FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

1. DR NILESH KATE
MBBS,MD
ASSOCIATE PROF
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM 1

2. OBJECTIVES.
An Overview of the female Reproductive
system.
Primary sex organs
Female internal genitalia
Female external genitalia.
Ovaries
Functional Anatomy
Functions of Ovaries.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

3. ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF
OVARIES
To produce female sex hormones
Oestrogens
Progesterone

4. OESTROGENS
C-18 steroid.
3 forms
Oestradiol - Principal & most potent (90%)
Oestrone – weak ovarian oestrogen.
Oestriol – Degradation product of Oestradiol or
Oestrone.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

5. BIOSYNTHESIS
CHOLESTEROL
PREGNENOLONE
PROGESTERONE 17HYDROXY-PREGNENOLONE
17ά HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DHEA
ANDROSTENEDIONE
TESTOSTERONE
OESTRONE 17 B OESTRADIOL
OESTRIOL

6. PLASMA LEVELS
Normal adult women
In early follicular phase – 36 microgm/D
Just Before Ovulation – 380 microgm/ D
During mid-luteal phase–250 microgm/D
After menopause – 50 microgm/D
TRANSPORT – 2 forms
Bound – 98%(60% to albumin, 38% -β-Globulin)
Free – 2%

7. METABOLISM AND EXCRETION
OF OESTROGEN
Liver
Catabolism – at C-16 & C-2,C-4
Conjugation – with Glucoronic & Sulphuric
acid
Excretion –
urine
bile
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

8. FUNCTIONS OF OESTROGENS
Reproductive actions
1Embryonic life
2Prepubertal stage
3Puberty
4Adult woman

9. Growth and development of genital organs
1Ovaries…
2Fallopian tubes…
3Uterus…
4Cervix…
5vagina…
6External genitalia…
Appearance of secondary sex characters.
AT PUBERTY

10. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF GENITAL ORGANS
Ovaries – increase in size, starts ovarian cycle
Fallopian tubes- becomes functional, more
ciliated & motility increases.
Uterus – enlarges, thickness increases, begins
menstrual cycle.
Cervix – enlarges, onset menstrual cycle
Vagina – Increase in size, change in
epithelium.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

11. IN ADULT WOMAN
Maintenance of pregnancy and
parturition
Breast development

12. Receptor/hormone Complex
mRNA
Protein
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Thyroxine
MODE OF ACTION
Direct Gene Activation

13. OTHER ACTIONS
BMW-CVS
Effect on Bones
Effect on metabolism
Protein
Fat
Water and electrolyte balance
Effect on CNS
Effect on vasculature
Effect on Skin

14. EFFECT ON BONES
Accelerate linear growth
of bones at puberty by
osteoblastic activity.
Enlarges hip & widens
inlet of pelvic bone to
facilitate child birth
Maintain balance
between bone formation
& bone resorption
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

15. EFFECT ON METABOLISM
Protein – Causes positive nitrogen balance
due to growth promoting effect.
Fat – causes fat deposition in subcutaneous
tissue, breast & thigh.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

16. WATER AND ELECTROLYTE
BALANCE
Causes salt & water retention in body &
causes premenstrual tension
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

17. EFFECT ON CNS
Resposible for oestrous behaviour &
increases libido.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

18. EFFECT ON VASCULATURE
Vasodilator & anti-vasoconstrictor effect.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

19. EFFECT ON SKIN
Makes skin soft &
more vascular.
Makes sebaceous
glands secretions thin
So synthetic
oestrogens also used
as a part of treatment
of acne.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

20. THERAPEUTIC USES
Menopausal symptoms
Postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Atherosclerosis
Contraceptive with progesterone.
SIDE EFFECT
Uterine and Breast cancer.

21. PROGESTERONE
C-21 steroid mainly
for maintenance of
pregnancy.
Also called prostagens.

22. PROGESTERONE
Site – In non-pregnant
women by corpus
luteum & after
pregnancy by placenta
& by adrenal cortex &
testes in males.
Synthesis – from
Cholesterol.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

23. PLASMA LEVELS &
TRANSPORT
Plasma levels – in early follicular phase 9 ng/dl &
late 18ng/dl.
Transport-
Bound (98%) form – 80% - albumin, 38% - transcortin
Free form (2%)
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

24. METABOLISM AND EXCRETION
Metabolism –
Progesterone to Pregnanediol & 17α hydroxy-
progesterone to Pregnanetriol
Then conjugated with glucoronic acid & sulphuric acid to
form water soluble substances
Excretion- urine & Bile.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

25. BIOSYNTHESIS
CHOLESTEROL
PREGNENOLONE
PROGESTERONE 17HYDROXY-PREGNENOLONE
17ά HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DHEA
ANDROSTENEDIONE
TESTOSTERONE
OESTRONE 17 B OESTRADIOL
OESTRIOL

26. FUNCTIONS
Reproductive actions
Uterus - Endometrium – responsible for
secretory phase & prepare endometrium to
receive zygote.
Uterine motility – Decreases uterine motility
Endocervix – cervical secretions –thick & viscid
& ferning pattern disappears.

27. FUNCTIONS
Reproductive actions
Vagina – thickend epithelium, cornified &
infiltrated with leucocytes.
Fallopian Tubes – increases epithelial
secretions rich in nutritive materials
Breast – Causes lobular & alveolar growth of
breast.
During pregnancy – main function to maintain
pregnancy.

28. FUNCTIONS
Other actions
Thermogenic Effect – increases basal body
temperature by 0.5 0C
Effect on CNS – Decreases appetite & produce
somnolence
Effect on Respiration – Increases sensitivity of
centers for CO
2

Effect on Metabolism – Decreases serum HDL &
acts as Proatherogenic.

29. Receptor/hormone Complex
mRNA
Protein
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Thyroxine
MODE OF ACTION
Direct Gene Activation

30. OTHER OVARIAN HORMONES
Inhibin – inhibit FSH release
Activin – activate FSH secretions
Relaxin – during pregnancy relaxes pubic
symphysis & pelvic joints, softens & dilates
uterine cervix & fascilitate delivery.
Ovarian Androgen – Responsible for acne
vulgaris, libido & pubic hair.

31. HORMONAL CONTROL OF
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLES.

32. OBJECTIVES.
Role of Hypothalamus
Role of anterior Pituitary gland
Role of ovaries.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

33. Hormonal Regulation of
Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles
Role of Hypothalamus.
1. Hypothalamus
releases GnRH.
Through Hypothalamo-
hypophyseal portal
system.

Tuesday, May 8, 2018

34. Hormonal Regulation of
Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles
This release is
influenced by
Dopamine
Endorphins
Ratio of FSH :LH
Gonadal Hormones –
oestrogen,
progesterone
Light & dark cycle.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

35. Hormonal Regulation of
Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles
Role of Anterior
Pituitary gland.
2. GnRH stimulates
anterior pituitary to
release FSH &LH.
FSH stimulates a
follicle to grow &
produce Estrogen.
(Mainly Theca
Interna)
Tuesday, May 8, 2018
FSH & LH

36. Hormonal Regulation of
Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles
Role of Anterior
Pituitary gland.
Thus rise in FSH conc
increases oestradiol
conc to reach peak
“Oestrogen Surge”
Tuesday, May 8, 2018
FSH & LH

37. Hormonal Regulation of
Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles
3. Negative Feedback
Effect.
By moderately
elevated & consistent
Oestrogen levels on
FSH levels.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018
FSH & LH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

38. Hormonal Regulation of
Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles
4. POSITIVE
FEEDBACK EFFECT.
Rising levels of
Estrogen cause
anterior pituitary to
increase production
& storage of LH.
FSH & LH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK

39. Hormonal Regulation of
Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles
5. High estrogen causes
LH to be released in a
burst & the
endometrium to thicken
(Proliferative Phase).
This sudden rise in LH
conc “ LH surge”
FSH & LH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK

40. Hormonal Regulation of
Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles
Ovulation occurs 9 hrs
after “ LH surge”.
Stimulation for
Ovulation also depend
on FSH:LH ratio
So at the same time FSH
levels also increases “
FSH surge”
FSH & LH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK

41. Hormonal Regulation of
Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles
6. High LH stimulates
first meiotic division
of primary oocyte.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

42. Hormonal Regulation of
Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles
7. High LH triggers
Ovulation.
High LH causes
ruptured follicle to
become a Corpus
Luteum.
FSH
Estrogen
Estrogen
LH

43. Hormonal Regulation of
Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles
8. Corpus luteum
produces
Progesterone.
Increased
Progesterone,
oestradiol & Inhibin-B
inhibit FSH & LH
secretion by Negative
Feedback effect.
FSH
Estrogen
Estrogen
LH
Progesterone
X
X

44. Hormonal Regulation of
Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles
After ovulation FSH &
LH levels falls to very
low levels.
& Progesterone
produces secretary
phase of endometrial
cycle.
Depend on fertilization.
FSH
Estrogen
Estrogen
LH
Progesterone
X
X

45. IF FETRILIZATION OCCURS
CORPUS LEUTEUM
persists
Secrete Oestrogen &
Progesterone till 8
weeks of pregnancy.
Later function taken
over by Placenta by 12
weeks.
FSH
Estrogen
Estrogen
LH
Progesterone
X
X

46. IF FETRILIZATION DOES NOT
OCCURS
11. Diminishing levels
of FSH & LH cause
corpus luteum to
deteriorate
(Luteolysis) & so
Oestrogen &
progesterone levels
falls sharply.
Estrogen
FSH
LH
ProgesteroneX
X
X

47. IF FETRILIZATION DOES NOT
OCCURS
Diminishing levels of
Estrogen & Progesterone
cause
Spiral arteries to spasm ( by
action of PGF2α
And then relax leads to
withdrawal bleeding.
12. Diminishing levels of
Estrogen & Progesterone
cause inhibition of FSH & LH
to end & thickened
Endometrium to slough
(menses).
Estrogen
FSH
LH
ProgesteroneX
X
X

48. Hormonal Regulation of
Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles
13. Increasing levels
of FSH cause a new
cycle to begin.
FSH

49. Tuesday, May 8, 2018

50. Cycle of Ovulation and
Menstruation

51. Thank
You

52. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Peak secretion of oestrogen occurs
Just before ovulation
Mid-luteal phase
At the time of ovulation
Secreted at the same rate during all phases of
menstrual cycle.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

53. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Peak secretion of oestrogen occurs
Just before ovulation
Mid-luteal phase
At the time of ovulation
Secreted at the same rate during all phases of
menstrual cycle.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

54. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
In large doses, oestrogen produces:
Act directly on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
to inhibit gonadotropin secretion.
Positive feedback on LH secretion.
Inhibit secretion of FSH.
Inhibit secretion of LH.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

55. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
In large doses, oestrogen produces:
Act directly on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
to inhibit gonadotropin secretion.
Positive feedback on LH secretion.
Inhibit secretion of FSH.
Inhibit secretion of LH.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

56. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Not an effect on progesterone
a)Prepares the endometrium for implantation.
b)Promotes breast development.
c)Stimulate ovulation.
d)Increases basal body temperature.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

57. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Not an effect on progesterone
a)Prepares the endometrium for implantation.
b)Promotes breast development.
c)Stimulate ovulation.
d)Increases basal body temperature.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

58. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Corpus luteum maintains pregnancy upto………
wks
a) 8
b)12
c)20
d)28
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

59. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Corpus luteum maintains pregnancy upto………
wks
a) 8
b)12
c)20
d)28
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

60. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Oestrogen acts on
Cellular membrane receptors
Cytoplasmic receptors
Nuclear receptors
Mitochondrial receptors.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

61. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Oestrogen acts on
Cellular membrane receptors
Cytoplasmic receptors
Nuclear receptors
Mitochondrial receptors.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

62. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Ovulation coincides with
Increased progesterone
GnRH release.
LH surge
Decreased oestrogen.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

63. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Ovulation coincides with
Increased progesterone
GnRH release.
LH surge
Decreased oestrogen.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

64. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Luteal phase of menstrual cycle is
characterized by
Variable length.
Secretion of oestrogen
Low basal body temperature.
Secretion of progesterone.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

65. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Luteal phase of menstrual cycle is
characterized by
Variable length.
Secretion of oestrogen
Low basal body temperature.
Secretion of progesterone.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

66. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
In the event of pregnancy the mean span of
corpus luteum is lengthened by :
Placental hormone
Ovarian hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone.
Calcitonin.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

67. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
In the event of pregnancy the mean span of
corpus luteum is lengthened by :
Placental hormone
Ovarian hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone.
Calcitonin.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

68. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Spot the false statement.
Oestrogen control endometrial proliferation.
Prolactin influence secretary phase.
Corpus luteum maintains pregnacy.
Degeneration of corpus luteum establishes
menstruation.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

69. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Spot the false statement.
Oestrogen control endometrial proliferation.
Prolactin influence secretary phase.
Corpus luteum maintains pregnacy.
Degeneration of corpus luteum establishes
menstruation.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

70. Thank
You