Final socio economic factor of Housing ppt .pptx

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1. Presentation topic: Factors affecting the housing typologies (SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ) Subject : HOUSING BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE (Session:- 2025-26) M. Plan sem1 Under guidance of: Prof. DR. MOHIT KUMAR AGARWAL Prepared by : AR. GITANJALI YADAV SHOOBHAA ANEE RAMADHAR

2. CONTENTS Introduction SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSING AFFORDABILITY Key socio-economic factors & their impacts How these factors influence housing typology What is housing typology Comparative case studies: Aranya low-cost housing; Belapur housing, Mumbai; CIDCO housing, Mumbai INDIAN HOUSING GRADES AND ITS CLASSIFICATION SLUM UP GRADATION COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

3. CONTENTS (continued…) Brief Case study of “ ARANYA” Low- cost housing, Indore by B.V. Doshi on basis of SITE & SERVICE SCHEME Brief case study of: DHARAVI SLUM REDEVELOPMENT – MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA COMPARATIVE STUDY of ‘ ARANYA HOUSING’ & ‘ DHARAVI SLUM’ PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA (PMAY) RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY) COMPARATIVE STUDY of ‘PMAY ’ & ‘RAY’ Case Studies : I. Kargil District; Leh District, Western Indian Himalayas ii . Jaunapur Slum Resettlement, Anangpu Building Centre & Ashra Southern Ridge Area, Delhi Conclusion - References BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

4. INTRODUCTION Human values don’t change as rapidly as technology; many values remain unchanged. Such as: The desire to live with dignity. The need for privacy, safety, Accessibility & convenience . The need to maintain individual identity . The need to live with sunlight, plants, air & water . Socioeconomic factors like income, education, family size, migration status, and ethnicity significantly influence housing affordability, security, quality, and satisfaction. Also, influences the demand and design of different housing types. - Key socioeconomic factors include income levels and affordability, determining what types of housing are accessible; occupation and education, affecting lifestyle and spatial needs; and demographics like family size and age, influencing unit size and layout. Economic factors like interest rates and construction costs also plays a major role. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSING AFFORDABILITY : Affordable housing refers to housing units that are affordable by that section of society whose income is below the median household income. TENURE : Housing tenure describes the legal status under which people have the right to occupy their accommodation. The most common forms of tenure are: - Home-ownership : this includes homes owned outright and mortgaged - Renting : this includes social rented housing and private rented housing. These factors shape a household's ability to access and maintain suitable housing, leading to disparities in housing development and outcomes, with particular impacts on low-income communities and vulnerable populations such as those facing eviction or living in informal settlements. For example , slum rehabilitation policies in Mumbai , India ; Aranya low-cost housing in Indore etc.… BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY Fig. Dharavi slum. Source: Dharavi Slum, accessed October 7, 2017,  Retrieved from: https://dharavislumindia.weebly.com/dharavi‐problems.html 

6. Key Socioeconomic Factors and Their Impacts 1 Income Levels and Affordability : A household's income directly impacts the type of housing it can afford, influencing choices between apartments, single-family homes, or informal housing. 2 Education and Occupation : Higher levels of education and professional occupations may lead to a preference for specific housing types, such as those with more amenities, larger spaces, or proximity to workplaces and community services. 3 Demographics: Family Size : The number of people in a household affects the required number of bedrooms and overall space. Age Structure : Housing needs differ for single individuals, young families, or elderly residents. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY 4 Cultural and Lifestyle Factors : Traditional lifestyles, community structures, and cultural preferences can drive the demand for particular housing features and typologies, such as shared spaces or specific design elements.

7. 5 Government Policies and Social Programs : Housing policies, subsidies, ad affordable housing initiatives can shape housing typologies by making certain types of housing more accessible to specific income groups. 6 Urbanization and Migration: The increasing concentration of population in urban areas due to migration can influence the demand for high-density housing types, impacting urban form and building design. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY 7 Economic Conditions : Broader economic factors, such as- Housing price trends, Interest rates, and Overall economic growth, Affect both the supply and demand for housing, influencing the prevalence of different typologies.

8. How These Factors Influence Housing Typology 1 Space and Size: Income and family size determine the physical size and number of rooms required. 2 Location and Amenities: Socioeconomic status influences preferences for housing in specific locations (e.g., urban vs. rural) and the desired amenities like private gardens, proximity to public transport, or community facilities. 3 Construction and Design: Socioeconomic factors can drive the adoption of different construction materials and building techniques, leading to diverse housing forms. . BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY 4 Ownership and Tenure: Income levels can impact the ability to buy or rent, thus influencing the prevalence of different ownership structures, from formal homeownership to informal settlements. 5 Social & Spatial Patterns: Housing typologies can reinforce or alter social relationships by creating different spatial arrangements, such as clustered housing, communal courtyards, or segregated neighborhoods.

9. What is housing typologies? The different physical characteristics of a building according to the materials happened to be available on that particular place with a particular climate, cultural aspects, social aspects etc. For example , Different types of housing are: Single detached Semi-detached / duplex Terraced house/ Townhouse Apartment / Condominium Penthouse Mansion Mobile house Stilt house etc. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

10. According to data presented in various papers for example, Socio-economic factors associated with house prices by AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza – The real estate housing market is a vital part of the national economy of most countries around the world. The need for security is one of the basic needs driving the demand. It also triggers people's desire to own their own apartment or house. As a result, residential market accounts for 60-80% of the broader real estate market. The increase in demand for real estate is related to market development. Economic growth favors the supply-side in the residential real estate market , which drives up prices for products and services, most notably home prices. Another factor affecting house prices is inflation , defined as an increase in the price level of an economy during a certain period of time. It has been realized with time that securing shelter poor and low-income groups is a vital aspect of urban development in the urban cities. The living quality of slum dweller is perceived to be poor and miserable, and they also represent urban distress, it becomes difficult to address the issue of the urban poor and additional attention needs to be directed for their betterment of the same; especially access to basic infrastructure services for them is the most prominent concern in developing slum up gradation strategies in the country. (Menendez, 1991). There are various housing projects designed in India for urban poor that were sensitive towards designing the housing for urban poor with special considerations to design of open spaces . Such as, - Aranya Low-Cost Housing, Indore; Belapur Housing, Mumbai ; CIDCO Housing, New Mumbai, India etc.… BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

11. Year Architect Client Site Area No. Of Dwelling Unit Special Components With Respect To Open Spaces BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY Aranya Low-Cost Housing, Indore, India. 1983-1986 B.V. Doshi Indore Development Authority 88.72 Ha 12847 - Housing inclusive of all neighborhood facilities like schools, medical centres and shops. - Amenities overlapped wit spaces for usage through. - Pedestrian network formed by interlinking the open spaces connecting the whole settlement. Belapur Housing, Mumbai, India. 1983-1986 Charles Correa City & Industrial Dev. Corp. Maha. LTD 5.4 Ha 100 - Possibility for expansion and modification for each unit. - Housing scheme for a range of income groups; from Rs 20000 to Rs 1,80,000 per unit. - Formation of community spaces through the arrangement of clusters.. CIDCO Housing, New Mumbai, India . 1993-1998 Raj Rewal City & Industrial Dev. Corp. Maha. LTD. 1000 - In harmony with social stratum. - Different types of spaces created by fragmenting large no. of dwelling units into smaller aggregations. - Creation of dense residential clusters to facilitate social interaction. COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES

12. Snapshots BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY -Creation of small clusters in the form of cul-de-sacs or open streets by grouping the dwelling. Aranya Low-Cost Housing, Indore - Hierarchy of open spaces formed with different forms of usage and provision of amenities. -More open to sky spaces. -Hierarchy of spaces adjoining clusters: 8m x 8m to 12m x12m to 20m x 20m. Belapur Housing, Mumbai - Concepts of housing units opening to an outer spaces. CIDCO Housing, New Mumbai COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES (continued…)

13. INDIAN HOUSING GRADES AND ITS CLASSIFICATION 1 2 3 BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY 4 EWS-Economically Weaker Section : Households having an annual income up to Rs 3 lakh. An EWS house means a single unit or a unit in a multi- storied super structure having a carpet area of up to 30 sq. m., with adequate basic civic services and infrastructure services like toilet, water, electricity, etc. . LIG-Low-income group: Households having an annual income between Rs 3 lakh and Rs 6 lakh. An LIG house means a single unit or a unit in a multistoried super structure having carpet area of up to 60 sq. m., with adequate basic civic services and infrastructure services like toilet, water, electricity, etc. MIG-Middle income group : Classified in to two categories ; MIG, category-1 Households having an annual income between Rs 6 lakh and Rs 12 lakh. An MIG house means a single unit or a unit in a multistoried super structure having carpet area of up to 160 sq. m., with adequate basic civic services and infrastructure services like toilet, water, electricity, etc. MIG, category-2 Households having an annual income between Rs 12 lakh and Rs 18 lakh. An MIG house means a single unit or a unit in a multistoried super structure having carpet area of up to 200 sq. m., with adequate basic civic services and infrastructure services like toilet, water, electricity, etc. HIG-High income group: Households having an annual income more than Rs 18 lakh An HIG house means a single unit or a unit in a multistoried super structure having carpet area MORE THAN 200 SQ. M., with adequate basic civic services and infrastructure services like toilet, water, electricity, etc. Note : However, the states/Union Territories have been given the flexibility to redefine the annual income criteria as per local conditions, in consultation with the Centre.

14. SLUM UP GRADATION BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY . Slum upgrading consists of physical, social, economic, organizational and environmental improvements to slums undertaken cooperatively and locally among citizens, community groups, businesses and local authorities. which means that they are not going to be taken from one site and put onto another site or any complete rebuilding process is going to happen. It is just that, whatever repairs or renovations or any smaller scale of upgrading works is going to be done is taken care in this scheme. The main objective of slum upgrading is to alleviate the poor living standards of slum dwellers. REASONS FOR GROWTH OF SLUMS Unwanted products of urbanization Rapid urbanization Lack of planning FORMATION OF SLUMS Population growth due to migration Breakdown in housing Encroachment on unused land owned by local body Occupied by casual workers Gradually, it was acknowledged that slum communities are an integral part of any city’s infrastructure, and cannot be indefinitely shifted or removed. With this realization came the concept of Slum Upgradation . This involved the betterment of slums in-situ.

15. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY . INTRODUCTION For any developmental process, involving the people is must which will be helpful in all the design solutions. They are the one who is going to reside their and their Participation should be justified on the basis of its contribution toward the objectives of housing and urban management. PLANNING FOR ENGAGEMENT A key task for public agencies and officials in planning community engagement is to assess which engagement techniques are most appropriate in the particular circumstances. DECIDING ON THE LEVEL OF ENGAGEMENT Careful consideration needs to be given to determining and delivering an appropriate level of engagement, deciding which stakeholders should be involved, the issue to be considered and the objectives of engagement. For example, community participation shown in making water supply pipeline

16. Brief Case study of “ ARANYA” Low- cost housing, Indore by B.V. Doshi on basis of SITE & SERVICE SCHEME BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY Aranya housing project which is located 6 km from the center of Indore which is in Madhya Pradesh. Client - Indore Development Authority Principal Architect - Balkrishna Doshi Total Built up area - 1,00,000 metre square Project Cost - Rs. 100 million Year of completion - 1989, this was completely high density and low-rise housing. Award - Aga Khan award for architecture in 1996. So, the main objectives for it : To improve and upgrade the existing slum area. To provide serviced sites for new housing developments instead of building complete houses. To provide for 6,500 residential plots ranging in size from 35msquare for EWS to 475 Msquare for high income groups. So now, the first plus point in this project is that, they cater to the different spectrums of society, ranging from 35-meter square plot to 475. Bringing the communities together inside a particular plot, providing serviced plots becomes the first advantage of this project and the financial aspects of this project, is taken care by the public funding itself. Out of which 50% are international sources and the remaining are shared between the local and the natural resources. Fig . showing COMMUNITY Engagement

17. Brief Case study of “ ARANYA” Low- cost housing, Indore by B.V. Doshi on basis of SITE & SERVICE SCHEME (continued…) BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY FINANCIAL ASPECTS: The idea was to mix some middle-income plots with EWS plots to use the profits to raise capital towards development of local trades. Funding - 100% public sources The general objectives of this housing is to provide; A sense of continuity, in terms of establishing a township. To give the community a particular character, especially when in relation to the built environment and the people. To give a balanced sense of community by mixing different social income groups together, in a particular compound. To promote good living environment. To give fundamental values of security to the occupants themselves. The evolution of master plan in stages suggest that; Initially the plan was developed by the Indore development authority, where they simply clone stamped different open spaces in a grid way which is a replication of nothing. However, when this plan was transferred into the hands of architect Toshi, the plan began to take shape of a spline with different hierarchies of streets and open spaces. Slowly, this master plan was redesigned according to the orientation; climatic factors. This was done to reduce the heat gain and increase the shading. The final stage of proposal is the Master plan which includes a Central Spine, different formation of sectors, different hierarchies of open spaces, building blocks and commercial blocks in and around the site. Shown in picture..

18. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY Planning Concept of Aranya Low-cost Housing “ NEIGHBOURHOOD CONCEPT” (The neighborhood concept of planning organizes cities into self-contained residential units, or neighborhoods, designed to foster community and social interaction by providing access to essential services, schools, and parks within a walkable distance.) Moreover, some conceptual basis for planning Aranya are: Vitality  – development to support socio-economic aspirations of the community. Imageability  – built-form to impart identity and inculcate a sense of belonging amongst the inhabitants. Equity  – to create an equitable balanced community with a satisfactory level of environmental qualities and opportunities for all. Efficiency  – to realize development that optimizes natural, material, and human resources to the user group’s advantage. Flexibility  – to evolve a framework that absorbs the progressive change and growth as a part of the natural development process. Feasibility  – to ensure development within the given legal, fiscal, and organizational milieu. SITE AND SERVICE SCHEME OF DESIGN It has a core house with a toilet and the first permutation was to have an open verandah. This eventually can develop into different typologies; where you can have an entrance verandah, a single common multi functional room with a toilet core, a community or a courtyard in between two units. The only thing is house grows in size, vertically as well, in different typologies. This flexibility in housing, makes Aranya housing a process rather than simply being a product. Fig. Aranya housing township planning

19. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY Design of Aranya Low-cost Housing Aaranya Township is designed as a services project spread out in six sectors that congregate on a central spine , i.e., the Central Business District. Moreover, one of the critical elements of Doshi’s design was a hierarchy of open spaces that include small courtyards to be sharing by three to four families, larger green spaces for each sector . And also, a central playing field to aid the entire development. Also, open spaces and pedestrian pathways interconnect the clusters to the central spine. Each user has an array of choices available, from one-room shelters to supplementary spacious houses. The emphasis is making on family and neighborhood while encouraging adaptation and personalization according to their needs and resources.  The lower-income Groups were given numerous options that including a site and plinth, a service core, and one room, contingent on how much they can afford. Owners were free to use any material for the construction and decoration of the house. Brick, stone, and cement were locally available. Bright Colors in the facades, railings, grills, and cornices commonly seeing in the old houses of Indore are using in some of the houses. Interior streets and squares in the Economically Weaker Section are stone-paving, decreasing their cost and maintenance. Peripheral roads are asphalt paving for heavy traffic. Fig. Showing different kit of elements & modifications done by people in Aranya housing township planning

20. Brief case study of: DHARAVI SLUM REDEVELOPMENT – MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA The Dharavi slum in Mumbai is a sprawling 525‐acre mosaic  of matchbox houses with  rickety roofs and questionable sanitation housing over one million  residents in the Centre  of India’s glitzy financial  capital of Mumbai. Dharavi’s residents, like most  slum dwellers  around the world, live in illegal  housing units lacking basic amenities and suffer from social  exclusion. - Dharavi has been viewed as more lucrative due to the presence of the Bandra –Kurla Complex in neighborhood. This is a posh new business district with very high commercial real estate. Dharavi is best described as a City of Enterprise , evident by the following: Survey by National Slum Dwellers’ Federation (NSDF) (1986) there were 1,044 manufacturing units(big and small): I. 244 small scale manufacturers (approx. 5 -10 people) ii. 43 big industries - Further detailed as : 152 units –food, 50 units- printing press, 111 units- restaurants, 722 units- scrap & recycling 85 units- exports, 25 units- bakeries Survey by Society for Human & Environmental Development (SHED) , noted 1,700 unit. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

21. DHARAVI, MUMBAI (continued) -Industries present in Dharavi are : LEATHER TEXTILES & TAILORING Images obtained from ReDharavi.pdf FOOD MAKING POTTERY RECYCLNG SURGICAL THREADS etc.… BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

22. DHARAVI, MUMBAI (continued) Images obtained from ReDharavi.pdf BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

23. DHARAVI, MUMBAI (continued) Images obtained from ReDharavi.pdf BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

24. DHARAVI, MUMBAI (continued) Images obtained from ReDharavi.pdf BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

25. DHARAVI, MUMBAI. MAHARASHTRA (continued ) DHARAVI REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT (Joint Venture between NAV BHARAT MEGA DEVELOPERS-ADANI GROUP & MAHARASTRIAN SLUM REHABILITATION AUTHORITY ) (2025 – 2032) Aims to redevelop Dharavi into modern area by 2032 , also : Provide housing for residents . Timeline – Master Plan approved by Maharashtra Government; completion by 2032 Transform densely populated slum into hub of infrastructure & services Scope – Proposed Redevelopment Area is approximately 628 acres of Dharavi. Social Aspects of Dharavi Slum Redevelopment : POTENTIAL POSITIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS Improved Living Conditions : offering of upgraded housing, provision of sanitation and hospitals, access to basic amenities, social / communal inclusion, fostering of cultural heritage etc. which all are aimed an improved quality of life . Economic Opportunities : Aims to integrate commercial spaces e.g. offices, retail etc. to create new jobs and in turn boost the local economy . Enhanced Opportunities : A successful Redevelopment plan could help to transform the area into a more respected / dignified environment for its residents , therefore shifting them out of urban distress. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

26. DHARAVI, MUMBAI (continued) Inclusion : the goal is to create a more inclusive urban environment by addressing social issues and providing better facilities for the community. SOCIAL CONCERNS Displacement & livelihoods : an face disruptions of livelihood of small businesses and artisans who operate from Dharavi which can lead to displacement. Loss of Cultural Heritage : with intensive redevelopment there can be threats to unique cultural heritage of Dharavi , which is well known for its traditional crafts and vibrant community life. Smaller, congested houses : it has been suggested that the new apartments might be smaller than the current living spaces of the residents , which can lead to less comfort and privacy. Lack of Transparency & Equity : there is the fear of lack of transparency, government favoritism , and failure to have adequate interactions with residents, which can affect the trust and community participation. Community Disruption : it can break up established social networks and communities that have been there for a long time. Inaccessible Locations : New homes maybe built further from the commercial hubs where residents work, disrupting their establishing routines and commutes. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

27. DHARAVI, MUMBAI (continued) Economic Aspects of Dharavi Slum Redevelopment It centers around transforming a billion–dollar informal economy into a formal commercial hub, funded by private developers in exchange for : Development rights -Supported by public Infrastructure Investment KEY ECONOMIC ASPECTS Creation of Commercial Business District(CBD) : the CBD is a core component for establishment of new commercial hub, with retail spaces, offices hotels etc. all designed to attract diverse investors and boost Dharavi’s economy. Vibrant informal Economy : Dharavi comprises of informal economy with estimated turnover of over $1 billion fueled by approximately 5,000 businesses and 15,000 small factories in sectors like textiles, pottery etc. Project Funding & Development : funded by private developers who are awarded land rights in exchange for rehabilitation of slum residents and building new infrastructure. Integration of Existing Businesses : aims to integrate existing businesses into new commercial spaces, to ensure the thriving economic activity of Dharavi is not lost but instead formalized and expanded. Public – Private Partnership(PPP) : this project exemplifies large scale public-private partnerships , where the framework is provided by the Government , while the private institutions undertake massive investment and execution. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

28. DHARAVI, MUMBAI (continued) Infrastructure & Skill Development : there is significant investment in social and community infrastructure e.g. modern sanitation, skill development centers, schools etc. which are essential for a functioning formal economy. Economic Transformation : main objective of redevelopment program is to transform Dharavi from a slum to modern , integrated urban center, which will have a successful formal economy, in turn creating more opportunities for its residents and contributing to Mumbai’s overall economic growth . BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

29. SOCIAL FACTORS : ECONOMIC FACTORS : INFRASTRUCTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS : BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY Aranya Low-Cost Housing, Indore, India. Social cohesion & community development MIXED INCOME Neighborhoods. Community focus. Affordable housing & economic development Site & services approach. Incremental development. Empowerment through participation. Dignity in housing. Response to housing shortage. Sustainable & balanced community. Dharavi slums, Mumbai, India . Poverty & lack of education. Marginization & Tenure security. Social construction of gender roles. Informal economy & livelihood. Low incomes. Economic vulnerability. Overcrowding & cramped spaces. Poor sanitation & hygiene. Unsafe housing. Lack of basic services. COMPARATIVE STUDY of ‘ ARANYA HOUSING’ & ‘ DHARAVI SLUM’

30. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) Launched in June 2015 as a social welfare flagship program with an aim to provide affordable housing to urban poor. Under PMAY, it is proposed to build 2 crore houses for urban poor including EWS (Economically Weaker sections) & LIG (Low Income groups) in urban areas (by 2022). This Mission has four components: a)In-situ Slum Redevelopment with private sector participation using land as resource b) Affordable Housing through Credit Linked Subsidy c) Affordable Housing in Partnership with private and public sector d) Beneficiary-led house construction -Envisions to provide housing for all by the end of 2022 through slum rehabilitation with participation of private developers using land as a resource. -Designed in three phases to cover 4041 statutory towns falling under 500 class-I cities, States/UTs, either through their agencies or in partnership with the private sector ‘encouraged to develop affordable housing projects. Photos housing units provided by the PMAY BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

31. RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY) Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) was an Indian government program that attempted to help slum dwellers gain appropriate housing and address the processes by which slums are created and reproduced. It was introduced by the Indian government's Ministry of Housing and urban poverty Alleviation, which ran from 2013 to 2014. The scheme aimed to make India slum-free by 2022 by providing people with shelter or housing, free of cost. It was introduced by the Indian government's Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, which ran from 2013 to 2014. The scheme aimed to make India slum-free by 2022 by providing people with shelter or housing, free of cost. The two-step implementation strategy: preparation of a ‘Slum Free City Plan of Action’ and preparation of projects for select groups- Intends to improve housing, basic civic infrastructure and social amenities in targeted slums. Government of India advertisement as pertains to Rajiv Awas Yojana(RAY) BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

32. CASE STUDIES ( continued ) Kargil District; Leh District, Western Indian Himalayas – Passive Solar Housing in the Cold Desert of the Indian Himalayas The Western Himalayas is a cold desert with 300,000 inhabitants living in high altitude villages. During the winter temperatures generally fall below -20°C. Traditional houses are built of wood and stone and are thermally inefficient, with room temperatures falling below -10°C in winter. Family members tend to live together in one room in winter which facilitates disease transmission and the use of stoves aggravates respiratory infections. Large intergenerational households are not uncommon, with 15 members sometimes living in one house. The target population is individuals living with less than one dollar a day. Scarcity of local fuel and the high price of imported fossil fuels have resulted in a situation of energy vulnerability. - Women and children spend almost two months a year gathering dung and bushes in pastureland. Very few activities are possible during winter, even indoors, due to the cold temperatures, however, the region benefits from strong sunlight for more than 300 days per year. Solution :The passive solar housing technologies used in this programme of new housing construction and retrofitting include solar gain (direct gain, solar wall and attached greenhouse), thermal mass and insulation. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

33. KARGIL DISTRICT, LEH (continued) Scarcity of local fuel and the high price of imported fossil fuels have resulted in a situation of energy vulnerability. - Women and children spend almost two months a year gathering dung and bushes in pastureland. Very few activities are possible during winter, even indoors, due to the cold temperatures, however, the region benefits from strong sunlight for more than 300 days per year. Solution :The passive solar housing technologies used in this programme of new housing construction and retrofitting include solar gain (direct gain, solar wall and attached greenhouse), thermal mass and insulation. In the passive solar houses, the average indoor temperature remains continuously above 5°C as opposed to -10°C in unimproved houses. Fuel consumption has reduced by 50 to 60 per cent. In the passive solar houses, the average indoor temperature remains continuously above 5°C as opposed to -10°C in unimproved houses. Fuel consumption has reduced by 50 to 60 per cent. Benefits include improved comfort, more social visits, time saving, easier education and improved health . PASSIVE SOLAR HOUSING , KARGIL DISTRICT, LEH BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

34. CASE STUDIES (continued) Jaunapur Slum Resettlement,Anangpu Building Centre & Ashra Southern Ridge Area, Delhi In Delhi, one of the fastest growing metropolises in India, the slum population is growing, with approximately 30% of the population living in degraded tenements. Delhi may soon have the fastest growing slum in the world. The major problems faced are: lack of funds - non-availability of land - infrastructure I (1996)Supreme Court directive stated that 3,600 illegal squatters from Delhi's ecologically sensitive Southern Ridge forest area were to be resettled on its outskirts Solution: Dwelling units (DU) were built in 1997 as a pilot project for a scheme of re-housing the 3,600 former slum households of the Southern Ridge area of Delhi. The dwellings are designed in clusters of nine grouped in a ‘through cluster’ rather than an enclosed court. Each cluster is provided with two toilets, one bath, one washing area and one court in common. Each dwelling is 15.8sq.m and is capable of vertical extension to 31.6sq.m. The overall density is 210 dwelling units per hectare. The pilot scheme has been successfully built and at a cost of Rs.44,000 (US$ 1100)/ unit The dwelling units have been provided as skeletal structures built with waste stone and other resource efficient technologies ( to be completed by the owners on a self-help basis) reusing walling materials from their homes BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

35. Jaunapur Slum Resettlement, Delhi (continued) The project demonstrates the advantages of natural drainage. The cluster grouping responds to the sociocultural needs by optimising length of service lines and roads and allowing provision of basic services at the cluster level. The rehabilitation scheme demonstrates that land classified as ` unfit for development ' is really to be utilised to create an environment responsive and sustainable human settlement that is also economical as opposed to the conventional system. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

36. COMPARISON TABLE: PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA (PMAY) & RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY) PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA (PMAY) RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY) SOCIAL FACTORS Income Based on annual income, categorized as: EWS, LIG Access to small loans, credit facilities Beneficiaries Husband, wife, unmarried son etc. Slum dwellers & urban poor Property Ownership applicant / nor family member should not own pucca/permanent house Rights given to slum dwellers Vulnerable Groups women, SC/ST, slum dwellers, street vendors, widows, Urban migrants Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs) slum rehabilitation projects to promote community participation, creation of “slum free” & inclusive environs, empowerment ECONOMIC FACTORS Economic Benefits & incentives EWS: Annual family income up to 3 lakh LIG: Annual family income bet. 3 - 6 lakh MIG1 : Annual family income bet .6 – 12 lakh MIG2 : Annual family income bet. 12 -18 lakh Cash incentive rs.75,000 per EWS family (Central Govt) Specialized grants from State, UTs, ULBs Interest Subsidy: to beneficiaries on home loans Maximum loan amount eligibility capped for subsidy based on income. Maximum House Size : maximum permissible carpet area depends on income group. C ity Livelihood Centers(CLC) : urban poor-skill training, self employment etc. Skill Training & Self employment (EST &P) Continued BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

37. COMPARISON TABLE: PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA (PMAY) & RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY)(cont.) PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA (PMAY) RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY) Interest Subvention on loans SHG Green building practices Sustainable assets ECONOMIC POLICIES Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS ) Public –Private- Partnerships(PPP) Technological Integration - CLSS AWAS PORTAL(CLAP) & ) PMAY-Urban Management Information Systems (MIS) Interest free loans Geotagging of construction of houses during stages for accountability. Cross-subsidization – Public-Private- Partnership (PPP) model using Floor Space Index(FSI),land concessions etc. Flexible funding models, central financial assistance, mandatory reforms- lease rights to slum dwellers Credit access Public-Private-Partnership(PPP) Model Institutional Support BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

38. CONCLUSION Housing typologies are fundamental requirements to address housing needs and are often dynamic, i.e. changing or adapting to reflect evolving social, technological, geographical conditions etc. and has an important role to play in sustainable development and improving the quality of life. THANK YOU BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

39. BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY REFERENCES https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/245/4/042006/pd JETIR2004383.pdf Exclusion by design: a case study of an Indian urban housing subsidy scheme | Policy and Society | Oxford Academic ttps://web.mit.edu/incrementalhousing/articlesPhotographs/pdfs/aranya-3-Details1146.pdf state_of_the_nations_housing_report_2022-23.pdf Sustainable_social_housing_in_India.PDF https://www.hindustantimes.com https://sdinet.org https://fuf.se - https:// m.economictimes.com - https://www.mohua.gov.in https://nbo.gov.in