Fibre crops by roshni

it includes agronomy of jute and sunhemp crops.

1. FIELD CROPS (KHARIF) Topic : Fibre crops (jute and sunhemp ) Roshni RLBCAU001 Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University

2. JUTE CROP INTRODUCTION All the cultivated varieties are classified into two types of varieties : Corchorus capsularis - Hardy in nature, grow well both on high and low lands, more popular, 70% of total acreage is under this species. Also known as white jute in commercial trade as fibre is whitish in colour . Corchorus olitorius - grown on well drained high lands only. Also known as Tossa jute in commercial trade . fibre is yellow to grey or even reddish in colour , finer, softer, stronger and more lustrous than C. capsularis

3. Corchorus olitorius

4. Corchorus capsularis

5. RAW JUTE SCENARIO Raw jute is produced mainly in the state of west bengal , bihar , assam , orissa , andhra pradesh , tripura and meghalaya PRODUCTION OF JUTE GOODS India is the leading jute goods producing country in the world accounting for about 70% of the estimated world production. Bulk of the jute manufactures goods are predominantly being used for packing purposes in domestic market

6. Domestic consumption of jute goods

7. Global scenario Major jute producing countries- nepal , bangladesh , thailand , myanmar , china Indian jute industry Presently, ther are 94 composite jute mills out of which West bengal-70 mills Andhra pradesh -10 mills UP, Bihar, Orissa – 3 mills Assam, Chattisgarh - 2 mills Tripura- 1 mill As on 31.08.2015, 26 mills are closed

8. ORIGIN The genus Corchorus contains about 40 species. Corchorus olitorius - Africa Corchorus capsularis - Indo-Burma region BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Genus- Corchorus Family- Tiliaceae Herbaceous annual , tap root system with numerous lateral branches

9. CLIMATE 1 . Warm and humid climate 2. Temperature- 24-37 0C optimum- 35oc 3. Relative humidity- 55- 90% 4. Well distributed total rainfall of 150 cm per year, 25 cm rainfall from march to may is the most suitable for jute cultivation. 5. Alternate periods of sunshine and rainfall are beneficial SOIL Can be grown on all types of soil from clay to sandy loam but the most suited is loamy alluvial soil, pH – 6-7.5

10. FIELD PREPARATION 1.Field should be ploughed and cross harrowed 5-6 times followed by planking until a fine seed bed with good tilth is obtained 2. Soil moisture- 21-45% 3. In case of acidic soils, liming should be done 4-6 weeks before sowing at the rate of 7-15 quintal per hectare SEED AND SOWING Seed treatment- captan or ceresan @ 5g per kg of seed Sowing time- starts from the month of February and extends to middle of June in some parts of india White jute- March- April Tossa jute- April – May April sowing gives the best result.

11. Seed rate , spacing and method of sowing- Seed rate for white jute- 6-8 kg per ha, tossa jute- 4-5 kg per ha Spacing for tossa jute-20*5-7, white jute- 30*5-7 Sowing of jute should be done in lines with the help of hand pushed seed drill or may also be sown behind the plough MANURES AND FERTILISERS FYM- 5-8 tonnes per hectare incorporated one month before sowing Nitrogen application – 20-60 kg N per ha for olitorius , 40-80 kg per ha for capsularis Usually top dressed in one or two installments at 4 to 5 weeks crop age when requirement is highest Phosphorus and potassium application- 20-40 kg P2O5 per ha, 20-60 kg K2O per ha

12. WATER MANAGEMENT Jute is generally grown under rainfed conditions, yields higher in irrigated condition One pre sowing and three post sowing irrigations before the onset of monsoon found optimum for increased fibre production of early sown jute WEED MANAGEMENT Weed infestation is maximum upto sixth weeks crop age First weeding- 2-3 weeks after sowing when plants are 7-10 cm high and thin out extra seedlings to a spacing of 3-4 cm between two plants Second weeding- 5-6 weeks crop age when plants are 14-15 cm high and maintain plant to plant distance of 5-7 cm within a row Chemical control – application of fluchloralin ( Basalin ) at the rate of 1 kg a.i . per ha in 1000 litres of water as pre – plant is very effective.

13. Diseases Seedling blight Root rot Stem rot Collar rot These all above diseases are caused by Macrophomina phaseoli . Control- Seed treatment for 10 min in a closed container with captan @ 5 g /kg of seed , apply lime and potash in areas with red and acid soils , spray bavistin @ 1 g/ litre of water at the first appearance of symptoms.

14. Anthracnose of Capsularis - c/o – Colletotrichum corchorum Anthracnose of Olitorius - c/o- Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Control- spray the crop twice a week with 0.2% blitox solution. Stem gall – c/o – Physoderma corchori ( olitorius types are more susceptible) Control- Avoid submergence conditions , grow capsularis types in such areas

15. Insect Pests Jute Semi- Looper Jute stem weevil Bihar hairy caterpillar Tobacco caterpillar Indigo caterpillar Yellow mite Jute girdler Red mite Root knot nematode

16. Harvesting The ideal stage of harvest is when the plants are in small pod stage that is 135-140 days after harvesting But jute crop may be harvested for fibre purpose at any time before flowering between 120-150 DAS Early harvesting gives finer fibre of good quality whereas late harvesting gives a larger yield but a coarser fibre Method – Done by cutting plants close to the ground level with sharp sickles , the harvested plants are tied into separate bundles of 18-20 cm dia and left standing in the field for 2-3 days for shedding of leaves

17. Retting Retting is a process by which the fibres in the bark get loosened and separated from the woody stalk It is a microbial process affected by various aerobic and anaerobic micro-flora Procedure It is best done in a shallow canal with slow running clear water or tanks with a depth of about 2 m are quite suitable The harvested bundles should be kept standing in 30-60 cm deep water for 3-4 days before the entire bundle is steeped Then jute bundles should be placed side by side usually in 2-3 layers and tied together, covered with aquatic weeds

18. The float is then weighed down with seasoned logs or concrete blocks or are kept submerged at least 10 cm below the surface of water At the end of the 8 th day , the stems are to be examined , if fibre slips out easily from the wood on pressure from the thumb and fingers, retting is consider complete. Over retting results in dazed weak fibre . Retting is best done at 34oC.

19. Extraction Fibre should be extracted from the retted stalks gently , keeping the stalks in water Extraction should be done from each stem separately . It gives cleaner jute fibre The extracted fibre should be dried in mild sun over a bamboo frame or clear surface of any sub-stratum for 2-3 days

20. Yield Average yield- 13 Q of fibre / ha and can go upto 20-25 Q of fibre yield / ha from mproved practises and varieties In case seed is produced , 4-5 Q/ha in case of capsularis and 2.5-3 Q /ha in case of olitorius jute

21. Sann -hemp ( Crotolaria juncea L.)

22. Introduction Also called as Bombay hemp or Banars hemp, one of the important fibre crops of india . Important role in national economy both as raw material for indigenous industry and also as a foreign exchange earner through export It is also raised as a green manure crop. It adds about 40-60 kg of nitrogen per ha in the soil after decomposition

23. Origin Indigenous to india AREA AND DISTRIBUTION Important sannhemp growing countries- Russia, Romania, India, China, Hungary, Poland , Turkey, Brazil, Bangladesh Distribution in India-UP, MP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Orissa UP has the largest area followed by MP

24. Botanical description Family- Leguminoseae Erect annual with its lateral braches growing to a height of 1.2 to 3 m Stems are straight and thin and has a very thin outer skin which contains the long bast fibres The plant is deep rooted with well developed lateral roots all covered with numerous nodules Leaves are sessile ,small and narrow and shining and covered with short silky hairs and their arrangement is alternate The inflorescens is a raceme with 12 to 20 bright yellow flowers typically papillionaceous in structure. Flowers are self sterile and are cross fertilised

25. The pods are small, cylindrical and about 5 cm in length, the seeds are kidney shaped CLIMATE Warm season crop , grows best in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In northern india , it is grown in the kharif season while in southern part , raised in rabi also. Requires a minimum of 40 cm of well distributed rainfall during the growing season

26. Soil Well drained loamy soils best for sann -hemp cultivation When grown for fibre purpose, it is not sown on heavy or waterlogged soils but for green manuring purposes , it can be grown on heavy soils too. VARIETIES K-12, K-12 Yellow, Nalanda Sanni , M-19, M-35, D-IX, ST-55, ST-42, ST-95, ST-112, T-6, SS-11

27. Field preparation The soil should be made friable and weed free for sowing of sann -hemp One ploughing followed by 2-3 cross harrowings are sufficient. After harrowing , the field should be levelled by giving a gentle slope to ease drainage SEED AND SOWING Seed rate- 20-25 kg/ha and when sown for green manuring , 55-60 kg /ha as the seeds are broadcasted Sann -hemp seed loses its viability quickly , not older than 1 year seed is used for sowing purposes Spacing- 30* 7-10 cm Seed should not be sown 3-4 cm below the soil surface

28. Manures and Fertilisers Being a leguminous crop , fulfills its nitrogen requirement through the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in nodules on roots Requires about 50 kg P205/ha , Ca is also required in some of the soils, traces of boron and molybdenum are required only after soil testing No response to the application of potash has been observed.

29. Water Management Does not require any irrgation during kharif season but one to two irrigations must be given in drought conditions if rains stop for a long spell Cannot tolerate waterlogging , proper drainage system WEED CONTROL Not much weed problem because seedlings grow very fast and smoother all weeds In problem areas one weeding in the early stages of the crop growth is sufficient Sometimes , there is a problem of Ipomoea that grow with the crop plants and flower and fruit at the same time as sann - hemp so, should be removed manually before flowering

30. Diseases Wilt - C/O- Fusarium vasinfectums Anthracnose- C/O- Colletotrichum curvatum Rust- C/O- Uromyces decoratus INSECT PESTS Sann -hemp Moth , Stem Borer, Green Bug

31. Harvesting Best done at the pod forming stage for good quality fibre . Such fibres have a good colour and lusture Crop grown for the purpose of green manures becomes reaady for incorporation in the soil within 2-3 months of sowing. At this time , the stalks will be tender with very little fibre formation and will take less time for decomposition in the soil . METHOD- Harvesting is done by cutting the plants close to the ground with a sickle

32. Steeping, Retting and Extraction The entire procedure of steeping , retting and extraction is same as that of jute crop YIELD The crop has a fibre content of 2-4 % on the basis of the weight of green stem or 8-12% in terms of dry weight Average yield- 8-10 quintals of fibre per hectare