Female Reproductive tract of animals .pptx

Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Female Reproductive Tract�
To learn the different structures and nomenclatures for the parts of the female reproductive system
To learn the basic functions for the different parts of the  tract and how they work together
Overall functions of the female reproductive tract
Suggested Reading:Pathways to pregnancy and parturition. 2005. by P.L.Senger; Chapter 2: pages 10-41.

1. Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Female Reproductive Tract Dr. Aman Ullah Zubair [DVM][RVMP]

2. Learning Objectives To learn the different structures and nomenclatures for the parts of the female reproductive system To learn the basic functions for the different parts of the  tract and how they work together

3. Equine - Horse Female Mare Male Stallion 2n=64 2n=64

4. Bovine - Cattle Female Cow Male Bull 2n=60 2n=60

5. Ovine - Sheep Female Ewe Male Ram 2n=54 2n=54

6. Bubaline- Buffalo Female buffalo Male Buffalo bull 2n=50 2n=50

7. Avian - Chicken Femalee Hen Male Rooster 2n=78; ZZ 2n=78; ZW

8. Bovine Female Reproductive Tract (Orientation)

9. Female Reproductive Tract

10. Female Reproductive Tract  

11. Broad Ligament

12. Broad Ligament

13. Broad Ligament

14. Blood Supply of Repro Tract Ovarian artery Uterine branch Ovarian artery Uterine artery Vaginal artery Ovarian vein Accessory vaginal vein Vaginal vein

15. Innervation (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic) Sympathetic Ovary: Sympathetic nerves from the aortiocorenal plexuses. Fallopian tube: Sympathetic nerves from the aortiocorenal plexuses Uterus: Sympathetic innervation arrives via the right and left Hypogastric n. which extend from the caudal mesenteric plexus to the pelvic plexus .

16. Innervation (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic) Parasympathetic Uterine tube : N erves from the Pelvic plexus. Uterus: Pelvic nerve of the Pelvic plexus Vulva: Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves supply the vulva (extend from the Pelvic Plexus) Somatic innervation : Pudendal and Genito Femoral nerves provide somatic sensory innervation to the Labia

17. Bovine Reproductive Tract Primary sex organs: Two Ovaries (Ovoid; 4 × 2.5 × 1.5 cm) Secondary Sex organs Tubular genitalia (Falopian tubes (10-15 cm), uterine horns (35 cm), Cervix (8-10 cm), vagina

18. Overall functions of the female reproductive tract Transport sperm Produce oocyte Facilitate fertilization Provide environment for embryo and fetus Give birth to fetus Recycle to become pregnant again Provide Nutrients to young

19. Ovary (main structures)

20. Ovary (Parts)

21. Ovarian differences among species Cow, Ewe, Human (oval shaped) Cortex on outside Ovulation can occur on any point of the ovary Mare (Bean shaped) Cortex inside Medulla outside Ovulation occurs at ovulation fossa Cow Ovary Ovulation Fossa Tertiary Follicle Mare Ovary Medulla

22. Ovarian functions Produce estrogens Produce progesterone Contains oocytes  

23. Structures within Ovary

24. Structures within the ovaries Primary Follicle Secondary Follicle Tertiary Follicle Graafian Follicle Corpus haemorrhgicum Corpus luteum Corpus albicans  

25. Antrum Theca Externa Theca Interna Granulosa Cumulus Oophorus Oocyte (Follicular Fluid) Tertiary Follicle Basement Membrane

26. Follicular Blood Supply Theca interna cells Granulosa cells Follicular fluid Capillary network Basement Membrane

27. Secondary Sex Organ: A Series of Tubes to Convey the oocyte/ Embryo/ Fetus to the Outside The lumen is lined with epithelium called mucosa that is supported by the submucosa. The muscularis is composed of an inner layer of circular smooth muscles and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscles The serosa is the connective tissue covering the tract.

28. Oviduct

29. Oviduct

30. Ampulla Elaborate mucosa lined by columnar epithelium Muscularis is thin

31. Isthmus Mucosa simple, muscularis thick

32. Mucosal lining of fallopian tube Columnar epithelium : Secretory cells, ciliated

33. Oviductal functions Transport sperm to site of fertilization Reduce sperm numbers to prevent polyspermy Remove oocyte from surface of ovary     Transport oocyte to site of fertilization     Provide proper environment for oocyte, sperm & fertilization     Transport & facilitate development of early embryo      

34. Uterus (bovine) Bicornuate poorly to moderately developed uterine horns uterine body one cervix cervix body horn

35. Caruncles

36. Layers in wall of uterus Outer - perimetrium Middle – myometrium Inner - endometrium

37. Histology of uterus

38. Histology of uterus

39. Functions of uterus Transport sperm - when female is in heat Muscle contractions Sperm motility Absorption and phagocytosis Partially prepares sperm for fertilization Provides environment for embryo Supports development of fetus At birth expels fetus Recovers from pregnancy Makes the corpus luteum regress (PGF2 α )    

40. Components of Cervix Cervix is very hard and rigid during estrus Composed of thick connective tissue COW Cow has 3-5 annular rings Contain crypts which provide surface area for sperm reservoir Present in mare, ewe and cow Mucus discharge during estrus Cervix tightly closed except during estrus Mucus characteristics change during estrous cycle Estrus - clear, watery long parallel strands (Estrogen) Diestrus - little mucus Jelly-like mucus crossed linked by disulfide bonds (Progesterone) Cervix Uterine Body Longitudinal Folds Os Cervix Fornix Vagina Vagina Fold Crypts

41. No obstacles Interdigitating pads No fornix vagina Mare Sow Uterine Body Uterine Body Vagina Fornix Vagina Longitudinal Folds Vagina

42. Histology of Cervix

43. Functions of the Cervix Transport sperm Long strands of mucus Stallion & Boar ejaculate through the cervix Barrier to sperm Reservior for sperm Blocking bacterial invasion during pregnancy Birth Canal

44. Vagina Anterior Vagina Posterior Vagina (Vestibule ) Columnar Epithelium Stratified Squamous Epithelium Submucosa Urethra Submucosa Mucosa Fornix Vulva-Vaginal Sphincter Cervix

45. Functions of the Vagina Copulatory organ Glands secrete lubrication Birth canal Glands secrete pheromones

46. Functions of Vestibule: Functions of Vestibule Common duct for urine & reproduction Vestibular glands may contribute to lubrication during estrus

47. Function of External Genitalia Labia Close entrance to vagina Clitoris Female sensory organ

48. Bicornuate Ewe Cow Sow 1 Vagina 1 Cervix 1 Uterine Body 2 Uterine Horns Smaller uterine horns Large uterine horns

49. Bicornuate 1 Vagina 1 Cervix 1 Uterine Body 2 Uterine Horns Large uterine body Smaller uterine horns Mare

50. Bicornuate 1 Vagina 1 Cervix 1 Uterine Body 2 Uterine Horns Dog Cat Small uterine body Long uterine horns

51. Duplex Opossum Rabbit, Mouse 2 Cervixes 2 Uterine Horns 2 Vaginas 1 Vagina

52. Simplex Woman 1 Vagina 1 Cervix 1 Uterine Body Large uterine body No uterine horns

53. Human Tract

54. A 47-year old woman underwent a hysterectomy for excessively heavy menses. She had previously had four normal deliveries. This structure was removed, what is wrong?

55. External Genitalia of the Cow Anus Labia Clitoris Labia Vulva

56. Infundibulum Ovary Oviduct Uterus (Shell) cloaca Vagina Transport to exterior Left side of Reproductive Tract Develops!! Magnum (Albumen addition) Isthmus (Membranes addition) Shell Gland Avian Female Anatomy albumen shell membrane cleaving blastodisc shell Right Oviduct Intestine chalazae perivitelline membrane 24 hrs

57. Avian Female Reproductive Tract Ovary Infundibulum - site of fertilization Magnum - albumin addition Isthmus - membranes Uterus - shell gland Vagina - transport to exterior Sperm storage occurs at various sites in tract in some species

58. Chicken Reproductive Tract Follicles Infundibulum Magnum Isthmus Shell Gland Cloaca

59. Infundibulum

60. Cloaca Vagina Vaginal opening Intestine opening

61. Cloaca of Chicken Vagina opening Intestine opening

62. Suggested Reading: Pathways to pregnancy and parturition. 2005. by P.L. Senger; Chapter 2: pages 10-41.

63. Thank You