final modes of transmission of communical disease.pptx

modes ogtransmission of diseases

1. RIYA BHARGAVA- 09/MPH/SAHSM/2023 MANOJ KUMAR- 07/MPH/SAHSM/2023 Mode of Transmission of Communicable Diseases - Direct Transmission

2. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES A communicable disease is one that spreads from one person or animal to another or from a surface to a person. They are the result of pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. Communicable disease is one in which the causative organism or pathogen is carried from one person to another either directly or indirectly. Communicable diseases are also called as Infectious Disease.

3. DISEASE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS

4. Disease Transmission Dynamics Susceptible host Incubation Symptomatic Time Latency Infectivity or transmissibility COMMUNICABLE PERIOD Moment of infection Onset of symptoms End of the disease Cure Death Immune Carrier Infection Transmits

5. INCUBATION PERIOD : Time interval between initial contact with an infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or symptom of disease in question. COMMUNICABLE PERIOD : Period of communicability is the time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person, from an infected animal to humans, or from an infected person to animals. Also known as the ‘infectious period’. Controlled by- Improvement of Personal Hygiene Improvement of Social Hygiene Awareness about Health Awareness about Disease

6. LATENT PERIOD : The period between exposure and the onset of the period of communicability, which may be shorter or longer than incubation period. SUSCEPTIBILITY : The state of being susceptible (easily affected / infected). A susceptible person does not possess sufficient resistance against a particular pathogen to prevent contracting that infection or disease when exposed to the pathogen.

7. TYPES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Respiratory Infections Intestinal Infections Arthropod Borne Infections Surface Infections Sexually Transmitted Disease

8. Transmission of disease Transmission is the process by which a pathogen spreads from one host to another. Diseases or infections are transmitted in many ways. It may be directly transmitted from one person to another, or by certain bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi. There are two different modes of transmission of diseases: 1- DIRECT TRANSMISSION 2- INDIRECT TRANSMISSION 

9. Mode of Transmission DIRECT TRANSMISSION Direct contact Droplet infection Contact with soil Inoculation into skin and mucosa Trans-placental (vertical) INDIRECT TRANSMISSION Vector borne Vehicle borne Air born Fomite borne Unclean hands and fingers

10. DIRECT TRANSMISSION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE Direct Transmission – This occurs when the pathogen is transmitted directly from an infected person. For eg. , if an open wound comes in contact with the blood of a Hepatitis B infected patient, the wounded person might contract the disease.

11. Direct Contact  Infection may be   transmitted directly from skin to skin, mucosa to mucosa, mucosa to skin of others or same person. Example: skin-to-skin contact as by touching, kissing or sexual intercourse. - STD and AIDS, leprosy, leptospirosis, skin and eye infections.

12. DROPLET TRANSMISSION This is direct   projection of a spray of droplets of salaiva and nasopharyngeal secretions (airborne droplets of saliva or sputum) containing infectious organisms. The spray of droplets during coughing and sneezing can spread an infectious disease. Example- COVID-19, Tuberculosis, Influenza,The common cold

13. CONTACT WITH SOIL The disease   agent may be acquired by direct exposure of susceptible tissue to the disease agent in soil, compost or decaying vegetable matter. Examples: hookworm larvae, tetanus, mycosis etc

14. INOCULATION INTO SKIN OR MUCOSA The disease agent may be inoculated directly into the skin or mucosa Eg. - Rabies virus by dog bite, Hep. B virus through contaminated needles and syringes etc .

15. Vertical transmission Vertical transmission refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from a mother to their offspring through the placenta, breast milk, or genital tract during delivery. This mode of transmission can occur during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding, and can result in a wide range of outcomes depending on the pathogen involved and the timing and severity of the infection. It can occur with a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites . 

16. Types of Vertical Transmission Transplacental transmission:  In this type of vertical transmission, the pathogen crosses the placenta and infects the fetus directly. Perinatal transmission:  Perinatal transmission occurs during childbirth when the infant comes into contact with infected maternal fluids. Breast milk transmission:  Certain infections, such as HIV, can be transmitted through breast milk from mother to child. Intrauterine transmission:  Intrauterine transmission occurs when the pathogen infects the fetus before birth, usually through the amniotic fluid HIV/AIDS, Syphilis,Hepatitis B , Herpes, zika

17. TRANSMISSION MODES DISEASE CAUSED DIRECT THROUGH DROPLETS COMMON COLD AND COUGH BY SKIN CONJUCTIVITIS,, CHICKENPOX BY BLOOD OR BODY FLUIDS HIV, HEPATITIS PERSON TO PERSON GONORRHEA INDIRECT AIRBORNE MEASLES, INFLUENZA CONTAMINATED OBJECTS SYPHILLIS, COMMON COLD VECTOR BORNE TRANSMISSION MALARIA, DENGUE CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER CHOLERA, FOOD POISONING THROUGH ANIMALS RABIES, ANTHRAX ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE

18. Conclusion Direct transmission is a common mode of spread for communicable diseases. Understanding the modes of transmission and implementing appropriate preventive measures are crucial for controlling outbreaks and protecting public health.