Female Reproductive System in the different periods life of the women.pdf

Female Reproductive System in the different

1. Female Reproductive System in the different
periods life of the women
DM O.U. Ivanova
Obs &Gyn Department
KURSK - 2025

2. The Female Reproductive System
•Production of gametes (ova, or eggs)
•Preparation for support of developing
embryo during pregnancy
•Cyclic changes: menstrual cycle
–Averages 28 days
–Complex interplay between hormones and
organs: at level of brain, ovaries and uterus


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3. Reproduction

•Reproduction can be defined as the process by
which an organism continues its species.
•In the human reproductive process, two kinds of
sex cells (gametes), are involved: the male
gamete (sperm), and the female gamete (egg or
ovum). These two gametes meet within the
female's uterine tubes located one on each side
of the upper pelvic cavity, and begin to create a
new individual.

4. Similarities between male and
female reproductive systems
•The reproductive systems of the female have
some basic similarities and some specialized
differences.
•They are the same in that most of the reproductive
organs of both sexes develop from similar
embryonic tissue, meaning they are homologous.
•Both systems have gonads that produce (sperm
and egg or ovum) and sex organs.
•And both systems experience maturation of their
reproductive organs, which become functional
during puberty as a result of the gonads secreting
sex hormones.

5. The periods of a woman's life are determined by
the state of the reproductive system.
I. Prenatal (embryonic, fetal, intrauterine) period.
II. The period of newborns and infants (neonatal period -
neonatal - within 10 days after birth and the period of childhood
- up to 8 years).
III. The period of puberty (pubertal period) is 10-16 years.
IV. The period of puberty (reproductive period) is from 17-18 to
45 years.
V. Premenopausal period - from 45 years before the onset of
menopause.
VI. Menopause.
VII. The postmenopausal period is 2 years after menopause.
VIII. The senile, or senile, period is after 65 years and until the
end of a woman's life.
V, VI, VII periods are united under the name "perimenopausal".

6. Conception
•After ejaculation into the vagina, sperm swim to meet an egg
–Sperm live 5-7 days (need cervical mucus)
–Eggs live about 12-24 hours, so conception only occurs during this short window
–Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube at the moment the chromosomes from
the male and female gametes unite
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Events leading to
fertilization:
•Sperm binds to receptors on
zona pellucida
•Acrosomal reaction –
enzymes digest a slit
•Sperm passes through zona
•Fusion of a single sperm’s
plasma membrane with
oocyte’s plasma membrane
•Cortical reaction: sperm
receptors destroyed in zona
so no more enter; sperm
nucleus engulfed by egg’s
cytoplasm

7. Initial days
•Cleavage (cell division)
•Blastocyst stage by day 4: now in uterus
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8. 8
Implantation
Blastocyst floats for 2
days: “hatches” by
digesting zona enough
to squeeze out
6-9 days post
conception -
burrows into
endometrium

9. Formation of Placenta
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Both contribute:
•Trophoblast from embryo
•Endometrial tissue from mother
Not called placenta until 4th month

Embryonic
blood circulates
within chorionic
villi, close to but
not mixing with
mother’s blood
Nutrients to
baby
Wastes to mom

10. 10
•Embryologically, males and females start out
“sexually indifferent”
•Gonads, ducts and externally identical structures
•At 5 weeks gestation changes start to take place
•At about 5 months gestation, the ovaries contain
approximately six to seven million oogonia, which
initiate meiosis.
•The oogonia produce primary oocytes that are
arrested in prophase I of meiosis from the time of
birth until puberty.

11. Gonad development
•Sexual differentiation takes place on the
16th day after fertilization. Ovogonial
division begins on the 21st day of fetal life
and continues until birth.
•The first follicles appear on the 13th day
after birth, and the first antrum follicles at
about 65 to 70 days. Does are able to
mate first at 10 to 12 weeks, but as a rule
this will not produce ovulation.

12. •The ovaries of a newborn
baby girl contain about one
million oocytes. This number
declines to 400,000 to
500,000 by the time puberty
is reached.
•On average, 500-1000
oocytes are ovulated during
a woman's reproductive life
time.

13. Anatomic and physiological features of the female
reproductive system in the period of newborns
•Newborn - in the blood are
estrogens
•Ovaries - small (atretic) and
medium follicles (about 1
million oocytes)
•Uterus - signs of a menstrual-
like reaction are not uncommon
•Mammary gland enlargement
•h/s 1 month - signs of
hyperestrogenyc disappear

14. Anatomic-physiological features of the female
reproductive system in childhood
•8 years - increased secretion of
gonadotropins
•Increase in the size of the ovaries
•↑ Е2, ↑↑ А - intensification of atresia of
follicles
•In granulosa cells - receptors for FSH
•↑ FSH - an increase in the number of antral
follicles, mitosis of granulosa cells, an
increase in the antrum cavity
•The growth of the uterus and the lowering of
the ovaries into the cavity of the small pelvis
•The pubertal growth spurt
•Development of secondary sexual
characteristics

15. •When a young woman
reaches puberty around
age 10 to 13, a primary
oocyte is discharged from
one of the ovaries every 28
days.

16. Adolescence
•Puberty
•Burst of hormones activate
maturation of the gonads: ovaries
•Begins: 8-13 yrs of age
•Abnormally early = precocious
puberty
•Delayed =Primary Amenorrhea

17. •Puberty is the sequence of events in
which a child acquires adult physical
characteristics and capacity for
reproduction.
•Circulating LH and FSH levels are
elevated at birth but fall to low levels
within a few months and remain low
until puberty. Until puberty, few
qualitative changes occur in
reproductive target organs.

18. The age of onset of puberty
•Over the last 150 yr, the age at which
puberty begins has been decreasing,
primarily because of improved health
and nutrition, but this trend has
stabilized.
•Puberty often occurs earlier than
average in moderately obese girls and
later than average in severely
underweight and undernourished girls.
•Such observations suggest that a
critical body weight or amount of fat is
necessary for puberty.

19. The age of onset of puberty
•Many other factors can influence when
puberty begins and how rapidly it
progresses. For example, there is some
evidence that intrauterine growth
restriction, especially when followed by
postnatal overfeeding, may contribute to
earlier and more rapid development of
puberty.
•Puberty occurs earlier in girls whose
mothers matured earlier and, for unknown
reasons, in girls who live in urban areas or
who are blind.
•The age of onset of puberty also varies
among ethnic groups (eg, tending to be
earlier in blacks and Hispanics than in
Asians and non-Hispanic whites).

20. General Physical Changes
•Axillary & pubic hair growth
•Changes in body conformation
[widening of hips, development
of breasts]
•Onset of first menstrual period
[menarche]
•Mental changes

21. Physical changes of puberty
•occur sequentially during adolescence. Breast
budding and onset of the growth spurt are
usually the first changes recognized - telarche
•Then, pubic and axillary hair appear, and the
growth spurt peaks - adrenarche
•Menarche (the first menstrual period) occurs
about 2 to 3 yr after breast budding.
•Menstrual cycles are usually irregular at
menarche and can take up to 5 yr to become
regular. The growth spurt is limited after
menarche.
•Body habitus changes and the pelvis and hips
widen. Body fat increases and accumulates in
the hips and thighs.

23. Marshall WA, Tanner JM: Variations in patterns of pubertal
changes in girls. Archives of Disease in Childhood 44:291–303,
1969.

24. Marshall WA, Tanner JM: Variations in patterns of pubertal changes in girls.
Archives of Disease in Childhood 44:291–303, 1969.

25. The Female Reproductive Cycle
•Towards the end of puberty, girls begin to
release eggs as part of a monthly period called
the female reproductive cycle, or menstrual
cycle.
•Approximately every 28 days, during ovulation,
an ovary sends a tiny egg into one of the
fallopian tubes.
•Unless the egg is fertilized by a sperm while in
the fallopian in the two to three days following
ovulation, the egg dries up and leaves the body
about two weeks later through the vagina. This
process is called menstruation.

26. •Hormonal interaction between the
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary
gland, and ovaries regulates the
female reproductive system. The
hypothalamus secretes a small
peptide, gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH), also known as
luteinizing hormone–releasing
hormone.
•GnRH regulates release of the
gonadotropins luteinizing hormone
(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) from specialized cells
(gonadotropes) in the anterior
pituitary gland

27. •These hormones are released in
short bursts (pulses) every 1 to 4 h.
LH and FSH promote ovulation and
stimulate secretion of the sex
hormones estradiol (an estrogen) and
progesterone from the ovaries.
•Estrogen and progesterone circulate
in the bloodstream almost entirely
bound to plasma proteins.
•Only unbound estrogen and
progesterone appear to be
biologically active. They stimulate the
target organs of the reproductive
system (eg, breasts, uterus, vagina).
They usually inhibit but, in certain
situations (eg, around the time of
ovulation), may stimulate
gonadotropin secretion.

29. Phases of Uterine Cycle
•Endometrium
–Proliferative phase
–Secretory phase
–Menses
•Involution of corpus luteum
•Decrease progesterone and estrogen
•20-60 cc of dark blood and endometrial
tissue

30. 30

31. Normal menses
•Every 24-34 days
•Mean duration is 4 days.
•More than 8 days is abnormal.

32. Signs of ovulation
•Thinning of the Cervical Mucus
On or around the day of ovulation, the cervical
mucus will be very thin, clear and stretchy. It can
be compared to the consistency of egg whites.
This appearance is known as 'spinnbarkeit'.
•Temperature Change
This is a temperature taken with a sensitive
thermometer first thing in the morning before
the woman gets out of bed.
In the uterine cycle, a normal temperature will be
around 97.0 – 98.0F.
The day of ovulation the temperature spikes down,
usually into the 96.0 – 97.0 range and then the
next morning it will spike up to normal of
around 98.6 and stay in that range until
menstruation begins.

33. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
•PMS - It is common for women to
experience some discomfort in the days
leading up to their periods.
•PMS usually is at its worst the seven
days before a period starts and can
continue through the end of the period.
•PMS includes both physical and
emotional symptoms: acne, bloating,
fatigue, backaches, sore breasts,
headaches, constipation, diarrhea, food
cravings, depression, irritability, difficulty
concentrating or handling stress.

34. Perimenopause
•refers to the time preceding menopause,
during which the production of hormones
such as estrogen and progesterone
diminish and become more irregular.
•During this period fertility diminishes.
Menopause is arbitrarily defined as a
minimum of twelve months without
menstruation.
•Perimenopause can begin as early as age
35, although it usually begins much later. It
can last for a few months or for several
years.
•The duration of perimenopause cannot be
predicted in advance.

35. Menopause
•is the physiological cessation of menstrual
cycles associated with advancing age.
•Menopause occurs as the ovaries stop
producing estrogen, causing the
reproductive system to gradually shut down.
•As the body adapts to the changing levels of
natural hormones, vasomotor symptoms
such as hot flashes and palpitations,
psychological symptoms such as increased
depression, anxiety, irritability, mood swings
and lack of concentration, and atrophic
symptoms such as vaginal dryness and
urgency of urination appear.
•Together with these symptoms, the woman
may also have increasingly scanty and erratic
menstrual periods.

36. Menopause
•Technically, menopause refers to the
cessation of menses; the gradual
process through which this occurs,
which typically takes a year but may last
as little as six months or more than five
years, is known as climacteric.
•A natural or physiological menopause is
that which occurs as a part of a
woman's normal aging process.
•However, menopause can be surgically
induced by such procedures as
hysterectomy.

37. Menopause
•The average onset of menopause is
50.5 years, but some women enter
menopause at a younger age,
especially if they have suffered from
cancer or another serious illness and
undergone chemotherapy.
•Premature menopause is defined as
menopause occurring before the age
of 40, and occurs in 1% of women.
•Other causes of premature menopause
include autoimmune disorders, thyroid
disease, and diabetes mellitus.

38. Thanks for you attention!