fibrescottonjutehemp-210526092156 (1).pdf

fibrescottonjutehemp-210526092156

1. FIBRES (Cotton, Jute, Hemp)
Prepared By:
Sujata
Assistant Professor

2. Fibersmaybedefinedasanyhair-likeraw
materialdirectlyobtainablefromananimal,
vegetable,ormineralsourceandconvertibleinto
nonwovenfabricssuchaspaperor,afterspinning
intoyarns,intowovencloth.
CLASSIFICATIONANDPROPERTIES:Naturalfibers
canbeclassifiedaccordingtotheirorigin.
1.Thevegetable,orcellulose-base,classincludes
suchimportantfibersascotton,flax,andjute.
2.Theanimal,orprotein-base,fibersinclude
wool,mohair,andsilk.

3. 3.Regeneratedandsyntheticfibersinclude
Nylon,Terylene,Orlon,Viscose,Alginatefibers,
etc.
4.Animportantfiberinthemineralclassis
asbestos.
Thevegetablefiberscanbedividedintosmaller
groups,basedontheiroriginwithintheplant.
Cotton,kapok,andcoirareexamples.Chemically,
allvegetablefibersconsistmainlyofcellulose.

4. •The animal fibers consist exclusively of proteins
and, with the exception of silk.

5. 1. COTTON
•Synonyms:Rawcotton,purifiedcotton,
absorbentcotton
•BiologicalSource:Itconsistsoftheseedsof
thecultivatedspeciesoftheGossypium
herbaceumandotherspeciesofGossypium(G.
hirsutum,G.barbadense)belongingtofamily
Malvaceae.
•GeographicalSource:UnitedStates,Egypt,
somepartsofAfrica,andIndia

6. HISTORY:
1.GossypiumherbaceumortheAfrican-WestAsian
cotton:
-GossypiumherbaceumistheindigenousspeciesinIndia.
-Itiswidelycultivatedin,Afghanistan.Turkey,NorthAfrica,
Spain,Ukraine,Turkestan,andChina
-Heightis2–6feet
-Itrequireswarmweathertoripenitsseeds.
2.GossypiumarboreumorthePakistani-Indiancotton:
-ItisnativetoNorthwestIndiaandPakistanandfirst
producedandusedbytheHarappancivilizationoftheIndus
Valley.

7. 3. Gossypiumbarbadenseor South American
cotton: It gives the long-stapled cotton.
4. Gossypiumhirsutumor Mexican cotton:
•-G. hirsutumare found in coastal vegetation of
Central and Southern North America and also in
the West Indies.

8. CULTIVATION,COLLECTION,ANDPREPARATION:
1.Cottoniscultivatedbymeansofseedsowingmethod.
2.Theseedsaresowninrowsofabout4–5feetin
distance.
3.fertilizersareprovidedtimely.
4.Thecapsuleconsistsofthreetofiveseedsandiscovered
withhairs.Thebollsarecollectedwhenripe,separated
fromthecapsule,dried,andsubjectedtotheginningpress
forprocessing.
5.thetrichomesareseparatedfromtheseedsbyginning
process.
6.Shorthairsareusedinthemanufacturinginferiorgrade
cottonwool,whereaslonghairsareusedforpreparationof
cloth

9. 7.Theseedsremainaftertheremovalofhairis
usedforthepreparationofcottonseedoil
8.Therawcottonsoobtainedisfullofimpurities
likethecoloringmatterandfattymaterial.
9.furtherpurificationisdonebytreatingitwith
dilutesodaashsolutionunderpressureforabout
15hours.
10.Itisthenbleachedandwashedproperly,
dried,andpacked.Thepackedcottonisthen
sterilizedusingradiations.

10. DESCRIPTION:
1. Color-White
2. Odor -Odorless
3. Taste -Tasteless
4. Shape-fine filaments like that of hair, which are
soft and unicellular.
5. Size –length-2.2–4.6 cm and diameter-20–35
micron

11. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
1.Itconsistsof90%ofcellulose,7–8%of
moisture,wax,fatandoil0.5%andcellcontent
about0.5%.
2.Purifiedcottonhasalmostcelluloseand6–7%
ofmoisture.

12. USES:
1. Cotton is used as a filtering medium and in
surgical dressings.
2. Absorbent cotton absorbs blood, pus, mucus,
and prevents infections in wounds

13. 2.JUTE
Synonym : Gunny.
Biological Source: It consists of phloem fibers from
the stem of
•-CorchoruscapsularisLinn
•-C. olitoriusLinn
•-C. cunninghamii
•-C. junodi
•Family-Tiliaceae.
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: West Bengal and Assam.

14. •HISTORY:
1.Itisnativetotropicalandsubtropicalregions
throughouttheworld.
2.thechiefsourcesofcommercialjutearetwo
IndianspeciestheC.capsularisandC.olitorius.
ThesespeciesaregrowninGangesand
Brahmaputravalleys.
3.Pakistanwastheworld’sleadjuteproducer.
4.Jutewascalledthe‘Goldenfibre’of
Bangladeshbecauseitbroughtthemajorportion
oftheforeigncurrencyforthecountry.

15. DESCRIPTION:
1.Theyaretall,usuallyannualherbs,
2.Heightis2–4m
3.Theleavesarealternate,simple,lanceolate,
4.Theflowersaresmall(1.5–3cmindiameter)
andyellow,withfivepetals;thefruitencloses
manyseedsinthecapsule.

16. PREPARATION:
1.Rettingistheprocessforthepreparationofbastfibres.
2.Thisprocessisdonebythreemethods,i.e.,microbial(or
water),steam,andmechanicalprocess.
3.Themicrobialorwaterrettingprocessistheoldestand
thepopularmethodemployedforthebreakingoflignin
bondpresentbetweenparenchymaandsclerenchyma.
4.Thebreakingofthisbondfacilitatestheeasy
procurementofskinfromitscore.thematerialiswashed
driedtoreleasepectinbondwhichmakesthehardskinto
finethreadlikefibres.
5.Thejutefibresaregradedaccordingtoitscolour,
strengthandfibrelength
6.Thefibresareofwhitetobrownand1–4m.long.

17. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
•12–13%, fats, wax, and ash
•Cellulose (50–53%)
•hemicellulose (20%)
•lignin (10–11%)
•cellulose and lignin (main constituents)

18. USES:
•1.Juteisusedchieflytomakeclothfor
wrappingbalesofrawcotton,inthe
preparationofsacksandcoarsecloth.
•2.Theyarealsowovenintocurtains,chair
coverings,carpets,alsointhemakingofpaper.
•3.Itisevenusedinthemanufactureoftows,
paddingsplints,filtering,andstrainingmedium.
•4.Juteisusedforthepreparationofcoarse
bags

19. 3.HEMP
•BiologicalSource:Hempisthepericyclicfibre
obtainedfromCannabissativaLinn.,belonging
tofamilyCannabinaceae.
•GEOGRAPHICALSOURCE:Hempisgrownatany
altitudefromNorwaytotheEquator.Theraw
materialsareimportedfromChina,Hungary,
America,Germany,Switzerland,Australia,
Canada,France,andNorway.

20. HISTORY:
•1.Cannabissativawasgroupedundertaxablegoods.
•2.Traditionally,Hempwasprocessedbyhand,which
requiredhugelabourandwascostly.
•3.Lateranewmachineforseparatingthefibrefromthe
internalwoodycore(‘Hurds’)reducedlabourcosts.
•4.theproductionofCannabissativawasrestricted
exceptforindustrialuseorresearchpurpose.Its
productionwascategorizedasillegalforallpurpose.
•5.thefirstlicensesweregrantedforgrowingHempof
thelowTHCvarieties(THCisthenarcoticsubstance
foundintheleaves)undertherulingthatHempisgrown
for‘specialpurposes’or‘inthepublicinterest’.

21. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Hemp mainly consists
of THC, Cannabinoids and cellulose and lignin.
USES:
1.Thehistoricallymentionedusesareprinting
inks,paints,varnishes,paper,banknotes,food,
textiles(theoriginalLevi’sjeansweremadefrom
Hempcloth),canvasandbuildingmaterials.
2.Duetoitshightensilestrength,bastfibresare
idealforsuchspecializedpaperproductsas:tea
bags,industrialfilters,currencypaper,orcigarette
paper.