FILM HANDLING AND STORAGE & autometic processing.pptx

for medical

1. JAI HIND Virendra Kumar Maurya Assistant Professor CAEHS COLLEGE, MEERUT Subjects –Image Acquisition, Processing & Archieving Topic- film handling & storage

2. Dr. Mahendralal Sircar : Took the first X-ray photograph in India on June 23, 1896 

3. FILM HANDLING AND STORAGE X-ray film should be stored and handled properly, otherwise it will produce artifacts. It should not be twist, fold, or rough handled . It is pressure sensitive and sharp objects like finger nails may produce artifact. Film is sensitive to temperature, humidity and should be stored at 20°C. Higher temperature and humidity (60%) may cause fog and reduce image contrast.

4. Film is sensitive to light and should be stored and handled in dark . Exposure to low level light may increase the fog . Hence, a well sealed darkroom and a light proof storage bin is a must. Ionizing radiations may fog the film and reduce contrast . Film is more sensitive after an exposure than before. In the first exposure, the optical density is raised above the toe . Successive exposure may cause higher optical density. Film should not be stored near radioactive substance and nuclear medicine areas.

5. Films are supplied in boxes of 50 or 100 sheets . The packing may be by interleaved or non-interleaved method with chemically treated paper . Expiry date is given on the box, which is the self life of the film. Film should not be used after the expiry date, usually 6 months . Aged films may have loss of speed, contrast with increased amount of fog . Film should be stored vertically on the edges. In this, the film will not gum to one another, less likely to bend, and have less pressure from artifacts. The storage is made in such a way that oldest film should be used first. Film may be purchased monthly, so that the storage may not exceed more than 30 days.

6. Thanks

7. Automatic film processor

8. Automatic film processor The automatic film processor was  invented in 1942. The first automatic film processor was invented by Edwin R Harper, who patented the X-ray film-developing tools in 1952.  Technicolor New York Corp: Patented in 1954, this machine automatically processed sensitized film in a row steps.  Eastman Kodak Co: Patented in 1957, this machine was a film processing machine.  Agfa Ag: Patented in 1960, this machine was for processing photographic material.

9. Automatic film processing Automatic film processing is the method used to develop radiographic films in a machine that automates the traditional manual steps of film development. This process involves a sequence of chemical treatments and handling steps to produce a visible image from an exposed radiographic film. Automatic film processors are widely used in medical radiology, dentistry. .

10. Steps in Automatic Film Processing: Film Feeding : The film is fed into the processor, where it is automatically drawn into the machine. Rollers or belts guide the film through the different sections of the processor.

11. Development : Works : Converts the latent (invisible) image on the exposed X-ray film into a visible image by chemically reducing exposed silver halide crystals into metallic silver. Time : The film is submerged in the developer solution for a short time, typically around 20–30 seconds in automatic processors. Developer Composition : The solution contains reducing agents, activators, preservatives, and restrainers to control the development process.

12. Fixing : Works :- Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals from the film to make the image permanent and light-resistant. Time : Typically around 20 seconds in automatic processing. Fixer Composition : The solution contains fixing agents (like sodium thiosulfate or ammonium thiosulfate ), which dissolve the unexposed crystals, as well as preservatives and hardeners to protect the film.

13. Washing : Works : Removes residual chemicals from the film to prevent degradation over time. The film passes through a water bath or spray system, ensuring thorough cleaning. Time : Usually 20–30 seconds in automatic systems.

14. Drying : Works : Dries the film to prepare it for viewing or storage. The film is passed through warm air blowers to quickly dry it without damaging the emulsion. Time : Approximately 20 seconds.

15. Film Output : Once the film is dry, it is automatically fed out of the processor, ready for viewing or storage.

16. Components of an Automatic Film Processor Roller Transport System : Moves the film through the developer, fixer, wash, and dryer sections. Temperature Control System : Maintains optimal temperatures for the developer and fixer solutions, as temperature affects the speed and quality of development. Chemical Replenishment System : Monitors and maintains the chemical levels to ensure consistent processing quality. Drying System : Uses heated air to quickly dry the film after washing.

17. Routine Maintenance: Chemical Replenishment : Chemicals need to be replenished or replaced regularly to ensure proper film development. Cleaning Rollers : Rollers should be cleaned regularly to prevent buildup of chemicals and debris that can damage films. Temperature Checks : The temperature of the developer and fixer solutions should be regularly monitored to ensure they are within the proper range (around 35–37°C).

18. Common Issues Chemical Contamination :- Disturbing image quality. Improperly aligned of rollers:- Roller Marks or Artifacts: Film Jamming : Rollers or belts go wrong, Chemical running down :-Leading to under- or over-developed images.

19. Advantages Speed :- 90–120 seconds Consistency :- (temperature, timing, chemical concentration), Reduced Errors:- incorrect timing or temperature control. Convenience:- require less manual labor and supervision. High Throughput:- for busy radiology departments.

20. Disadvantages: Cost :- expensive Chemical Usage:- require proper handling and disposal Space Requirements :-

21. Thanks

22. Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose: Built the first X-ray apparatus in India around 1897–1898  Dr. Ida Belle Scudder: A pioneer of radiotherapy in southern India who came to CMC Vellore in 1931  S.C Sen : A founder member of the Indian Radiological Association (IRA) who started deep X-ray therapy in New Delhi in 1935  Dr. Sneh Bhargava : India's first female radiologist and the inaugural woman director in AIIMS' history  K. M. Rai : Instrumental in the new start of the IRA in 1946 and The Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging  (IJRI) was established in 1947.

23. Dr. Mahendralal Sircar