Final Class Presentation on Resolving Conflicts_Civil Wars.ppt

International conflicts/disputes are inevitable in international relations due to economic, political or security reasons etc.

1. RESOLVING
CONFLICTS/ CIVIL WARS

2. Introduction
Internationalconflicts/disputesareinevitablein
internationalrelationsduetoeconomic,political
orsecurityreasonsetc.
Useofforceininternationalrelationsis
prohibited(UNCharterArt.2(4).
UNCharterArt.2(3):
AllMembersshallsettletheirinternational
disputesbypeacefulmeansinsuchamanner
thatinternationalpeaceandsecurity,and
justice,arenotendangered.

5. International disputes
Internationaldisputesaremajordisagreementsbetween
twoormorenations,orunilateraldeclarationsbyone
nationthatarenotacceptedbyothers.
Therearemanysourcesofinternationaldisputes,
including
territorialdisputes,
maritimerightsdisagreement,
ambiguoustreaties,
conflictsonhumanrights,and
long-heldgrievancesforpastactionsthathave
neverbeenfullyresolved.
Internationaldisputeshavebeenthesourceofmilitary
conflict,civiliandeaths,andlong-standinganimosity
betweennationsthatmaystretchforgenerations.

9. Border disputes
arequitecommonintheinternationalcommunity.
Bordersareoftenfarfromthecenterofpowerinacountry,
andmayshiftfromtimetotimeasaresultoffarming
communityspreadoreventopographicalchanges.
Thelinesonamapmadedecadesbeforemaynotalways
berelevanttothecurrentsituation,andinsomecasesmay
havebeendisputedevenwhenthemapwasoriginally
drawn.
GreeceandTurkeyhavebeeninvolvedinborderdisputes
forthousandsofyearsaboutthelandborderingtheAegean
Sea;sincethe1970s,thesedisputeshavecomedangerous
closetomilitaryactionatleasttwice.

10. Resource issues
areanothermajorsourceofinternationaldisputes.
Therightstodrillforoil,mineore,cuttimber,andaccessfresh
watersourcesareimportanttoacountry'sfinancialand
sometimesliteralsurvival,makingthesefightsquiteserious.
Manyresourceconflictsrelatebacktoterritorialdisputes;
determiningwhoownsthelandwiththeresourcecanhelp
definewhohastherighttouseit.
Resourcedebatesalsobecomemorecomplexwhendiscussing
naturalformations,suchaslargerivers,thatspanmultiple
domains.
Sometimes,theseinitialdisputescanhaveproductive
outcomes;in1998,14nationsthatbordertheDanubeRiverin
EuropeformedtheInternationalCommissionfortheProtection
oftheDanubeRiver,anorganizationdedicatedto
reducingpollutionandcreatingcooperativesustainablewater
useprograms.

11. The Age of Imperialism
lefttheworldwithagreatdealofconquerednations
andareasnothappywiththeircolonialgovernors.
Manyinternationaldisputesofthe21stcenturystill
datebacktotheexpansiveeraofnationbuilding,
withnativepeopleorpriorownerscryingoutforthe
returnofconqueredandannexedareas.
Gibraltar,forinstance,hasbeenanareaof
contentionbetweentheUnitedKingdomandSpain
sincetheearly18thcentury,whilemanyofthe
nativepeopleoftheareainsistontheirownrightsto
govern.

12. The Issue of Refugees
Thetreatmentofrefugees,andhumansin
general,isoftenthesourceofgraveinternational
disputes.
Theseconflictsliearoundissuessuchas
permittinghumantrafficking,theoppressionof
women,religiousoppression,andethniccleansing
orgenocideattempts.
Manyinternationallawscholarshopethat
attentivemanagement ofothertypesof
internationaldisputescanhelpleadtoimproved
internationalcooperationovertime,whichmayin
turnleadtoamoreopenforumtomanage
humanrightsissues.

13. PEACEFULL MEANS OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES’ SETTELMENT
UNCharterArt.33.
Thepartiestoanydispute,thecontinuance
ofwhichislikelytoendangerthe
maintenanceofinternationalpeaceand
security,shall,firstofall,seekasolutionby
negotiation,enquiry,mediation,conciliation,
arbitration,judicialsettlement,resortto
regionalagenciesorarrangements,orother
peacefulmeansoftheirownchoice.
TheSecurityCouncilshall,whenitdeems
necessary,calluponthepartiestosettletheir
disputebysuchmeans.

14. Methods of dispute settlement
UNGA Resolution 2625 (1970)
Statesshall…seekearlyandjustsettlementoftheir
internationaldisputesbynegotiation,inquiry,
mediation,conciliation,arbitration,judicialsettlement,
resorttoregionalagenciesorarrangementsorother
peacefulmeansoftheirchoice.
Inseekingsuchasettlementthepartiesshallagree
uponsuchpeacefulmeansasmaybeappropriateto
thecircumstancesandnatureofthedispute.
Thepartiestoadisputehavetheduty,intheeventof
failuretoreachasolutionbyanyoneoftheabove
peacefulmeans,tocontinuetoseekasettlementofthe
disputebyotherpeacefulmeansagreeduponbythem.

15. Methods of dispute settlement

16. Methods of dispute settlement
cont.

17. Point of departure.
Statesusuallypreferdiplomatic
solutionstojudicialsettlement
Maintaincontroloverdecision-
making
Cantakeintoaccountextra-legal,
complexfactors(e.g.economic
situation,internationalrelations
etc.)

18. Good offices
Thirdparty(stateorrespected
institution/person)attemptstoinfluence
theopposingsidestoenterinto
negotiations
Doesnottakeactivepartinthe
negotiations butprovides the
logisticalbackground,servesasa
channel.
Anypartycanofferitsservicesbutithas
tobeacceptedbyallthepartiestothe
dispute.

19. Good offices cont.
TheWTODisputeSettlementUnderstanding(DSU)
providesforgoodoffices,conciliationandmediationona
voluntarybasisifthepartiestothedisputeagree.
Iran/USAhostagedispute–mediationpursuedby
Algeria,amovethatavertedapotentialwar.
FalklandIsland’sdisputein1982–mediationbyUS
followedbyUNSecretaryGeneral
BreakupofYugoslavia(1991-1995)–mediatedbyEU,
UN(withEUandUS)
In2008,theformerUNSecretary-GeneralKofiAnnan
wasinvolvedinresolvingpresidentialelectionsdispute
inKenya-PresidentMwaiKibakiwasdeclaredthe
winnerofthepresidentialelectionheldonDecember
27,2007.RailaOdingaoftheOrangeDemocratic
Movementallegedelectoralmanipulation.

20. International Mediation
Goesbeyondgoodoffices,takes
activepartinthenegotiation
Seekstodirectthenegotiations,
cajolethedisputingpartiesinto
acceptingtheproposals
Offershisownproposals

21. International Mediationcont.
Internationalmediationisanattempttoresolve
disputesbetweennations.
Itoperatesonthesamedisputeresolutionprinciples
asthosethatapplytodisputesbetweenindividuals.
Itisawaytogivepartiescontroloversettlingtheir
differenceswithobjectiveguidanceinaneutral
setting.
Internationalmediationcaninvolvethingsliketradeand
commerceissuesorbeanattempttopreventorhalt
armedconflict.
The1856DeclarationofPariswasoneoftheearly
internationalagreementsthatencouragedmember
Statestosettletheirmaritimedisputesbymediation.

22. Mediators
Mediatorsofinternationaldisputesareoften
highlyrespectedindividualswithastrong
commitmenttoresolvingissuespeacefully.
Asovereignnationwithastronginterest
ininternationalorregionalstabilitywilloften
serveasmediatorininternationaldisputes.
Individualnationshaveimmenseresourcesto
offerintheinternationalmediationprocess,
includingpoliticalleaderswithexpertiseinthe
culturesofthedisputantsandthenatureofthe
conflict.

23. MEDIATION IN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
Internationalmediationmayinvolveprivateindividuals,
academicscholars,officialgovernmentrepresentatives,
regionalorganisations,smallorlargestates,
transnationalandinternationalorganisations.
TheUNCharterinitsArticle33(1)listsmediationasa
peacefulmethodofresolvinginternationaldisputes.
TheAgreementEstablishingtheWorldTrade
Organization(WTO)thatestablishedtheWTODispute
SettlementUnderstanding(DSU)persuadesthe
disputantstosettletheirdisputesthroughconsultation
andmediationwithoutrecoursetoPanelsandthe
AppellateBody.

24. Culture & Language
Internationalmediationcanbecomplicatedby
culturalandlanguagebarriers.
Therearealsosituationswherethepartieshave
astrongsenseofnationalidentityanda
willingnesstouseforcetomaintainoroverthrow
thecurrentbalanceofpower.
Mediationofseeminglyintractableconflicts
requiresadeepunderstandingoftheparties’
grievancesandatenaciouscommitmentto
resolvingtheconflict.

25. Mediators cont.
SpecialNon-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs)like
AmnestyInternationalandtheCarterCenter,
foundedbyformerUSPresidentJimmyCarter,may
alsoaidintheinternationalmediationprocess.
PartiesinconflictmayviewNGOsasmoreneutralin
thesituationastheyshouldhavenogovernmental
agenda,andideally,theironlygoalbeingtosettle
thedisputepeacefully.
This is also a considerationfor
usingmediationorganizationsliketheQuakers,the
IslamicConferenceOrganization,andOxfam.These
organizationsworknotonlytosettletheconflictbut
alsotobringaboutreconciliationbetweenthe
parties.

26. Mediators cont.
TheSecondHagueConferenceof1907recognized
therightofneutralstatestoactsasmediatorsin
internationaldisputes.Whatisthemediation?
Elementsofmediation
Mediation,asanaffordableandaccessiblemeansof
alternativedisputeresolution,hasthefollowingfive
elements:
Thepresenceoftheparties;
Willingnessofthepartiestoactingoodfaith;
Animpartialthirdpartyfacilitator;
Anappropriatesiteand
Confidentiality.

27. Mediators cont
E.g.USAinCampDavid
(Israeli-Egyptianpeace
agreement)
Sometimes respected
individuals(Thepopein
Argentine-Chile:Beagle
Channelcase),British
QueeninCommonwealth
disputes.

28. Culture & Language cont.
Culturalmediationisconsidereddifficultbecauseexpectations
varybycountryandamongclassesofpeoplewithinacounty.
Culturalnormsmightbeflexibleandmaychangebasedon
gender,age,andreligion.
Societiesofpeoplewithinthesamecountrymightsharediverse
beliefsandwaysofexpressingthemselvesthatfalloutsidebasic
assumptionsaboutpeopleintheregion.
Mediatorsaretaughttobeimpartialandunbiasedwhen
facilitatingasolutiontoabusinessmisunderstanding.
Thisstylemightappearforeigntopeoplefromcertaincultures.
Forexample,somecountriesadoptastyleofcommunicatingthat
takesafirmstandonatopic,andpeopleareexpectedtodefend
theirpointsofview.
Peoplefromtheseregionsmightnottrustamediatorwhois
totallyimpartial.

29. Culture & Language cont.
Culturalmediationdescribesaprofessionthatstudiesthe
culturaldifferencesbetweenpeople,usingthedatainproblem
solving.
Abusinessmighthaveglobalcustomerswithdifferent
communicationstylesandculturalnormsfordispute
resolution.
Culturalmediationattemptstobridgethosedifferencesbased
onthetraditionsofbothparties.
Nuancesincommunicationstylesalsovarybycountry.For
example,LatinAmericansandArabstendtouseemotion
whendealingwithothers.
AfricanandAsianpeoplemightexhibitamorestoicdemeanor.
Amediatorwhosetstypicalgroundrulesthatforbid
interruptingoremotionalresponsesmightfinditdifficultto
dealwithpeoplewhofindthatstyleofnegotiatingforeign.