Female internal genital.pptxreproductive

organ

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2. Female reproductive system function The reproductive role of female is form complex than that of males they are: Produce eggs. Carry and protect developing embryo after fertilization. Produce milk via the mammary glands. Birth canal and manustration . The female reproductive organs consists of: Ovaries Uterine tube Uterus Vagina External genitalia or gain (valve) Mammary gland 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 2

3. Female internal genital organs Includes, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries & vagina. Uterus The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ with thick muscular walls. Lies between the urinary bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly . Located within lesser pelvis, It is divided into the fundus , body , and cervix. 17/10/2006 3 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C)

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5. Divisions The fundus Covered by peritoneum which is continuous over both surfaces of the body. is the part superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes. - related to coils of small intestine The body It is covered by peritoneum in both surfaces. Its junction with the cervix is called the isthmus ; constricted part of uterus The cavity of the uterine body is triangular in coronal section but merely a cleft in sagittal section. 17/10/2006 5 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C)

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7. Cervix : is the narrow part of the uterus. It pierces the anterior wall of the vagina and cervix is inferior to the isthmus of the uterus and projects into the vagina; it is surrounded by the vaginal fornices (anterior, posterior and lateral). the cavity of the cervix ( cervical canal ) communicates with uterine cavity & vagina thru its internal os & external os, respectively. is divided into the supravaginal and vaginal parts of the cervix. 17/10/2006 7 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C)

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9. The uterus consists of three layers of tissues Perimetrium : - The outer layer is part of visceral peritoneum Myometrium : - Middle layer of the uterus forms the bulk of the uterine wall. Endometrium : - the inner layer is highly vascular. 17/10/2006 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C) 9

10. MENSTRUAL CYCLE The menstrual (endometrial) cycle is the time during which the oocyte matures , is ovulated, and enters the uterine tube. The hormones produced by the ovarian follicles and corpus luteum (estrogen and progesterone) produce cyclic changes in the endometrium. These monthly changes in the internal layer of the uterus constitute the endometrial cycle , commonly referred to as the menstrual cycle or period because menstruation (flow of blood from the uterus) is an obvious event. 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 10

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12. Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Although the menstrual cycle is divided into three main phases for descriptive purposes, 1. Menstrual phase The functional layer of the uterine wall is sloughed off and discarded. This phase lasts from 4 to 5 days. Amount of blood lost: about 50-60 cc. it consists of blood and pieces of endometrium. This blood does not clot After menstruation, the eroded endometrium is thin. 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 12

13. 2. The proliferative (follicular, estrogenic) phase, lasting approximately 9 days, coincides with growth of ovarian follicles and is controlled by estrogen secreted by these follicles. The endometrium grows so that by the end of this phase: A . The endometrium becomes 4mm thick .  There is a two to three fold increase in the thickness of the endometrium B. The cells become cuboidal . C. The uterine glands become longer and straight N.B: The Regenerative and proliferative phases are under the effect of the hormone estrogen secreted by the developing graafian follicle . 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 13

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15. 3. Secretory ( Luteal ) phase The luteal ( secretory , progesterone) phase, lasting approximately 13 days, coincides with the formation, functioning, and growth of the corpus luteum . The endometrium becomes thicker (5-7mm.) and forms 3 layers: Superficial compact layer Middle spongy layer Deep basal layer. The cells become columnar. 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 15

16. The uterine glands become more c onvoluted and full of secretion (mucous and glycogen). The spiral arteries (supplying the compact and spongy layers) become dilated and tortuous. Direct arterio venous anastomosis are prominent features of this stage N.B This stage is under the effect of the hormone progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum . If fertilization does not occur: The corpus luteum degenerates Estrogen and progesterone levels fall and the secretory endometrium enters an ischemic phase Menstruation occurs. 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 16

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19. Ischemic Phase The ischemic phase occurs when the oocyte is not fertilized. Ischemia (reduced blood supply) occurs as the spiral arteries constrict, giving the endometrium a pale appearance. This constriction results from the decreasing secretion of hormones, primarily progesterone, by the degenerating corpus luteum. In addition to vascular changes , the hormone withdrawal results in the stoppage of glandular secretion , a loss of interstitial fluid, and a marked shrinking of the endometrium . 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 19

20. Toward the end of the ischemic phase, the spiral arteries become constricted for longer periods. This results in venous stasis and patchy ischemic necrosis (death) in the superficial tissues. Eventually, rupture of damaged vessel walls follows and blood seeps into the surrounding connective tissue. Small pools of blood form and break through the endometrial surface, resulting in bleeding into the uterine lumen and from the vagina. 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 20

21. As small pieces of the endometrium detach and pass into the uterine cavity, the torn ends of the arteries bleed into the uterine cavity, resulting in a loss of 20 to 80 mL of blood. Eventually, over 3 to 5 days, the entire compact layer and most of the spongy layer of the endometrium are discarded in the menses . Remnants of the spongy and basal layers remain to undergo regeneration during the subsequent proliferative phase of the endometrium. 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 21

22. If fertilization occurs Cleavage of the zygote and blastogenesis (formation of blastocyst) occur. The blastocyst begins to implant in the endometrium on approximately the sixth day of the luteal phase (day 20 of a 28-day cycle). Human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblast, keeps the corpus luteum secreting estrogens and progesterone. The luteal phase continues and menstruation does not occur. 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 22

23. Pregnancy Phase If pregnancy occurs, the menstrual cycles cease and the endometrium passes into a pregnancy phase . With the termination of pregnancy, the ovarian and menstrual cycles resume after a variable period (usually 6 to 10 weeks if the woman is not breast-feeding her baby). If pregnancy does not occur, the reproductive cycles normally continue until menopause. 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 23

24. Positions of the Uterus In most women, the long axis of the uterus is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina. This position is referred to as anteversion of the uterus. Furthermore, the long axis of the body of the uterus is bent forward at the level of the internal os with the long axis of the cervix . This position is termed anteflexion of the uterus. 17/10/2006 24 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C)

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28. Uterine tube The two uterine tubes are each about 10 cm long and lie in the upper border of the broad ligament. Each connects the peritoneal cavity in the region of the ovary with the cavity of the uterus. The uterine tube is divided into four parts Infundibulum , Ampulla , Isthmus and Intramural (uterine) part 17/10/2006 28 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C)

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30. A. Infundibulum The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped lateral end that projects beyond the broad ligament and overlies the ovary . The free edge of the funnel has several finger like processes, known as fimbriae , which are draped over the ovary. Opens into peritoneal cavity thru the abdominal ostium & thus provides for communication b/n peritoneal cavity & external environment. 17/10/2006 30 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C)

31. B. Ampulla widest & longest part of the tube which is ~ 1/2 of uterine tube Most frequent site of fertilization. C . Isthmus is the narrowest part of the tube and lies just lateral to the uterus comprises approximately 1/3 of uterine tube D . Intramural (uterine) part is the segment that pierces the uterine wall. Passes thru the wall of uteru & opens into uterine cavity at its sup. angle via uterine ostium 17/10/2006 31 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C)

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35. The Ovary Location and Description Each ovary is oval shaped, and is attached to the back of the broad ligament by the mesovarium . That part of the broad ligament extending between the attachment of the mesovarium and the lateral wall of the pelvis is called the suspensory ligament of the ovary . The round ligament of the ovary , which represents the remains of the upper part of the gubernaculum , connects the lateral margin of the uterus to the ovary. 17/10/2006 35 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C)

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37. The ovary is the female sex gland. It produces the ova and secretes the female sex hormones ( estrogen and progesterone hormones). It lies close to side wall of pelvis. The ovary consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The cortex :- contains the ovarian follicles which undergo maturation to produce the ova. The medulla : consists of vascular connective tissue + lymphatic and nerves. 17/10/2006 37 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C)

38. WHAT IS THE OVARIAN CYCLE? OVARIAN CYCLE It is the periodic changes (every 28 days) which occur in the cortex of the ovary from puberty till menopause . FSH and LH produce cyclic changes in the ovaries  the ovarian cycle. It is under the control of the pituitary gland. It is divided into 3 phases:  Development of follicles,  Ovulation, and  Corpus luteum formation. 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 38

39. Ovulation It is the rupture of the mature graafian follicle and release of the ovum into the uterine tube. It occurs nearly in the middle of the cycle – on the 14 th day. 03/10/2006 Mengistu.D BDU 39

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41. Vagina Location and Description The vagina not only is the female genital canal but also serves as the excretory duct for the menstrual flow from the uterus and forms part of the birth canal. This muscular tube extends upward and backward between the vulva and the uterus. It measures about 8 cm long. The cervix of the uterus pierces its anterior wall. The vaginal orifice in a virgin possesses a thin mucosal fold, called the hymen , which is perforated at its center . 17/10/2006 41 Mengistu D.- BDU(2005/06 E.C)

42. Females External Reproductive Organs: Includes : Mons pubis, Labia majora , Labia minora,Vestibular glands, Clitoris and vestibule of vagina which collectively are called vulva . Monus Pubis: Fatty tissue covers the symphysis pubis. It is covered with hair at puberty. Labia Majora : Two longitudinal folds of skin that form the outer border of the vulva. They contain fat, smooth muscle, areolar tissue, sebaceous glands and sensory receptors. At puberty they covered with hair. Labia Minora : Is a smaller fold of skin that lies between the labia majora . Labia minora and labia majora surrounds the vaginal and urethral orifices. The labia minora at the top to form the fore skin or prepuce called the clitoris. Clitoris: Is a small erectile organ at the upper end of the vulva below the mons pubis where the two folds of labia minora meet.

43. C. Gametogenesis - is the process of formation of sex cells. - It is called spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in female D . Conception - is the process of fertilization and subsequent establishment of pregnancy. - Pregnancy begins with fertilization of an ovum and ends with delivery of the fetus after birth. If ova and sperm join this is called fertilization from the day of fertilization on wards pregnancy starts. E . Contraception Contraception means protection. Preventing pregnancy. This aim can be achieved by preventing sperm or ova from fertilization.