Ferrous metals

Ferrous metals- classifications, compositions, properties

1. FERROUS METALS AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

2. METALS Metals are elemental substance. Metals are readily give up electrons to provide a metallic bond and electrical conductivity.

3. Characteristics of metals Hardness Strength R igidity Formability Machinability Weldability Conductivity and Dimensional stability

4. TYPES OF METALS FERROUS METALS Which contains IRON as their major constituent. EXAMPLE: Cast iron ,Steel, etc., NON FERROUS METALS Which contain a metals other than iron as their main constituent. EXAMPLE: Aluminium , Copper, Zinc, etc.,

5. FERROUS MATERIALS Major constituent as iron Iron based components are easily available and distributed throughout the world. Ferrous materials can be produced very economically. Ferrous materials achieve Mechanical and Physical properties. DISADVANTAGE: CORROSION

6. CLASSIFICATION OF FERROUS MATERIALS

7. STEELS Steels are alloys of IRON and CARBON, not only carbon other elements like silicon, manganese, sulphur, nickel, etc. CLASSIFICATION OF STEELS PLAIN CARBON (NON-ALLOY) STEELS Low carbon steels Medium carbon steels High carbon steels ALLOY STEELS Low alloy steels High alloy steels CARBON

8. PLAIN CARBON STEELS DEF: Carbon is the alloying element that essentially controls the properties of alloys, and in which the amount of manganese cannot exceed 1.65% and copper and silicon must be less than 0.6% COMPOSITION: CARBON UP TO 1.5% COPPER UP TO 0.6% MANGANESE UP TO 1.65% SILICON UP TO 0.6%

9. PLAIN CARBON STEELS CHARACTERISTICS: Moderately priced steels (Due to absence of large amount of alloying elements) Sufficiently ductile PRODUCTS: Sheet, Plates, Tube, Wire. APPLICATIONS: Mass production in automobile appliances. Ball bearings, base plates, structural members, etc.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF PLAIN CARBON STEELS LOW-CARBON STEELS Less than 0.25% carbon containing MEDIUM-CARBON STEELS Containing between 0.25% to 0.60 % carbon HIGH-CARBON STEELS Containing more than 0.60% carbon

11. LOW CARBON STEELS Low carbon steels that contain less than 0.25% carbon Low carbon steels are knows as MILD STEELS. CHARACTERISTICS: Soft and weak Ductility and toughness Good formability and weldability Least expensive to produce APPLICATIONS: Automobile body components Bridges Structural shapes( I- beams etc) Pipelines, Buildings.

12. MEDIUM CARBON STEELS Medium carbon steels that contain between 0.25% and 0.60% carbon These steels may be Heat treated by Austenitizing , Quenching and then tempering to improve MECHANICAL PROPERTIES . CHARACTERISTICS: Low hardenabilities High strength and hardness properties are achieved.(Sacrifice of Ductility and Toughness) APPLICATIONS: Railway tracks, gears, crankshafts.

13. HIGH CARBON STEELS High carbon steels that contain more than 0.60% carbon. CHARACTERISTICS: Hardest and strongest Least ductile( more brittle) More wear resistant Sharp cutting edge tools. APPLICATIONS: Cutting tools and dies Knives Blades High strength Wire

14. ALLOY STEELS Alloy steels mean any steels other than CARBON STEELS. ALLOYING ELEMENTS: Chromium, nickel, tungsten Molybdenium , vanadium, cobalt Boron, copper others PURPOSE OF ALLOYING: To increase strength, To improve hardness To improve Toughness, Machinability, Ductility To improve resistance to abrasion and wear To enhance grain size control.

15. CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOY STEELS LOW ALLOY STEELS AISI steels HSLA steels HIGH ALLOY STEELS Tool and die steels Stainless steels STEELS

16. LOW ALLOY STEELS Low alloy steels are steels which contain upto 3 to 4% of one or more alloying elements They have similar microstructure and require similar heat treatment like plain carbon steels. Presence of alloying elements increase strength and hardenability .

17. TYPES OF LOW ALLOY STEELS AISI STEELS American Iron and Steel Institute steels that are generally used in machine construction. AISI steels normally have LESS THAN 5% OF total addition elements such as Cr, Ni, V, etc,. HSLA STEELS High Strength and Low Alloy steels is also knows as micro alloyed steels Elements are Al,V , etc.

18. HIGH ALLOY STEELS High alloy steels are steels which contain 5% of one or more alloying elements They have similar microstructure and require different heat treatment than of plain carbon steels. The room temperature structures after normailising may be austenitic, martensitic

19. TYPES OF HIGH ALLOY STEELS TOOL AND DIE STEELS High quality alloys are used which require special characteristics like HARDENABILITY, WEAR RESISTANCE, TO SOFTENIG ON HEATING,. STAINLESS STEELS Used for improving corrosion resistance.