final presentation GROUP 12 SCAFFOLDING-1.pptx

A detailed presentation about Scaffolding for construction in civil engineering.

1. SCAFFOLDING GROUP 12 What is scaffold, what are types of scaffold, how to set up a scaffold how they are used in construction site,advantages and disadvantages of scaffolds, risk and accidents that can be posed by scaffolds and how to avoid them 1. Sherwin T Mazibuko N02221041W 2. Muchera Patrick N02221121P 3. Khupe Meliwethu N02221130N 4. Gareth Foya N02220605N 5. Jemin Zibusiso Mpofu N02219809L 6. Sean M Mudzekenyedzi N02221728C 7. Glee Makubaza N02221662L 8. Tafara Chirape N02220782P 9. Roland Kasu N02218789P 10. Gerald Gwaure Sakutombo N02217204C 11. Tinotenda Mavhaire N02221721H 1

2. INTRODUCTION • The average builder is 1.7m. The average building is 2-30m in height. • The solution to this problem is setting up temporary frames to provide means of access to high level working areas and provision of a safe working platform for construction workers, cleaners and materials. 2

3. Definitions Scaffold is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other human-made structures. Scaffolds are structures which are designed in such a way they are perfectly balanced and used on site to get access to heights and areas that would be otherwise hard to get to. Scaffolds are also called stagings . 3

4. Simple structure of a SCAFFOLD 4

5. Materials used to make scaffolds. The materials used to make different types of scaffolds depends on the environment where the construction is going to be taking place whether it is moist or not or the conditions are rainy or not. It also depends on the the type of construction work which is going to take place either dam construction or building construction. It also depends on the height of the building or structure which is being constructed. It also depends on the availability of the materials 5

6. Materials Steel This is mainly used because of its greater strength and durability and more resistance. It can be recycled but steel its costly. Aluminum This used also because of its strength and durability, also can be shaped to any shape. Wood This used because it is readily available and cheap Bamboo this one is mainly used in remote areas of china and India because it is readily available and the structures to be constructed doesn’t require complex scaffolds. 6

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8. How to setup a Scaffold ( Erecting a scaffold) • Ensure you are trained to setup scaffold, Wear harness and lanyard when setting up. • Select secure foundation - mud sills and base plates attached to scaffolding to secure standards to ground • Assemble scaffold frame - connect standards, ledgers, putlogs, braces with couplers. If single scaffold, leave spot in brickwork at required distances and insert putlog into each space. • Attach guardrails - two rows of horizontal tubes • Place planks to create walking platform • Inspect the scaffolding - secure access to scaffold. Ensure its safe to manoeuvre and prevent the scaffold from toppling over. • Make use of caster if scaffold is used at various spots 8

9. TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING 1. Single Scaffolding: Used for Brick Single scaffolding is a popular type of scaffolding used primarily for brick masonry work. It comprises vertical supports called standards, which run parallel to a building or structure It is also called putlog or bricklayer’s scaffolding, it’s a relatively simple and economical system suitable for low-rise buildings with walls It may not be suitable for structures with weak or fragile walls as it relies on the support of the structure being worked on. 9

10. 2. Cantilever Scaffolding: Perfect for Upper Level Construction Cantilever scaffolding is used when the ground is strong enough to support standards and when a wall’s upper level is under construction. The standards receive support from needles, which are protrusions sticking out from a structure on which a platform sits. 10

11. 3. Steel Scaffolding: Durable and Fire-Resistant Composed of primarily of steel tubes, couplers, wooden or metal platforms. Steel scaffolding is made up of steel supports adhered together with couplers. It is simple to construct and dismantle and is more durable, steadier and more fire-resistant than other types. Couplers join the steel tubes together. 11

12. 4. Patent Scaffolding: Secure and Height-Adjustable It incorporates innovative design elements and specialized materials that aim to improve safety and efficiency e.g integrated guardrails, non-slip surfaces, locking mechanisms Patented scaffolding benefits from a steel composition and comes equipped with special couplings that lock supports firmly together 12

13. 5. Kwikstage Scaffolding: Adaptable to Commercial and Residential Projects It has a non-slip platform and double guard railing, making it safe for construction workers and reliable enough to place equipment upon. Diagonal Braces – for lateral stability 13

14. 6. Tube and Clamp Scaffolding: Easy to Assemble Tube and clip scaffolding is a steel-based scaffolding that is easy to assemble. It simply requires connecting supports to form long pole runs and then standards and ledgers connected with clamps made 14

15. 7. Suspended Scaffolding: Perfect for Repairs and Maintenance Suspended scaffolding comprises a platform suspended from a structure’s roof using wires and chains It is mostly used in : maintenance Repairs Ceiling renovations 15

16. 8. Double Scaffolding: Perfect for Stone Masonry Double scaffolding is used mainly for stone masonry because stone walls present challenges when trying to create holes for putlog anchoring. This type of scaffolding comprises a double row of scaffolding that makes the entire support structure stronger. The first row sits parallel to the wall, while the other row sits away from the first row 16

17. 9.BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING A type of scaffolding made from bamboo and used in countries like China where the bamboo is readily available and cheaper. The bamboo has a high tensile strength and is also durable 17

18. 10. TRESTLE SCAFFOLDING It is a simple and portable type of scaffolding commonly used for light duty or low level work. It consists of two vertical supports connected by horizontal cross members resembling the shape of “A” or a ladder. It also incorporates an adjustable mechanism to accommodate different heights and uneven surfaces 18

19. FUNCTIONS OF SCAFFOLDS It’s Efficient Scaffolding provides builders and workers with a safe and secure platform to carry out their duties. By being able to manoeuvre around buildings of any shape and size both quickly and easily, scaffolding improves the efficiency of any construction job. It Ensures Safety Working at height always carries with it some element of danger and risk. Scaffolding platforms provide a safe and secure setting for builders to carry out their tasks while working at a considerable height. Not only does scaffolding protect the health of workers, but safety appliances, such as barrier netting and fencing, also ensure the health and safety of the public below the scaffolding Generally scaffolds provide safe horizontal working platform and also provides safe horizontal and vertical access to buildings. 19

20. How Scaffolds Are Used In The Construction Industry 20

21. How scaffolds are used can vary depending on the specific type of scaffold and the needs of the project. However, in general, scaffolds are used for the following purposes: - Providing access to areas that are difficult or impossible to reach such as the tops of buildings, ceilings, and stairwells . - Providing a safe and stable platform for workers to perform tasks such as construction, painting, or cleaning . - Providing support for structures during construction or repair. - Serving as temporary seating for large crowds, such as at concerts or sporting events . - Providing a platform for decorating Once the scaffold is erected, it can be used in a variety of ways. If the scaffold is being used fo r construction or repair work , workers will be able to access the area they need to work on from the scaffold platform. Scaffolds may also use the scaffold to store tools and materials . In some cases, workers may even sleep on the scaffold platform if they are working on a project that requires them to stay on site for an extended period of time . 21

22. No matter how the scaffold is being used , safety is always a top priority. Workers must follow all safety regulations and use the proper safety equipment, such as hard hats and harnesses . The scaffold itself must also be inspected regularly to ensure that it is safe and secure. If a scaffold is not properly erected or inspected, it could pose a serious risk to workers and others in the area . In addition to the specific uses listed above, scaffolds can also be used in a number of other ways. They can be used to create temporary walkways, ramps, or platforms for events such as parades or festivals . Scaffolds can also be used to create temporary bridges or tunnels , or to support temporary structures such as stages or tents . And of course, as mentioned before, scaffolds play a vital role in the construction and repair of buildings and other structures. They are an essential part of many projects, and without them, many of these projects would not be possible. For example, scaffolds are often used to provide access to high-rise buildings, allowing workers to reach the upper floors and make repairs or carry out construction work. Scaffolds can also be used to support heavy loads , such as when a building is being demolished or when a new building is being constructed. Without scaffolds, many of the structures we see around us would not exist . 22

23. Scaffolds are temporary platforms that are used to provide workers with access to work on a structure. Scaffolds are commonly used in construction , maintenance and repair work , and can be made from a variety of materials including wood , metal or composite materials . Scaffolds come in a variety of types and sizes and can either be free-standing or attached to the structure . Scaffolds are typically raised or lowered using cranes , forklifts , or other heavy equipment . When properly erected and used, scaffolds can provide a safe and efficient way for workers to access difficult-to-reach areas. However, they can also be a source of hazards if they are not used correctly. Falls from scaffolds are one of the leading causes of injuries and fatalities in the construction industry. To prevent these accidents, it is important to follow all safety procedures and guidelines when using scaffolds. These include proper erection , inspection , maintenance and dismantling of the scaffolds as well as proper use of fall protection equipment. With proper training and the use of safe work practices, scaffolds can be a valuable tool for completing work safely and efficiently. Scaffolds are used in providing access to areas that are difficult to reach, such as high walls of ceilings . 23

24. Scaffolds provide a safe and stable working platform for construction or repair work. Scaffolds are used to support heavy materials, such as brick or concrete during construction. Scaffolds provide a safe and stable working environment for workers to perform tasks such as painting, plastering or window cleaning . Scaffolds allow for the installation of temporary roofs or covers. Scaffolds provide temporary shelters or storage areas for materials . Scaffolds provide access to electrical or mechanical systems for maintenance or installation work . Scaffolds provide access for rescue or emergency response personnel . In addition to the uses mentioned above, scaffolds can also be used for other purposes, such as supporting signage , banners , or lighting . They can also be used as observation platforms , as in the case of tower scaffolds. The specific use of a scaffold will depend on the needs of the project and the requirements of the local jurisdiction. 24

25. Benefits of Scaffolding There is a reason why scaffolding has been used for thousands o f years; it works. Today, scaffolding is still one of the most important and useful tools for people working at height. The key benefits of using scaffolding for working at height are: Access: Scaffolding provides unobstructed, stable access to virtually any part of the structure Balance: Scaffolding provides stability to workers and allows them to balance in different positions while working. It is easy to create: The scaffolding is easy to install and dismantle and can be quickly assembled and dismantled. Security: Safety is one of the best aspects of scaffolding as it provides workers with a stable platform to work on. However, the best solution to working at height is to reduce or even eliminate human presence. Many construction jobs require workers to spend long periods of time and take circuitous routes to reach certain points on the site, which wastes a lot of time. Anchor points on scaffolds can help solve this problem by reducing the distance workers must move. Most scaffolding, whether wooden or metal, can be used for a long time. Considering how scaffolding works, there is no danger of injury. However, it is worth noting that scaffolding work is dangerous and if you can avoid it, you will increase the safety of workers 25

26. Disadvantages of scaffolding 1. Safety hazard hazards: if not properly installed or maintained, can pose significant safety risks to workers. Falls from scaffolding are a leading cause of injuries and fatalities in the construction industry. 2. C ost and time: can be expensive to rent or purchase, and the time required for its assembly and disassembly can add to construction project timelines and costs 3. M aintenance and inspection: it requires regular maintenance and inspection to ensure it remains safe and structurally sound. This can add to the overall project management workload. 4. W eather sensitivity: adverse weather conditions, such as high winds, rain, or snow, can make working on scaffolding dangerous and may lead to project delays 26

27. 5. A ccess limitations: scaffolding may not provide access to all areas of a construction site, leading to the need for additional equipment or alternative access solutions. 6. S pace constraints: scaffolding can take up significant space on a construction site, potentially limiting movement and creating logistical challenges 7. I mpact on aesthetics: in some cases scaffolding can be unsightly and may negatively impact the visual appeal of a building, especially in urban areas. 8. E nvironment impacts: the production and disposal of scaffolding materials can have environmental implications, especially if not managed respomsibly 27

28. Risks dangers or accidents which may occur from using scaffolds Using scaffolds can pose various risks, dangers, and accidents if not properly managed. Here are some potential hazards associated with scaffold use: Falls: Falls from heights are one of the most significant risks when working on scaffolds. Workers can slip, trip, or lose their balance while climbing, working, or descending from the scaffold. Structural Collapse: If the scaffold is not erected, maintained, or used correctly, there is a risk of structural collapse. This can happen due to overloading, improper assembly, or inadequate support. 28

29. Falling Objects: Tools, equipment, or materials dropped from a scaffold can cause serious injuries or fatalities to workers or bystanders below. It is crucial to secure all items properly and use protective measures such as toe boards and debris nets. Electrocution: When working near power lines or electrical equipment, there is a risk of electrocution if the scaffold comes into contact with live wires. Workers must maintain a safe distance and follow proper electrical safety procedures. Struck by Moving Vehicles: If scaffolds are erected near roadways or areas with vehicle traffic, workers can be at risk of being struck by moving vehicles or mobile equipment. Adequate precautions, such as physical barriers or warning signs, should be in place to protect workers. 29

30. Inadequate Access or Egress: Insufficient or poorly designed access points to the scaffold can lead to trips, falls, or entrapment during entry or exit. Workers should have safe and convenient access and egress routes. Adverse Weather Conditions: Strong winds, rain, snow, or ice can make scaffolds unstable and increase the risk of accidents. It is important to secure scaffolds and consider weather conditions before using them. Insufficient Training and Supervision: Lack of proper training and supervision can contribute to accidents and injuries. Workers should receive adequate training on scaffold erection, use, inspection, and safe work practices. 30

31. Poorly Maintained Equipment: Neglected or poorly maintained scaffolding components can fail, leading to accidents. Regular inspections and maintenance should be conducted to ensure the scaffold's stability and integrity. Improper Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Failure to use appropriate PPE, such as safety harnesses, hard hats, and non-slip footwear, can increase the risk of injuries in case of falls or other accidents. To mitigate these risks, it is essential to follow safety guidelines, implement proper training programs, conduct regular inspections, and ensure compliance with relevant regulations and standards. 31

32. HOW TO AVOID RISKS AND ACCIDENTS ASSOCIATED WITH SCAFFOLDS 1. Choose the right scaffolding system T here are varying types of scaffolds that are better suited to different work sites and tasks.  It is important to take the specifics of a job site and the nature of the task into consideration before selecting a scaffolding system. Rolling scaffolds, for example, are best suited for jobs of shorter duration and are commonly used for electrical and mechanical work; whereas a standard frame scaffold is typically used for longer-term work and heavier loads, and is designed for pedestrians to walk under. 2. Location hazards and safe surfaces Before erecting a scaffold, check the location for possible hazards like sloping or uneven surfaces, overhead wires, or any other obstructions. Soil must be compacted and even, and gravel or stone will need to be laid on soft soil or muddy surfaces.  Additionally, scaffolding erected on soil will need planks, or mudsills, laid underneath the frame either length-wise or width-wise which must extend approximately one foot beyond the scaffold. 32

33. 3. Proper assembly Assembling a scaffold too quickly or without proper attention to detail can result in serious problems. Follow manufacturer’s instructions carefully while assembling a scaffold, ensuring that all braces, parts and fittings have been installed accordingly. 4. Guardrails Accidents and fatalities are sometimes caused by the lack of a guardrail.  A scaffold should always have a guardrail. Most injuries related to lack of guardrails take place on scaffolding at lower heights. 5.Inspection All components of a scaffold, including the working platforms and planks, must be carefully inspected before and after use.  Check for rust, breakage, cracks, and any warping or deterioration. 6. Avoid overloading It is critical to observe manufacturer’s instructions regarding the load-bearing capacity of a scaffold. Overloading a platform can result in breakage or the platform tipping and knocking over a worker. 33

34. 7. Careful dismantling When a scaffold has been up for a longer period of time, rust or deterioration of parts can cause it to become more difficult to take apart. However, yanking or tugging on components can prove dangerous, causing a worker to lose balance and fall. Extra care should be taken and workers should wear appropriate fall protection equipment when dismantling any kind of scaffold.  Each tier of a scaffold should be completely taken apart before progressing to the next tier. 8. Scaffolding safety regulations scaffolds must be able to support up to four times the load it is likely to bear without being overturned each scaffold must be designed, tested and certified by a professional engineer each scaffold must have a guardrail scaffolds must be regularly inspected number one grade lumber must be used for work platforms Additionally, all workers must be trained to follow appropriate criteria for working at heights. Working at heights training is mandatory for all employees on construction sites where workers may be at risk of falls.  Appropriate fall protection equipment must be worn for workers operating at a height of 3 meters (10 feet) or more. By following proper safety protocol, observing manufacturer’s instructions, and being aware of any potential risks or dangers on a job site, most scaffold hazards can be avoided.  34

35. REFERENCES • scaffoldingkb.co.uk • avontus.com • scholar.google.com • arxiv.org • sciencedirect.com • 7baysscaffolding.co.uk 35

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37. THANK YOU!!! 37