOLEIC ACID (PROM AND LOCK, 2021)

32. EFFECTS OF FEEDING UNTREATED (UTS) AND (TS)
TREATED STRAW DURING PRE-AND POST-
PARTUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BUFFALOES
Attributes UTS TS SEM
DMI, kg/d 11.0
a
13.9
b
0.55
DMI, % BW 2.2
a
2.6
b
0.16
CP intake, g/d 706
a
1302
b
85.9
Birth wt of calves, kg 25.2
a
27.9
b
0.65
Milk yield, liters
Lactation yield (300 d)1050
a
1542
b
75.20
Daily average 3.5
a
5.14
b
0.30

33. EFFECT OF GREEN FODDER SUPPLEMENTATIONGREEN FODDER SUPPLEMENTATION IS ONE OF THE MOST EFFICIENT
ECONOMIC AND FARMERS’ FRIENDLY MEAN TO INCREASE INTAKE,
DIGESTION AND PERFORMANCE OF RUMINANTS
SUPPLEMENTATION OF RICE STRAW PLUS NAPIER BASED DIET WITH A
MIXTURE OF LEGUMES AT THE RATE OF 20 % OF TOTAL DIET DM
DECREASED THE POSTPARTUM ANESTRUS
SUPPLYING 20% OF DCP THROUGH BERSEEM INCREASED THE
CYCLICITY FROM 25 TO 50%
SIMILARLY, SUPPLEMENTATION OF OAT CHAFF BASED RATION WITH
LAPIN INCREASED BOTH PROPORTION OF ANIMALS OVULATED AND
MULTIPLE OVULATION

34. SUPPLEMENTATION OF AREA SPECIFIC
MINERAL MIXTURE (ASMM)
•SUPPLEMENTATION OF ASMM IMPROVED REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE IN DAIRY ANIMALS (SELVARAJU ET AL. 2009)
•AMONG THE POSTPARTUM ANESTRUS ANIMALS, 84.21 AND 85.71%
EXHIBITED ESTRUS AND CONCEIVED, RESPECTIVELY, WITHIN 2 MONTHS
OF ASMM SUPPLEMENTATION. AMONG THE REPEAT BREEDERS, WHICH
RECEIVED THE ASMM, 78.6% CONCEIVED WITHIN 2 INSEMINATIONS.
ONSET OF ESTRUS OCCURRED IN 66.7% OF THE DELAYED PUBERTAL
ANIMALS, WHICH RECEIVED THE ASMM SUPPLEMENTATION. AMONG
THE SILENT HEAT ANIMALS, 66.7% CONCEIVED WITHIN 3 MONTHS OF
THE ASMM SUPPLEMENTATION
(DEVASENA ET AL.,
2010)

35. •SUPPLEMENTATION OF DEFICIENT MINERALS (CA, P, CU, ZN AND MN)
THROUGH ASMM WAS STUDIED IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF AP AND
THEY REPORTED THAT 60% OF ANOESTROUS COWS, 62% OF
REPEAT BREEDERS COWS AND 59% OF ANOESTROUS HEIFERS
RESPONDED TO SUPPLEMENTATION, INDICATING THE BENEFICIAL
EFFECT OF MINERAL SUPPLEMENT ON THEIR REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE
•SUPPLEMENTATION OF WHEAT STRAW BASED DIETS EITHER WITH
MINERAL SUPPLEMENT (@ 40-50 G/D) OR BOTH PROTEIN AND AREA
SPECIFIC MINERAL SUPPLEMENT IMPROVED THE REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE OF ANESTRUS BUFFALOES (AICRP, 2010)

36. 36
Attributes Control (Before)Treatment (After)
Whole milk (kg/d)
3.35 ±0.33 3.77 ±0.37
FCM (kg/d)
3.46±0.35

3.93±0.57
ECM (kg/d) 3.69± 0.37
4.18±0.61
Fat yield (g/d)
141.37±14.12 162.30±23.72
Protein yield (g/d)
106.53±10.64 119.8 ±17.51
Effect of farming system based mineral supplement on milk
yield in cows

37. EFFECT OF FARMING SYSTEM BASED MINERAL
SUPPLEMENT ON MILK YIELD IN COWS
37

38. INCREASE IN MILK YIELD IN SUPPLEMENTED WITH
FSMS
38

39. EFFECT OF FARMING SYSTEM BASED MINERAL SUPPLEMENT
ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF COWS
Attributes
Treatment -I
No %
Total No of cows selected for supplementation38 100
No of cows responded to supplementation and
came into heat
25 -
Conception rate at first breeding 19 50.0
Conception rate at subsequent breeding 6 15.79
No. of non-responders cows to supplementation13 34.21
Effect of supplementation on establishment of
pregnancy
- 65.75
39

40. EFFECT OF FARMING SYSTEM BASED MINERAL SUPPLEMENT
ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (%) OF COWS
40

41. CONCLUSIONS
•THE FARMING SYSTEM BASED MINERAL SUPPLEMENT (FSMS) IMPROVED
THE SERUM MINERAL LEVELS AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF
COWS IN TERMS OF ONSET OF ESTRUS AND SUBSEQUENT
CONCEPTION (65.8%).
•SUPPLEMENTATION OF FSMS IMPROVED DAILY MILK YIELD IN COWS
(13.4%, 3.35 VS. 3.77) WITHOUT ANY CHANGE IN MILK COMPOSITION.
•INADEQUATE INTAKE OF NUTRIENTS AND INADEQUATE BODY RESERVES
DURING EARLY LACTATION ARE THE MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING MILK
PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY ANIMALS.

42. •IMPROVING ENERGY BALANCE BY INCREASING ENERGY INTAKE
THROUGH ADDITIONAL NON-FIBER CARBOHYDRATES OR SUPPLEMENTAL
FAT IN THE DIET REDUCES DAYS TO FIRST OVULATION AND IMPROVES
CONCEPTION POSTPARTUM AND MILK YIELD.
•STRONG EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT MANAGEMENT OF COWS DURING
THE PRE-PARTUM PERIOD AFFECTS UTERINE HEALTH AND OVERALL BODY
CONDITION.
•ADEQUATE INTAKE OF NUTRIENTS DURING PRE-PARTUM MAY IMPROVE
THE LACTATION PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS/ BUFFALOES.