FINAL CLASS PRESENTATION ON THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF DIPLOMACY I.pptx

Track I Diplomacy
Track One and Half Diplomacy
Track II Diplomacy
Informal diplomacy
Cultural diplomacy (involving new non-governmental and non-professional actors in the making of diplomacy)

1. IRL 6020 A: TECHNIQUES OF INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF DIPLOMACY I.

2. L earning O utcomes By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the major actors in the contemporary international system. Discuss the four characteristics of a state. Differentiate a state and a nation. Discuss the relationship between international organizations and powerful states. Identify the capabilities of a nongovernmental organization.

3. Diplomacy and Several Tracks Track I Diplomacy Track One and Half Diplomacy Track II Diplomacy Informal diplomacy Cultural diplomacy (involving new non-governmental and non-professional actors in the making of diplomacy )

4. Track I Diplomacy In 1981, Joseph V. Montville, then a U.S. State Department employee, coined the phrases Track One and Track Two diplomacy in "Foreign Policy According to Freud", which appeared in Foreign Policy . Track 1 Diplomacy is official government  diplomacy whereby communication and interaction is between governments

5. Track I Diplomacy cont. Track-one diplomacy is conducted by official state representatives and is known as official governmental diplomacy. Track I diplomats are committed to representing their state's interests, which may not always include a strong interest in quickly resolving a conflict. So track-one diplomacy is not always easily applied for successful conflict resolution.

6. Track I Diplomacy cont. Track I Diplomacy is usually considered to be the primary peacemaking approach as it is carried out by diplomats, high-ranking government officials, and heads of state and is aimed at influencing political power structures. The Track One level includes actors such as the UN, regional organizations, heads of state, and government representatives. The major task of these actors is to facilitate negotiations at the top level of leadership to influence change or the resolution of a conflict .

7. Who conducts Track 1 Diplomacy Governments : Nation-states are primary actors in diplomacy. Their leaders (such as presidents, prime ministers, or monarchs) and foreign ministers engage in diplomatic activities. Diplomatic Agents : These include ambassadors, consuls, and other representatives who act on behalf of their governments in foreign countries. Consular Officers : Responsible for consular services (e.g., visa issuance, assistance to citizens abroad). Other Representatives : State officials involved in international relations.

8. How is Track One conducted ? Track-one diplomacy is conducted by official representatives of a state or state-like authority and involves interaction with other state or state-like authorities: heads of state, state department or ministry of foreign affairs officials, and other governmental departments and ministries.

9. How does track one take place ? Official track, track-one diplomacy may take place bilaterally between two states, or multilaterally when several states interact together, and even regionally or globally through inter-governmental organizations.

10. Purposes and Intentions of Track I Diplomacy Track-one diplomacy may be used coercively and involve  sanctions, ultimatums, and psychological intimidation It may also be used persuasively  and involve argumentation and/or  compromise. It may be used as a means of adjusting states' relationship to and views of one another Maybe a tool for reaching mutual agreements---which may themselves reflect elements of persuasion or coercion . Track-one diplomacy may be used by a third-party state to help bring about an agreement between other states through mediation and negotiation

11. How is Track One Executed Informal consultations " Good offices“ Special envoys Mediation Negotiations International condemnations Fact-finding missions

12. Informal Consultations States may informally consult and discuss a variety of issues from energy policy to human rights . Example : Germany and Britain’s discussions on Bosnia and reforms for EU membership .

13. Good Offices Influence States and their diplomats can use their influences to benefit the causes of others states or groups within states . What are some examples??

14. Special Envoy As an appointed senior member of a country’s diplomatic corp , tasked with dealing with only a specific set of issues . Example : Richard Holbrooke was appointed special envoy to end war in Bosnia .

15. Mediation States may find themselves having to solve conflicts between two states or between groups within states . Example : US-led mediation between Israel-Egypt (Camp David Accords 1978)

16. Mediation Mediation by states is practised in the form of official or quiet diplomacy The usual types of mediation (umbrella term) are good offices, facilitation, consultation, negotiation and mediation

17. Power Mediation as a Special Form of Mediation Outcome-orientation : mediation aims to identify representative leaders of the conflicting parties and to bring them together to negotiate a cease-fire and/or a peace accord Power Mediation: outcome-oriented , explicit possibility of use of power, including military force. This approach can be practiced by states that can bring resources into the negotiations (“financial carrots” or “military sticks“)

18. Negotiation States may negotiate on their behalf with other states on their behalf or as a third party between two other states or a state and a non-governmental actor . Example : Iranian Hostage Crisis

19. International Condemnation States may use condemn another state’s foreign policy or domestic actions . Example : condemnations from the International community for the coup in Turkey.

20. Fact Finding Missions States may send members of their diplomatic corp. to find out what’s going on in other countries . Example : In April 2016 UK Secretary of State visited Kenya to view UKaid projects and meet beneficiaries.

21. Strengths of Track One Diplomacy First , Track One Diplomacy can use political power to influence the direction of negotiations and outcomes (Sanders, 1991). This power might include using the threat of military force if a party decides to go against international treaties . Second , Track One Diplomacy can access material and financial resources that give high leverage and flexibility in negotiations (Bercovitch and Houston, 2000). Third , Track One Diplomacy can employ in-depth knowledge about the parties’ interests because of the use of various intelligence sources (Stein and Lewis, 1996). Fourth , Track One mediators have the competence to use broad knowledge of their states’ foreign policies, and also the foreign policies of the conflicting parties .

22. Strengths of Track One Diplomacy cont. They have more power than an individual. Since governments generally have power over the general public, the governments can do some good for their people.

23. Weakness of Track One Diplomacy The first weakness of Track One Diplomacy is that its conflict resolution approaches are corrupted by power. State power can be a liability to durable peace, rather than a facilitative tool. Power can suppress underlying issues of weaker parties, thereby undermining the sustainability of a peace agreement (Diamond & MacDonald, 1996 ). Second , diplomatic missions, an asset to Track One Diplomacy, are normally closed down at the peak of conflicts between countries “thereby reducing communication when it is needed most” (Ziegler, 1984, p. 27 ). Third , officials cannot, of course, speak against their country and, as a result, may either be too rigid or delay negotiations through consultations with their leaders at home ( Volkan , 1991; Sanders, 1991 ). Fourth , Track One Diplomacy is affected by electoral cycle .

24. Weakness of Track One Diplomacy cont. They have more power than an individual. Since governments generally have power over the general public, the governments can do some good for their people. Governments can become corrupt, and government-to-government interaction can become non-diplomatic; for example, under the role of Pol Pot the government did not serve the people and human rights were violated. When we visited Cambodia, people asked us – “Where was America during the war?” Recently, Ambassador Mussomeli has helped prosecute American sex predators.

25. Criticisms on Track One Diplomacy   S tate diplomacy focuses on the top leadership level of conflicting parties: „[...] the international community most often seeks out and relates to hierarchical leaders [...] even when, as it is often the case, power may be far more diffuse and fractionated. In situations such as Bosnia, Somalia, and Liberia, the degree to which hierarchical power is operational is decidedly unclear.“ ( Jean Paul Lederach, Levels of Leadership, in: Luc Reychler /Thania Paffenholz ( Hrsg .), Peacebuilding. A Field Guide, Boulder 2001, S. 147 ) State mediation are only in rare cases “neutral “ Outcome-oriented approaches are not sufficient in tackling the deeper roots of conflict

26. Discussion Questions

27. Conclusion

28. THANK YOU