FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER CONCRETE

What is a Fiber?
Why are Fibres are used?
What is Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)?
Steel fibers
Glass Fibers
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose Fiber
Polypropylene Fibers
Synthetic fibers
NATURAL FIBERS
Factors affecting the Properties of FRC
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS.

1. Sem. I V (2020-2021), Section - A Batch: 2019- 2024 ASAP, Noida BUILDING CONSTRUCTION-I V (ARCH 2 20 ) Amity School of Architecture & Planning FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER CONCRETE ( M o d u l e - 4 ) GROUP NO. 1 AADYANT GUPTA MOHD. AFFAN AMAL DEV NAMAN GARG DHEERAJ BUDHLAKOTI PRAKHAR MISHRA

2.  Small piece of reinforcing material possessing certain characteristic properties.  Can be circular or flat.  Parameter used to describe fiber – “Aspect ratio”.  Aspect ratio is ratio of its length to its diameter .  Typical aspect ratio for fibers ranges from 30 to 150. What is a Fiber…? Why are Fibres are used? Main role of fibers is to bridge the cracks that develop in concrete and increase the ductility of concrete elements. There is considerable improvement in the post-cracking behavior of concrete containing fibers due to both plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater abrasion and shatter resistance in concrete. Imparts more resistance to Impact load.

3. What is Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)? Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers. Within these different fibers that character of fiber reinforced concrete changes with varying concretes, fiber materials, geometries, distribution, orientation and densities.

4. History:FRC The use of fibers goes back at least 3500 years, when straw was used to reinforce sunbaked bricks in Mesopotamia. Horsehair was used in mortar and straw in mud bricks. Asbestos fibers were used in concrete in the early 1900. In the 1950s, the concept of composite materials came into picture. Steel , Glass and synthetic fibers have been used to improve the properties of concrete for the past 30 or 40 years. Research into new fiber-reinforced concretes continues even today.

5. Steel fibers Aspect ratios of 30 to 250. Diameters vary from 0.25 mm to 0.75 mm. High structural strength. Reduced crack widths and control the crack widths tightly, thus improving durability. Improve impact and abrasion resistance. Used in precast and structural applications, highway and airport pavements, refractory and canal linings, industrial flooring, bridge decks, etc. COST :₹ 200/ kg Usage/ Application: Construction Application: Construction Pattern: Steel Grade

6. Glass Fibers High tensile strength, 1020 to 4080 N/mm 2 Generally, fibers of length 25mm are used. Improvement in impact strength. Increased flexural strength, ductility and resistance to thermal shock. Used in formwork, swimming pools, ducts and roofs, sewer lining etc. COCT: ₹ 65/ Gram Glass Fiber Type : Plain Color: White Application: Bags, Home Furnishing Material : Glass Fiber Surface Treatment: Smooth

7. Carbon Fiber Thickness: 4 Mm₹ 3,000/PIECE Pattern Plain Tensile Strength : 1400 to 1900 Mpa Surface Finish Glossy Technique Roll Wrapped

8. Cellulose Fibre COST: ₹ 120/ Kilogram Packaging Type: PP Bag Fibre Type: Natural Fibre Pattern: Raw Colour: White Raw Material: Wood, Plant Leaf Fibre

9. Polypropylene Fibers , Fibre Length: 6-48 mm COST: ₹ 360/ Kilogram Feature: Anti-Distortion Colour: White Pattern: Chopped Strands Usage: Concrete Reinforcement Size/Length: 6-48 mm

10. Nylon Fiber 6, 3.6,12, Grad COST: ₹ 537/ Kilogram Usage/Application: Construction Fiber Type: Nylon fiber Color: White Pattern: Raw Packaging Type: Carton

11. Synthetic fibers Man- made fibers from petrochemical and textile industries. Cheap, abundantly available. High chemical resistance. High melting point. Low modulus of elasticity. It’s types are acrylic, aramid, carbon, nylon, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc. Applications in cladding panels and shotcrete.

12. NATURAL FIBERS: Natural fiber , any hairlike raw material directly obtainable from an animal, vegetable, or mineral source and mixed with rebar in concrete. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NATURAL FIBRES 1-Coir/coconut fibers Coir fiber is extracted from the outer shell of a coconut. There are two types of coir fibers, brown fiber extracted from matured coconuts and white fibers extracted from immature coconuts. Brown fibers are thick, strong and have high abrasion resistance. White fibers are smoother and finer, but also weaker. 2-Sisal fibers Sisal fibers are stiff fibers extracted from an agave plant. These fibers are straight, smooth and yellow in color. Strength, durability and ability to stretch are some important properties of sisal fibers. 3-Jute fibers Jute fiber is produced from genus Corchorus, family Tiliaceae . It is a long, soft and shiny vegetable fiber having off-white to brown color. High tensile strength and low extensibility are some key properties of jute fibers

13. 4-Hibiscus cannabinus (Kenaf) fibers H. cannabinus (kenaf) is extracted from Malvaceous, a family of flowering plant. 5-Flax fibers Flax fiber is extracted from the skin of the stem of flax plant. It is flexible and soft fiber. 6-Cotton fibers Cotton fiber grows around the seeds of the cotton plant. It is soft and staple fiber.

14. Mean stress-strain curve for coconut fiber typical stress-strain curves for the non-wood plant fiber bundles stress-strain curves of natural fibers stress versus percentage strains of various fibres relationship between diameter and tensile strength of non-wood plant fiber bundles relationship between diameter and Young’s modulus of non-wood plant fiber bundles

15. CONCLUSION: (natural fibers) The use of natural fibers, as reinforcement of composites (such as cement paste, mortar and/or concrete), are economical for increasing their certain properties; for example, tensile strength, shear strength, toughness and/or combinations of these. Since, variations exist in properties of natural fibers; therefore, such deviations should be properly addressed as we have categorized the gradation of aggregates. For all these, natural fibers need to be properly tested and results should be published in a systematic manner that is, there should be a guideline for using the specific fibres as construction material.

16. GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE: VERY HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH OF 1020 TO 4080 N/mm2. LIGHT IN WEIGHT. TWICE THE TENSILE STRENGHT OF STEEL BARS. LOW IN COST. ALKALI RESISTANT GLASS FIBER HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. SHOWS COMPARABLE IMPROVEMENT IN DURABILITY TO CONVENTIONAL E-GLASS FIBER. CARBON FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE: USED FOR CLADDING PANELS AND SHELLS. POSSES VERY HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH 2110 TO 2815 N/mm2 AND YOUNGS MODULUD. CEMENT COMPOSITE CONSITING OF CARBON FIBRES SHOW VERY HIGH YOUNG MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH. STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE: MOST COMMONLY USED FIBER. ROUND FIBER OF DIAMETER (0.25-0.75)MM. USED FOR OVERLAYS OF ROADS, AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS, BRIDGE DECKS. THIN SHELLS AND PLATES ALSO BEEEN CONSTRUCTED USING STEEL FIBERS.

17. Factors affecting the Properties of FRC Volume of fibers Aspect ratio of fiber Orientation of fiber Relative fiber matrix stiffness Transfer of stress between matrix and fiber. Type of fiber. Fiber geometry. Mixing and compaction technique of concrete

18. Volume of fiber Low volume fraction(less than 1%) Used in slab and pavement that have large exposed surface leading to high shrinkage cracking. Moderate volume fraction(between 1 and 2 percent) Used in Construction method such as Shotcrete & in Structures which requires improved capacity against delamination, spalling & fatigue. High volume fraction(greater than 2%) Used in making high performance fiber reinforced composites.

19. Contd. Source: P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, Third Edition, Fourth Reprint 2011

20. Aspect Ratio of fiber It is defined as ratio of length of fiber to it’s diameter (L/d). Increase in the aspect ratio upto 75, there is increase in relative strength and toughness. Beyond 75 of aspect ratio, there is decrease in aspect ratio and toughness . Type of concrete Aspect ratio Rel a tive str e ngth Relative toughness Plain concrete with randomly Dispersed fibers 1.0 1.0 25 1.50 2.0 50 1.60 8.0 75 1.70 10.50 100 1.50 8.50

21. Orientation of fibers Aligned in the direction of load Aligned in the direction perpendicular to load Randomly distribution of fibers It is observed that fibers aligned parallel to applied load offered more tensile strength and toughness than randomly distributed or perpendicular fibers.

22. LOAD DIRECTION Parallel Perpendicular Random

23. Relative fiber matrix Modulus of elasticity of matrix must be less than of fibers for efficient stress transfer. Low modulus of fibers imparts more energy absorption While high modulus fibers imparts strength and stiffness. Low modulus fibers e.g., Nylons and Polypropylene fibers. High modulus fibers e.g., Steel, Glass, and Carbon fibers.

24. Workability and Compaction of Concrete… Use of steel fibers decrease the workability. External vibration fails to compact the concrete. Poor workability is also result of non uniform distribution of fibers. Fiber volume at which this situation is reached depends on the length and diameter of fiber used. Workability and compaction standard can be improved with help of water reducing admixture.

25. Applications… Overlays of air-fields. Road pavements. Industrial flooring. Bridge decks. Canal lining. Explosive resistant structure. Refractory lining. Fabrications of precast products like pipes, boats, beams, staircase steps, wall panels, roof panels, manhole covers etc. Manufacture of prefabricated formwork moulds of “U” shape for casting lintels and small beams.

26. POLYMER CONCRETE Concrete is porous due to air voids ,water voids. Impregnation of monomer & subsequent polymerization is the latest technique adapted to reduce porosity and improves strength. Packaging Size: 25 Kg COST : ₹ 1,250/ PACK. Flow Time 10 - 20 minutes at 25 Degree Initial Set 45 - 90 minutes Finishing / Covering: 12 - 24 hours Water / Powder Ratio: 0.18

27. POLYMER CONCRETE POLYMER MIX CONCRETE POLYMER CONCRETE GEO POLYMER CEMENT POLYMER I MPREGN A T ED CONCRETE TYPES OF POLYMER CONCRETE

28. Polymer impregnated concrete:- Precast conventional concrete ,cured & dried in oven. Polymerization carried out by using radiation ,application of heat or by chemical initiation. Monomers used are methyl methacrylate, styrene, acrylonitrile ,t-butyl styrene. Amount of monomer loading depends on quantity of water and air that has occupied the total void space. Monomer loading time can be reduced by application of pressure.

29. Polymer cement concrete:- Made by mixing cement ,aggregates ,water & monomer. Monomers used in PCC are polyester-styrene ,epoxy styrene ,furans ,vinylidene chloride. A superior PCC made by furfuryl alcohol aniline hydrochloride in the wet mix is claimed to be especially dense ,non-shrinking ,high corrosion resistance ,low permeability & high resistance to vibrations and axial extension.

30. Polymer concrete:-

31. Partially impregnated & surface coated concrete:- Significant increase in strength of original concrete. Polymerization can be done by thermal catalytic method. Depth of monomer penetration depend upon pore structure of hardened & dry concrete ,duration of soaking & viscosity of monomer. Excellent penetration can be achieved by ponding the monomer on concrete surface.

32. WHY POLYMER CONCRETE DIFFERENT DRAWBACKS OF CONCRETE REDUCING THE DRAWBACKS ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE REDUCE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT REDUCE ENERGY CONUMPTION

33. MONOMERS (GROUP OF MO N OME R S ) POLYMERS SYNTHETIC(DERIVED FROM PETROL,OIL) T HE RMO S E TT I N G ( H I G H TEMPERATURE) T HE RMO P L A S T I C ( N O T SUITABLE FOR HIGHTEMPERATURE) N A T U R A L ( A VA I L A B LE NATURALLY SOURCE LIKE WATER) ORGANIC(WITHOUT CARBON) CELLULOSE,NUCLEIC ACIDS INORGANIC(CARBON) DIAMOND,GRAPHITE CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS

34. POLYMERISATION TECHNIQUES T H ERM A L C A TAL Y ST GAMMA RADIATION PROMOTER - C A TALYST POLYMERISATION

35. POLYMER CONCRETE POLYMER A GGREG ATES WITH OR W I TH O U T CEMENT AND WATER POLYMER CONCRE T E

36. POLYMER CONCRETE POL Y M ER I S ATION P OL YM ER AGGREGATES PREPARATION OF POLYMER CONCRETE

37. PROPERTIES COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TENSILE STRENGTH IMPERMEABLE & CHEMICAL RESISTANCE INITIAL STRENGTH GOOD ADHESION THERMAL CHARACTERISITICS CREEP CON T I N I O U S LOADING COST F A V O U R A BLE UNFAVOURABLE

38. PREPARATION OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE FLY ASH BLAST FURNACE SLAG A L U M I N O SILICATES W A TER+A L AKLI REAGENTS SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOh) POTASSIUM H Y DRO X I D E ( KOH) SILICATES OF NA,K ETC… FINE AGGREGATES COARSE A GG R E G AT ES A GGRE G AT E S GEO POLYMER CONCRETE GELATION AND P OL YM E R I Z A T I ON GIVES THE FINAL PRODUCT

39. MI X I N G

40. The aggregates are prepared in saturated- surface-dry (SSD) condition, and are kept in plastic buckets with lid

41. The fly ash and the aggregates are first mixed together dry in 80-litre capacity pan mixer . Pan Mixer Used in the Manufacture of Geopolymer Concrete

42. Addition of Liquid Component

43. Fresh Geopolymer Concrete Ready for Placing

44. PROPERTIES Cutting the world’s carbon. Better compressive strength. Fire proof Low permeability. Eco-friendly. DURABLE RESISTANCE TO CORROSION Different source materials Contaminants New material Lack of awareness. A D V A NT A G ES DISADVANTAGES

45. TA B L E

46. PREPARATION OF POLYMER MODIFIED CONCRETE POLYMER FINE AND COARSE A GGRE G AT E CEMENT M OR T AR POL Y M ER I Z ATION POLYMER MODIFIED CO N CRETE

47. PROPERTIES BOND WITH OLD CONCRETE rehabilitation of deteriorated floors, pavements, and bridge decks. IMPERMEABLE RESISTANCE TO COROSION STRENGTH ,DURABILITY IF COMPOSITION CHANGES (EPOXY) U SES DEFECTS

48. COMPOSITION

49. PREPARATION OF POLYMER IMPREGNATED CONCRETE POLYMER IMPREGNATED CONCRETE COMPLETE CURING GIVES APPLYING OF POLYMER SOAKING OF MONOMER SEALING THE MONOMER POLYMERISTAION SURFACE PREPARATION E V A C U A T I O N D RY I NG APPLICATION OF MONOMER

50. PROPERTIES DENSITY PERMEABLITY DURABILITY COM P RESS I V E STRENGTH TENSILE STRENGTH POROSITY CO R ROS I ON VOIDS CRACKS I N C RE A SE DECREASE

51. What is Fiber Reinforced Polymer Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP), also Fibre-reinforced plastic, is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres. The fibres are usually glass, carbon, or aramid, although other fibres such as paper or wood or asbestos have been sometimes used. The polymer is usually an epoxy, vinyl ester or polyester thermosetting plastic, and phenol formaldehyde resins are still in use. FRPs are commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries.

52. PREPARATION OF FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER CONCRETE FIBER RE I NF O RC E D POLYMER CONCRETE F I BERS ( GL A S S , TEXT I L E,ETC) A GGREG ATE POL Y M E R RESINS

53. PROPERTIES FLEXURAL STRENGTH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DUCTILITY DEPEND UPON TYPE OF FIBRE WORKABLITY DEPEND UPON COMPOSITION INCREASE RESIN REDUCTION IN STRENGTHS CRACKS I N C RE A SE DECREASE

54. Test series Resin: sand (w.w–1) Fiber content (%) Flexural EPO100F 10:90 EPO101F 10:90 1 EPO 1 2 F 10:90 2 Compressive EPO120C 12:88 EPO121C 12:88 1 EPO 1 2 2 C 12:88 2 Epoxy resin Sand Steel fibers of 0.24 mm diameter and 15 mm length, added in 0 to 3.5% by weight Flexural strength, creep Addition of 3.5% steel fibers increases the flexural strength by 40%.

55. ADVANTAGES OF FRP Higher strength Lighter weight Higher performance Longer lasting Rehabilitating existing structures and extending their life Seismic upgrades Defense systems Space systems Ocean environments

56. CONCLUSION The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement. comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties. Rapid curing, excellent bond to cement concrete and steel reinforcement, high strength,permeability,corrosion and durability vary with temperature and polymer used. The strength of polymer-modified concrete is greatly influenced by the mixing ratio of ingredients and type of the polymer used. The strength and toughness of polymer concrete also increase with addition of fibers Size of aggregates,microfiller Low maintenance Still there is no polymer to serve universal purposes

57. PLACES OF APPLICATION hazardous waste containment,drains,manholes,acid tanks swimming pools, tunnel lining, shells, floor tiles, 70–75% of its strength after a curing of one day at room temperature The early strength gain is important in precast applications because it permits the structures to resist higher stresses early due to form-stripping, handling, transportation, and erection operations Quick setting time Environmental safety

58. FUTURE SCOPE Cheaper polymers may be made for this purpose Further developments may lead to common usage Alternative and potential replacement for OPC Reducing the greenhouse emissions Creating awareness

59. Case Study : BY Mustafa K.Sonasath , CEPT University  Providing and laying 40 mm steel fibre reinforced cement concrete in pavement (in panels having area not more than 1.5 sqm) consisting of steel fibre @ 40kg per cubic meter of concrete and cement concrete mix of 1:1.95:1.95 over existing surface. Since in the executed item, the thickness was to be restricted, the stone aggregates used were of 10 mm size and below however, in case of the concrete of more than 75 mm thickness, stone aggregates of 20 mm grading can be used. The fibre reinforced concrete has been provided in small panels considering the workability.

60. Pavement with steel fibre reinforced concrete

61. Experiment Aim: To understand the effect of incorporation of polypropylene and steel fibers together in the hardened state of concrete. Material Specification: Cement Type: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Grade: 53 Fine Aggregates: Source: Sabarmati River (Gandhinagar) Grading: Zone-II

62. Coarse Aggregates: Size: 10mm (maximum) Specific Gravity: 2.79 Water Absorption: 1.19 % Admixture: Name: Sikament NN (SP) Type: Super Plasticizer

63. Steel Fibres: Type = SHAKTIMAN MSC 6050 Shape = Round Crimped Fiber Diameter = 0.60 mm Length = 50 mm Aspect ratio = 83.33 (Tolerance D/L= + 10 %) Tensile strength = 1100 N/mm2 Polypropylene Fibres: Company = NINA Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. (Ahmedabad ) Type = FIBREMESH 150 E3 Shape = Monofilament Polypropylene Fibres Diameter = 0.08 mm Length = 12 mm Aspect ratio = 150

64. Following are the tables showing mix design for the 50 kg of Cement for different w/c ratios W/c ratio 0.65 % Cement 50 Kg Water 32.5 Liters C.A. (10 mm) 169.32 Kg F.A. 123.95 Kg PPF (0.5%) 0.63 Kg PPF (1.0%) 1.28 Kg PPF (1.5%) 1.91 Kg SF (0.6%) 6.69 Kg SF (1.2%) 13.4 Kg

65. W/c ratio 0.5 % Cement 50 Kg Water 25 Liters C.A. (10 mm) 117.72 Kg F.A. 97.32 Kg PPF (0.5%) 0.52 Kg PPF (1.0%) 1.05 Kg PPF (1.5%) 1.57 Kg SF (0.6%) 5.49 Kg SF (1.2%) 10.98 Kg

66. W/c ratio 0.42 % Cement 50 Kg Water 23.8 Liters C.A. (10 mm) 107.62 Kg F.A. 94.86 Kg PPF (0.5%) 0.46 Kg PPF (1.0%) 0.94 Kg PPF (1.5%) 1.4 Kg SF (0.6%) 4.9 Kg SF (1.2%) 9.81 Kg

67. Mixing of polypropylene and steel fibres reinforced concrete: The sequence for casting is as follows for FRC: 50 % quantity of coarse aggregates PPF or SF or Both the fibres in 20% quantity Remaining 50% coarse aggregates Another PPF or SF or Both fibres in 20% quantity 50% quantity of sand Another PPF or SF or Both fibres in 20% quantity Remaining 50% quantity of sand Another PPF or SF or Both fibres in 20% quantity Cement Remaining 20% of PPF or SF or Both fibres Water

68. Compressive strength Increase by 5-70% Only Steel fibers Only PP fibers Reduction in strength due to balling effect Reduction in strength by 1- 26% due to balling effect Both steel and PP fibers

69. Increase in compressive strength of concrete: Specimens without any fibers after compression test Specimens with fibers after compression test

70. Tensile strength Increase by 50-140% Only Steel fibers Increase by 5-50% Only PP fibers Increase by 60-200% Both steel and PP fibers

71. Increase in tensile strength of concrete: Specimens without any fibers after split tensile test. Specimens with fibers after slip tensile test .

72. Impact strength Increase by 25-150% Only Steel fibers Increase by 50-100% Only PP fibers Increase by 125-200% Both steel and PP fibers

73. Increase in impact strength of concrete: Specimens without any fibers after compression test Specimens with fibers after compression test

74. Shear strength Increase by 150-200% Only Steel fibers Increase by 22-125% Only PP fibers Increase by 25-220% Both steel and PP fibers

75. Increase in shear strength of concrete: Specimens without any fibers after shear test. Specimens with fibers after shear test.

76. Type of fiber Percentage Weight Per Cum of concrete (Kg) Cost per kg(Rs) Cost per Cum of co n crete(Rs) PPF (0.5%) 0.005 4.2 150 630 PPF (1.0%) 0.01 8.5 150 1275 PPF (1.5%) 0.015 12.73 150 1909 SF (0.6%) 0.006 44.62 50 2231 SF (1.2%) 0.012 89.37 50 4468.5 Cost analysis

77. GFRC project at Trillium Building Woodland Hills, California

78. Footbridge in Fredrikstad, Norway

79. SFRC used at Tehri Dam, Uttarakhand

80. Con c lu s ion The total energy absorbed in fiber as measured by the area under the load-deflection curve is at least 10 to 40 times higher for fiber-reinforced concrete than that of plain concrete. Addition of fiber to conventionally reinforced beams increased the fatigue life and decreased the crack width under fatigue loading. At elevated temperature SFRC have more strength both in compression and tension. Cost savings of 10% - 30% over conventional concrete flooring systems.

81. References  K . Sr i n i v as a Ra o , S .Ra k esh k uma r , A . L axm i Nara y an a , Comparison of Performance of Standard Concrete and Fibre Reinforced Standard Concrete Exposed To Elevated Temperatures , American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936, Volume-02, Issue- 03, 2013, pp-20-26 Abid A. Shah, Y. Ribakov , Recent trends in steel fibered high- strength concrete , Elsevier, Materials and Design 32 (2011), pp 4122–4151 ACI Committee 544. 1990. State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete .ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 5, American Concrete Institute, Detroit,MI , 22 pp

82. Cont d . P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, Third Edition, Fourth Reprint 2011, pp 502-522 ACI Committee 544, Report 544.IR-82, Concr. Int., Vol. 4, No. 5, p. 11, 1982 Hanna, A.N., PCA Report RD 049.01P, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 1977 Ezio Cadoni ,Alberto Meda ,Giovanni A. Plizzari, Tensile behaviour of FRC under high strain-rate,RILEM, Materials and Structures (2009) 42:1283–1294 Marco di Prisco, Giovanni Plizzari, Lucie Vandewalle, Fiber Reinforced Concrete: New Design Prespectives, RILEM, Materials and Structures (2009) 42:1261-1281