Final year project report final sem.pdf

Final year project

1. GPSENABLEDLOCATIONTRACKING
DIGITALBAND
Thesissubmittedinpartialfulfilmentforthedegreeof
BachelorofTechnologyinElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering
ofMaulanaAbulKalamAzadUniversityofTechnology(formerlyknown
asWestBengalUniversityofTechnology)
By
Aditi(RollNo:14800317121)
AkashShaw(RollNo:14800317118)
DonaChakraborty(RollNo:14800317085)
DurbaKundu(RollNo:14800317084)
SubhrojyotiDas(RollNo:14800317021)
Underthesupervisionof
Prof.TarunKumarDas
(AssistantProfessor,DeptofECE,FIEM)
DepartmentofElectronics&CommunicationEngineering
FutureInstituteofEngineering&Management
SonarpurStationRoad,Kolkata-700150
2017

2. <CollegeLetterHead>
CertificateofRecommendation
Thisistocertifythattheprojectentitled“GPSENABLEDLOCATION
TRACKINGDIGITALBAND”submittedbyAditi,AkashShaw,Dona
Chakraborty,DurbaKundu&SubhrojyotiDasisabsolutelybasedupon
theirownworkunderthesupervisionofTarunKumarDas(Assistant
Professor,DeptofECE,FIEM)andthatneithertheirthesishasbeen
submittedforanydegree/diplomaoranyotheracademicawardanywhere
before.
…………………………………………………………………….
Prof.TarunKumarDas
(AssistantProfessor,DeptofECE,FIEM)
……………………………………………………………………
Dr.DipankarGhosh
(HOD,DeptofECE,FIEM)

3. FutureInstituteofEngineering&Management
Affiliatedto
MaulanaAbulKalamAzadUniversityofTechnology
(FormerlyWestBengalUniversityofTechnology)
CertificateofApproval*
Theforegoingthesisisherebyapprovedasacreditablestudyofanengineering
subjectcarriedoutandpresentedinamannersatisfactorytowarrantits
acceptanceasaprerequisitetothedegreeforwhichithasbeensubmitted.Itis
understoodthatbythisapprovaltheundersigneddon’tnecessarilyendorseor
approveanystatementmadeopinionexpressedorconclusiondrawnthereinbut
approvethethesisonlyforthepurposeforwhichitissubmitted.
SignatureoftheExaminers:
1…………………………………………….
2…………………………………………….
3…………………………………………….
*Onlyinthecasethethesisisapproved

4. Acknowledgement
Itisagreatpleasuretoexpressmydeepestgratitudeandindebtednesstomy(internal/
external)guide(s),Prof.TarunKumarDas,DepartmentofElectronicsand
CommunicationEngineering,FutureInstituteofEngineering&Management,Kolkatafor
hissupervision,constanthelpandencouragementthroughouttheentireperiod.
IamverymuchgratefultoDr.DipankarGhosh(HeadoftheDepartment),Departmentof
ElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,FutureInstituteofEngineering&
Management,fornecessarysuggestionsandhelpfulscientificdiscussionstoimprovethe
qualitythisthesis.
Iamalsothankfultotheall-facultymembersandtechnicalstaffofthedepartmentfortheir
helpwheneverIneededit.
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ _______________________________
_______________________________
DepartmentofElectronics&CommunicationEngineering,
FutureInstituteofEngineering&Management

5. Index
SERIAL
NO.
TOPIC PAGENO.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SYNOPSIS 2
3.
PURPOSEOFTHE
PROJECT
2
4. LITERATURESURVEY 3
5. DEVICEARCHITECTURE 4
6.
FLOWOFTHEPROCESS
20
7.
BASICBLOCKDIAGRAM
OFTHEMODEL
21
8. BASICCIRCUITDIAGRAM 21
9.
RESULT
22
10. FUTUREASPECTS 24
11. SCOPEOFENHANCEMENT 24
12.
CONCLUSION
25
13.
REFERENCES
25

6. LISTOFFIGURES
FIGURENO.TITLEOFTHEFIGUREPAGENO.
1. IMAGEOFARDUINOUNO 5
2.
IMAGEOFHC06
BLUETOOTHMODULE
6
3.
DIAGRAMOFTYPICAL
INTERFACECIRCUITOF
THEBLUETOOTHMODULE
TOANARDUINO
8
4.
IMAGEOFSPACE
SEGMENT
10
5.
IMAGEOFCONTROL
SEGMENT
11
6. IMAGEOFLCDDISPLAY 14
7.
FLOWCHART
20

7. 1
INTRODUCTION:
Safetyconcernisamajorissuethesedays.Incidentsofkidnapping,childabuse,lost
persons,andmisbehaviourwithchildren,adults,andagedpeopleareincreasingdaybyday.The
wearablesmartlocatorhelpstomaintainaneyeonourbelovedones.Ithasbeenfoundthat30
millionindividualsintheworldaresufferingfromautism(nervousbreakdown),dementia(short
termandlong-termmemoryloss),andAlzheimer(lossofbrainfunction).Then,wearingthis
devicehelpslocatingthesediseasedindividualsinemergencyconditionsbytrackingandguiding
thewearerfromdistantplaceaboutthedirection.
Eventhisdeviceincludesavirtualradiuswhichcanbesetaroundadestinationbywhich
anotificationwillbesenttoacaregiver’snumberwhenevertheirwearerentersintoorleavesit
andanLEDglowsasanindicationinthedevice.Thisdeviceisacontinuousmonitoring
embeddedapplicationofwearer’slocation,whetherstillormoving,andreportsthestatusofthat
locationtocaregiver’smobile.
AGPSwatchisadevicewithintegratedGPSreceiverthatiswornasasingleunit
strappedontoawrist,inthemannerofabracelet.Thewatchcanhaveotherfeaturesand
capabilitiesdependingonitsintendedpurposeandbeasmartwatch.GPSwatchesaremostoften
usedforsportsandfitnesspurposes.Manycanconnecttoexternalsensorsbythe
wirelessANT+protocol,and/ortoacomputerbyUSBtotransferdataandconfiguration.
Commonsensorsusedareheartratemonitorsandfootpods(runningcadenceandspeedsensor).
AfootpodcanbeusedtosupplementorreplaceGPSdata,suchasprovidingtreadmillspeedand
distanceforthewatchtologandshare.RechargingbyUSBiscommonplace.
Itiswornbywearerallthetimeanddoesnotrequirethepersontooperatethisdevicein
anywayexceptincaseofemergency.Thisfocusesonbettersecurityandsafetyofpersonsby
improvingthefeasibilityandreliabilityofavailablelocatingdeviceswhichfaceobstaclesin
communicationandadaptingorcognitiveperformanceaswellasemphasizingtherelativemerits
andlimitationsofexistingtechnologies.Toboot,itseekstogainanenhancedunderstandingof
thecomplexrealitiesrelatedtothecarryingoutoflocatingtechnology.

8. 2
SYNOPSIS:
Awearablesmartlocatorhandbandisanelectronicdevicewhichcanbewornonthe
wristofthepersonwhohaveAlzheimerorDementiatomonitorandkeepaneyeonthem.This
wearablesmartlocatorhandbanddeviceincludesamicrocontroller(ATmega328P),global
positioningsystem(GPS),HC-06Bluetoothmodule,RTCclockandthemonitoringunit
includesAndroidmobiledevicewithweb-basedAndroidapplicationaswellasthelocationis
indicatedonaGoogleMap.Thisdevelopmentisalsoveryusefulforseniorpeopleand
individualssufferingfrommemorydiseases.Thisdevice,hence,behavesasacommunication
interfacebetweenwearerandcaregiver.Basically,wecanfixarangeonthisdevicelikesay2
meters.Thenifthepersonusingthisbandgoesoutofrangethenimmediatelytheuseronthe
otherendwhosephoneisconnectedwiththedeviceviaBluetoothwillgetamessageandthen
he/shecantracktheuser.
Wecanfurthermodifytheprojectbyaddingtimerangealso,likeifthepersondoesnot
comewithintherangewithin5minsthentherewillbeanothermessagegivingtheinformation
andwecanalsoaddspeakertoguidewiththedirection.Thecaregivercaneventalktothe
wearerwithatwo-waycallingfacility,includingaudiochannelinGSMwithmicrophoneand
speakerwhichhelpincalling.
PURPOSEOFTHEPROJECT:
Themaingoalsoftheprojectaretoprovidemaximumconveniencetotheuserswho
evendon’tknowhowtouseasmartphone.It’sawirelesstechnologywhichenablesustokeep
intouchorkeepaneyeonourlovedones.Themainpurposeistohelpthosewhocannot
understandthepathorthosewhohaveAlzheimerorDementia.Evenfromdistantplaceswecan
keepatrackofsmallkids,senioradultsorevenourpetanimalsandreachtothemwhenrequired.
InthisprojectwewilldesignawirelesscompatibleandportablesystembyinterfacingtheGPS
modulewithamicrocontrollerandaBluetoothsystemwillalsobeused.Bluetoothwillhelpuser
ononeendinagivenrangetohaveacheckonthepersonontheotherend.Asignalwillbesent
ondisconnectionofBluetooth.

9. 3
Manywearablebandsavailableinmarketforvariouspurposes.Mostly,bandsareusedas
watchwithpulseratemeasuringsensor.SomebandshaveGPSaswellbuttheycan’tbe
connectedtoaphone.SendingmessageondisconnectionofBluetoothisnotavailable.Some
smartwatcheswithallthefacilitiesofandroidphonesarealsoavailableinthemarketbutthey
arequiteexpensive.
InourprojectBluetoothmoduleconnectsthedevicetothephoneoftheuseronanother
end.OndisconnectionofBluetoothwhenthepersongoesoutofrange,microcontrollersends
messagetothephone,thenusinggooglemapinphoneandGPSinthedevice,thedevicecanbe
locatedandoverallcostcanbereduced.
LITERATURESURVEY:
Inthepastyears,varioustracking/monitoringsystemshadbeendesignedandthese
systemsaregenerallyimplementedintheformofchildrenorvehicletrackingsystems.
Mammonein2005cavesinamethodfornearbypeopleinacrisissituationwithrapidsoliciting.
Thisinventionallowsaparenttoalertotherpeoplewhoarepresentinafixedradius.In2007,
KennedydesignedanalertnotificationwhichistextmessagingbasedontheAmberAlertsystem
whichhelpedinchildkidnapping.Intheyear2005KingandYanceyhadgivenanattack
warningforvehicleandlocationscheme.Emergencyvehicleswillgettoadestinationby
travellingquicklyandsafelyandareindicatedalongthemapwithaniconwithdifferentvisual
characteristicswithrespecttothepositionofthevehicle.ThenCurranetal.proposedamethod
in2012fordefiningthedevicesenteringintoa2Dgeographiczoneareawithauseralert.Pankaj
andBhatiaintheyear2013alsohavegiventheirthoughttoimplementGPS/GSMbasedvehicle
trackingsystemandtrackthevehicleonGoogleMapandalsoprovidetheshortestroutetoreach
vehicleeasilyinminimaltime.Asthesetrackingsystemsareutilizedfortrackingchildrenor
vehicles,thissortoftechniqueislikewiseemployedforpeoplewhoaresufferingfromdiseases
likeautism,dementia,andAlzheimerandelderlyindividuals.

10. 4
DEVICEARCHITECTURE:
1.ARDUINOUNO
2.HC06BLUETOOTHMODULE
3.GPSMODULE
4.GSMMODULE
5.BOOSTCONVERTER
6.LIPOBATTERYCHARGER
7.LCDDISPLAY
8.RTCCLOCK
ARDUINOUNO:
ArduinoUnoisamicrocontrollerboardbasedontheATmega328P.Ithas14digital
input/outputpins(ofwhich6canbeusedasPWMoutputs),6analoginputs,a16MHz
ceramicresonator(CSTCE16M0V53-R0),aUSBconnection,apowerjack,anICSP
headerandaresetbutton.Itcontainseverythingneededtosupportthemicrocontroller;
simplyconnectittoacomputerwithaUSBcableorpoweritwithanAC-to-DC
adapterorbatterytogetstarted.
“Uno”meansoneinItalianandwaschosentomarkthereleaseofArduino
Software(IDE)1.0.TheUnoboardandversion1.0ofArduinoSoftware(IDE)were
thereferenceversionsofArduino,nowevolvedtonewerreleases.TheUnoboardis
thefirstinaseriesofUSBArduinoboards,andthereferencemodelfortheArduino
platform;foranextensivelistofcurrent,pastoroutdatedboardsseetheArduinoindex
ofboards.

11. 5
FIGURE1:ImageofARDUINOUNO
HC06BLUETOOTHMODULE:
HC-06isaBluetoothmoduledesignedforestablishingshortrangewirelessdata
communicationbetweentwomicrocontrollersorsystems.Themoduleworks
onBluetooth2.0communicationprotocolanditcanonlyactasaslavedevice.Thisis
cheapestmethodforwirelessdatatransmissionandmoreflexiblecomparedtoother
methodsanditevencantransmitfilesatspeedupto2.1Mb/s.HC-06usesfrequency
hoppingspreadspectrumtechnique(FHSS)toavoidinterferencewithotherdevicesand
tohavefullduplextransmission.Thedeviceworksonthefrequencyrangefrom2.402
GHzto2.480GHz.

12. 6
Figure2:ImageofHC06BLUETOOTHMODULE
Pinconfiguration:
HC-06modulehassixpinsasshowninthepinout.Inthemweonlyneedtousefourfor
successfullyinterfacingthemodule.Somebreakoutboardswillonlyleavefouroutputpinsonly
becauseofthisreason.
PinNumberNameofthe
Pin
Function
1 Key Thepinstatedetermineswhetherthemodule
worksinATcommandmodeornormalmode
[High=ATcommandsreceivingmode
(Commandsresponsemode),LoworNC=
Bluetoothmodulenormallyworking].
2 Vcc +5VPositivesupplyneedstobegiventothispin
forpoweringthemodule
3 GND Connecttoground
4 TXD Serialdataistransmittedbymodulethroughthis
pin(at9600bpsbydefault),3.3Vlogic
5 RXD Serialdataisreceivedbymodulethroughthis
pin(at9600bpsbydefault),3.3Vlogic
6 State ThepinisconnectedtotheLEDontheboardto
representthestateofthemodule

13. 7
HC-06FeaturesandElectricalcharacteristics:
Bluetoothprotocol:BluetoothV2.0protocolstandard
PowerLevel:Class2(+6dBm)
Band:2.40GHz—2.48GHz,ISMBand
Receiversensitivity:-85dBm
USBprotocol:USBv1.1/2.0
Modulationmode:GaussfrequencyShiftKeying
Safetyfeature:Authenticationandencryption
Operatingvoltagerange:+3.3Vto+6V
Operatingtemperaturerange:-20ºCto+55ºC
OperatingCurrent:40mA
AdvantagesofHC-06BluetoothModule:
HC-06isbestoptionwhenshortdistancewirelesscommunicationisneeded.Themodule
isusedforwirelesscommunicationsoflessthan100meters.
Themoduleisveryeasytointerfaceandtocommunicate.
Themoduleisoneofthecheapestsolutionsforwirelesscommunicationofalltypes
presentinthemarket.
Themoduleconsumesverylesspowertofunctionandcanbeusedonbatteryoperated
mobilesystems.
ThemodulecanbeinterfacedwithalmostallcontrollersorprocessorsasitusesUART
interface.
HowtouseHC-06BluetoothModule:
ThecommunicationwiththisHC-06moduleisdonethroughUARTinterface.Thedatais
senttothemoduleorreceivedfromthemodulethoughthisinterface.So,wecanconnectthe
moduletoanymicrocontrollerordirectlytoPCwhichhasRS232port(UARTinterface).A
typicalinterfacecircuitofthemoduletoanArduinoisshownbelow.

14. 8
Figure3:DiagramoftypicalinterfacecircuitoftheBluetoothmoduletoanArduino
Herethemoduleisconnectedto+5VstandardregulatedpowersupplyandUART
interfaceisestablishedasshowninfigure.WeneedtodoisconnectRXDofArduinotoTXDof
moduleandTXDofArduinoisconnectedtoRXDofmodulethrougharesistorvoltagedivider.
Thisvoltagedividerisprovidedforconverting5VlogicsignalsentbyArduinoto+3.3Vlogic
signalswhicharesuitableforthemodule.ThegroundofArduinoandmodulemustbeconnected
forvoltagereferenceincaseseparatepowersourcesareused.
Afterconnectingthemodule,wehavetowritetheprograminArduinoIDEtoreceiveand
senddatatothemodule.Forsuccessfulwirelesscommunicationweneedtorememberfew
things:
InprogrammingweneedtosetdefaultbaudrateofUARTserialcommunicationto9600.
Thevalueisdefaultsettingofmoduleandcanbechangeinprogram.
Themoduleisaslaveandsoweneedamastertoestablishasuccessfulwirelessinterface.
Forthatweneedanother[Arduino+module(withmasterfeature)]setuporwecanusea
smartphoneasamasterandsearchforHC-06slave.
Themastersearchesforslaveandconnectstoitafterauthenticatedwithpassword.The
HC-06modulehasdefaultpassword‘1234’whichcanbechanged.

15. 9
Inprogramwecanreceivedatamastersends(Afterauthentication)andperformtasks
basedonit.
Also,wecandownloadlibrariesformodulethroughthewebsitesandusethemtomake
communicationeasy.Weneedtodoisdownloadtheselibrariesandcallthemin
programs.Oncetheheaderfileisincluded,wecanusesimplecommandsintheprogram
totelltheArduinotosendorreceivedata.Themodulesendsthisdatatomasterthrough
wirelessBluetooth.Ifthemodulereceivesanydatafrommaster,itwilltransmititto
ArduinothroughUARTserialcommunication.
GPSMODULE:
GlobalPositioningSystem,alsoknownasGPS,isasystemofsatellitesdesignedtohelp
navigateontheEarth,intheair,andonwater.GPSreceivers.Peoplecancarrythemto
detectwheretheyareandplanwhereandhowtogotothenextplace.AGPSreceivershows
whereitis.Itmayalsoshowhowfastitismoving,whichdirectionitisgoing,howhighitis,
andmaybehowfastitisgoingupordown.ManyGPSreceivershaveinformationaboutplaces.
GPSsforautomobileshavetraveldatalikeroadmaps,hotels,restaurants,andservicestations.
GPSsforboatscontainnauticalchartsofharbour’s,marinas,shallowwater,rocks,
andwaterways.OtherGPSreceiversaremadeforairnavigation,hikingand
backpacking,bicycling,ormanyotheractivities.Themajorityareinsmartphones.
WorkingPrincipleofGPSModule:
TheGPSconsistsofthreesegments:
1.Thespacesegment:theGPSsatellites
2.Thecontrolsystem,operatedbytheU.S.military,
3.Theusersegment,whichincludesbothmilitaryandcivilianusersandtheirGPS
equipment.

16. 10
SpaceSegment:
Thespacesegmentisthenumberofsatellitesintheconstellation.Itcomprisesof29
satellitescirclingtheearthevery12hoursat12,000milesinaltitude.Thefunctionofthespace
segmentisutilizedtoroute/navigationsignalsandtostoreandretransmittheroute/navigation
messagesentbythecontrolsegment.Thesetransmissionsarecontrolledbyhighlystableatomic
clocksonthesatellites.TheGPSSpaceSegmentisformedbyasatelliteconstellationwith
enoughsatellitestoensurethattheuserswillhave,atleast,4simultaneoussatellitesinview
fromanypointattheEarth’ssurfaceatanytime.
Figure4:ImageofSpacesegment

17. 11
ControlSegment:
Thecontrolsegmentcomprisesofamastercontrolstationandfivemonitorstations
outfittedwithatomicclocksthatarespreadaroundtheglobe.Thefivemonitorstationsmonitor
theGPSsatellitesignalsandthensendthatqualifiedinformationtothemastercontrolstation
whereabnormalitiesarerevisedandsentbacktotheGPSsatellitesthroughgroundantennas.
Thecontrolsegmentalsoreferredtoasamonitorstation.
Figure5:ImageofControlsegment
UserSegment:
TheusersegmentcomprisesoftheGPSreceiver,whichreceivesthesignalsfromthe
GPSsatellitesanddetermineshowfarawayitisfromeachsatellite.Mainlythissegmentisused
fortheU.Smilitary,missileguidancesystems,civilianapplicationsforGPSinalmostevery
field.Mostofthecivilianusethisfromsurveytotransportationtonaturalresourcesandfrom
theretoagriculturepurposeandmappingtoo.
HowGPSDeterminesaPosition:

18. 12
Theworking/operationoftheGlobalpositioningsystemisbasedonthe‘trilateration’
mathematicalprinciple.Thepositionisdeterminedfromthedistancemeasurementstosatellites.
Fromthefigure,thefoursatellitesareusedtodeterminethepositionofthereceiverontheearth.
Thetargetlocationisconfirmedbythe4
th
satellite.Andthreesatellitesareusedtotracethe
locationplace.Afourthsatelliteisusedtoconfirmthetargetlocationofeachofthosespace
vehicles.Theglobalpositioningsystemconsistsofsatellite,controlstationandmonitorstation
andreceiver.TheGPSreceivertakestheinformationfromthesatelliteandusesthemethodof
triangulationtodetermineauser’sexactposition.
AdvantagesofGPS:
1.GPSsatellite-basednavigationsystemisanimportanttoolformilitary,civiland
commercialusers.
2.VehicletrackingsystemsGPS-basednavigationsystemscanprovideuswithturnbyturn
directions.
3.Veryhighspeed.
GSMMODULE:
GSM:GSM(GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications),isastandarddevelopedbythe
EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI).
GPRS:GeneralPacketRadioService(GPRS)isapacketorientedmobiledataserviceon
the2Gand3Gcellularcommunicationsystem’sglobalsystemformobilecommunications
(GSM).GPRSwasoriginallystandardisedbyEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandards
Institute(ETSI)inresponsetotheearlierCDPDandi-modepacket-switchedcellular
technologies.Itwascreatedtodescribetheprotocolsforsecond-generation(2G)digital
cellularnetworksusedbymobilephonesandisnowthedefaultglobalstandardformobile
communications.

19. 13
GSMModule:AGSMmoduleisachiporcircuitthatwillbeusedtoestablish
communicationbetweenamobiledeviceoracomputingmachineandaGSMorGPRS
system.Themodem(modulator-demodulator)isacriticalparthere.Thesemodulesconsist
ofaGSMmoduleorGPRSmodempoweredbyapowersupplycircuitandcommunication
interfaces(likeRS-232,USB2.0,andothers)forcomputer.AGSMmodemcanbea
dedicatedmodemdevicewithaserial,USBorBluetoothconnection,oritcanbeamobile
phonethatprovidesGSMmodemcapabilities.
Modems:Wirelessmodemsgenerate,transmitordecodedatafromacellularnetwork,in
ordertoestablishcommunication.AGSM/GPRSmodemisaclassofwireless
modem,designedforcommunicationovertheGSMandGPRSnetwork.ItrequiresaSIM
(SubscriberIdentityModule)cardjustlikemobilephonestoactivatecommunicationwith
thenetwork.Also,theyhaveIMEI(InternationalMobileEquipmentIdentity)numbersimilar
tomobilephonesfortheiridentification.
1.TheMODEMneedsATcommands,forinteractingwithprocessororcontroller,
whicharecommunicatedthroughserialcommunication.
2.Thesecommandsaresentbythecontroller/processor.
3.TheMODEMsendsbackaresultafteritreceivesacommand.
4.DifferentATcommandssupportedbytheMODEMcanbesentbythe
processor/controller/computertointeractwiththeGSMandGPRScellularnetwork.
ApplicationsofGSMmoduleorGPRSmodule:
Theycanfeatureallthefunctionalitiesofamobilephonethroughcomputerlikemakingand
receivingcalls,SMS,MMSetc.Thesearemainlyemployedforcomputer-basedSMSandMMS
services.TheGSM/GPRSmoduledemonstratestheuseofATcommands.Theycanfeatureall

20. 14
thefunctionalitiesofamobilephonethroughcomputerlikemakingandreceivingcalls,SMS,
MMSetc.Thesearemainlyemployedforcomputer-basedSMSandMMSservices.
BOOSTCONVERTER:
Aboostconverter(step-upconverter)isaDC-to-DCpowerconverterthatstepsupvoltage
(whilesteppingdowncurrent)fromitsinput(supply)toitsoutput(load).Itisaclass
ofswitched-modepowersupply(SMPS)containingatleasttwosemiconductors(adiodeand
atransistor)andatleastoneenergystorageelement:acapacitor,inductor,orthetwoin
combination.Toreducevoltageripple,filtersmadeofcapacitors(sometimesincombination
withinductors)arenormallyaddedtosuchaconverter'soutput(load-sidefilter)andinput
(supply-sidefilter).
LCDDISPLAY:
AliquidcrystaldisplayorLCDisacombinationoftwostatesofmatter,thesolidandthe
liquid.Itusesaliquidcrystaltoproduceavisibleimage.Lcd’stechnologiesallowdisplaystobe
muchthinner.ItiscomposedofseverallayerswhichincludetwopolarizedpanelFiltersand
electrodes.
Figure6:ImageofLCDDisplay
RTCCLOCK:
Areal-timeclock(RTC)isacomputerclock,usuallyintheformofanintegratedcircuitthat
issolelybuiltforkeepingtime.Naturally,itcountshours,minutes,seconds,months,daysand

21. 15
evenyears.RTCscanbefoundrunninginpersonalcomputers,embeddedsystemsandservers,
andarepresentinanyelectronicdevicethatmayrequireaccuratetimekeeping.Beingableto
stillfunctionevenwhenthecomputerispowereddownthroughabatteryorindependentlyfrom
thesystem’smainpowerisfundamental.
PurposeofRTCClock:
ThepurposeofanRTCorarealtimeclockistoprovideprecisetimeanddatewhichcan
beusedforvariousapplications.RTCisanelectronicdeviceintheformofanIntegratedChip
(IC)availableinvariouspackagingoptions.Itispoweredbyaninternallithiumbattery.Asa
resultofwhichevenifthepowerofthesystemisturnedoff,theRTCclockkeepsrunning.
DevicesTobeSubstitutedinplaceofReal
Architecture:
1.ESP32inplaceofArduino:
ESP32consumeslowpowerandhaslowchipprice.IthasintegratedWi-FiandBluetooth
andhasgoodmemoryandspeed.
ESP32isthenameofthechipthatwasdevelopedbyEspressifSystems.ThisprovidesWi-Fi
(andinsomemodels)dual-modeBluetoothconnectivitytoembeddeddevices.WhileESP32is
technicallyjustthechip,modulesanddevelopmentboardsthatcontainthischipareoftenalso
referredtoas“ESP32”bythemanufacturer.Thedifferencesbetweentheseareexplainedfurther
oninthearticle.
TheESP32chiphasaTensilicaXtensaLX6microprocessorinbothdual-coreandsingle-core
variations,withaclockrateofover240MHzTherearenowseveraldifferentchipmodels
available,including:
ESP32-D0WDQ6(andESP32D0WD)
ESP32-D2WD
ESP32-S0WD

22. 16
Andthesysteminpackage(SiP)–ESP32-PICO-D4
ModelsareavailablewithcombinedWi-FiandBluetoothconnectivity,orjustWi-Fi
connectivity.TheESP32ismostcommonlyengineeredformobiledevices,wearabletech,and
IoTapplications–suchasNabto.Moreover,withMongooseOSintroducinganESP32IoT
StarterKit,theESP32hasgainedareputationastheultimatechipormoduleforhobbyistsand
IoTdevelopers.
Whilethisreputationisnotunmerited,thelow-costdevicecanalsobeusedinanumberof
differentproductionsystems,anditscapabilitiesandresourceshavegrownimpressivelyoverthe
pastfouryears.
ESP32FeaturesandSpecifications:Here’sahigh-levelsummaryofthefeatures
andspecificationsoftheESP32:
Sl.no ESP-32 Description
1 Core 2
2Arquitecture 32bits
3 Clock TensilicaXtensaLX106160-240MHz
4 Wi-Fi IEEE802.11b/g/n
5 Bluetooth Yes-classic&BLE
6 Ram 520KB
7 Flash ExternQPSI-16MB
8 GPIO 22
9 DAC 2
10 ADC 18
11 Interfaces SPI-12C-UART-12S-CAN

23. 17
Processors–Aspreviouslymentioned,theESP32usesaTensilicaXtensa32-bit
LX6microprocessor.Thisuses1or2cores(allchipsintheseriesaredual-core,
excepttheESP32-S0WD).Theclockfrequencyreachesupto240MHzandit
performsupto600DMIPS(DhrystoneMillionInstructionsPerSecond).Moreover,
itslowpowerconsumptionallowsforADCconversions,computation,andlevel
thresholds,allwhileindeepsleepmode.
Wirelessconnectivity–TheESP32enablesconnectivitytointegratedWi-Fi
throughthe802.11b/g/n/e/i/.Moreover,dual-modeBluetoothismadepossiblewith
thev4.2BR/EDRandfeaturesBluetoothLowEnergy(BLE).
Memory–InternalmemoryfortheESP32isasfollows–ROM:448KiB(for
booting/corefunctions),SRAM:520KiB(fordata/instructions),RTCfastSRAM:8
KiB(fordatastorage/mainCPUduringbootfromsleepmode),RTCslowSRAM:8
KiB(forco-processoraccessduringsleepmode),andeFuse:1KiBit(256bitsused
forthesystem(MACaddressandchipconfiguration)and768bitsreservedfor
customerapplications).Moreover,twooftheESP32chips–ESP32-D2WDand
ESP32-PICO-D4–haveinternallyconnectedflash.Theothersareasfollows:0MiB
(ESP32-D0WDQ6,ESP32-D0WD,andESP32-S0WDchips),2MiB(ESP32-D2WD
chip),and4MiB(ESP32-PICO-D4SiPmodule).
ExternalFlashandSRAM–ESP32supportsuptofour16MiBexternal
QSPIflashesandSRAMswithhardwareencryptionbasedonAEStoprotect
developers’programsanddata.ItaccessestheexternalQSPIflashandSRAM
throughhigh-speedcaches.
Security–IEEE802.11standardsecurityfeaturesareallsupported,including
WFA,WPA/WPA2andWAPI.Moreover,ESP32hasasecurebootandflash
encryption.

24. 18
ESP32Functions:
ESP32hasmanyapplicationswhenitcomestotheInternetofThings(IoT).Herearejustsome
oftheIoTfunctionsthechipisusedfor:
Networking:Themodule’sWi-FiAntennaanddual-coreenablesembeddeddevices
toconnecttoroutersandtransmitdata.
DataProcessing:Includesprocessingbasicinputsfromanaloganddigitalsensorsto
farmorecomplexcalculationswithanRTOSorNon-OSSDK.
P2PConnectivity:CreatesdirectcommunicationbetweendifferentESPsandother
devicesusingIoTP2Pconnectivity.
WebServer:AccesspageswritteninHTMLordevelopmentlanguages.
ESP32Applications
TheESP32modulesarecommonlyfoundinthefollowingIoTdevices:
Smartindustrialdevices,includingProgrammableLogicControllers(PLCs)
Smartmedicaldevices,includingwearablehealthmonitors
Smartenergydevices,includingHVACandthermostats
Smartsecuritydevices,includingsurveillancecamerasandsmartlocks
ChipversusModulesversusDevelopmentBoards
TheESP32isjustthenameofthechip.Devicemanufacturersanddevelopershavethree
differentchoicesintermsofwhichformattheybuythisin,andthedecisionofwhichonetogo
withwilldependontheirindividualcircumstances:
ESP32Chip:Thisisthebare-boneschipthatismanufacturedbyEspressif.It
comesunshieldedandcan’tbeattachedtoamoduleorboardwithoutsoldering.
Therefore,mostdevicemanufacturersdonotpurchasejustthechip,asthiswilladdan
additionallayerofcomplexitytotheproductionprocess.

25. 19
ESP32Modules:Thesearesurfacemountablemodulesthatcontainthechip.
ThebenefitofpurchasingamoduleisthatthesecanbeeasilymountedontoanMCU
intheproductionprocess.Thechipisalsousuallyshieldedandpre-approvedbythe
FCC,whichmeansdevicemanufacturersdonotneedtoworryaboutadding
additionalstepstotheproductionprocesstoachieveFCCcompliancewithregardto
Wi-Fishielding.
ESP32DevelopmentBoards:TheseareIoTMCUdevelopmentboards
thathavethemodulescontainingtheESP32chippreinstalled.Theyareusedby
hobbyists,devicemanufacturersanddeveloperstotestandprototypeIoTdevices
beforeenteringmassproduction.Thereisawidevarietyofmakesandmodelsof
ESP32developmentboards,producedbydifferentmanufacturers.Herearesome
importantspecstoconsiderwhenchoosingasuitableIoTESP32developmentboard:
GPIOpins
ADCpins
Wi-Fiantennas
LEDs
Shielding
FlashMemory
ManyinternationalmarketsrequireshieldedWi-Fidevices,asWi-FiproducesalotofRadio
FrequencyInterference(RFI),andshieldingminimizesthisinterference.Thisshould,therefore,
beakeyconsiderationforalldevelopersandembeddeddevicemanufacturers.
2.LoraModuleinplaceofBluetoothModule:
TherangecoveredusingBluetoothModuleissmallsowecanuseLoraModuleto
overcomethisproblem.
LoRastandsforLongRangeRadioandismainlytargetedforM2MandIoTnetworks.
Thistechnologywillenablepublicormulti-tenantnetworkstoconnectanumberof
applicationsrunningonthesamenetwork.

26. 20
LoRa(LongRange)isaproprietarylow-powerwide-areanetworkmodulationtechnique.
Itisbasedonspreadspectrummodulationtechniquesderivedfromchirpspread
spectrum(CSS)technology.ItwasdevelopedbyCycleoofGrenoble,Franceand
acquiredbySemtech,thefoundingmemberoftheLoRaAllianceanditispatented.
FLOWOFTHEPROCESS:
•ArangeissetinthemicrocontrolleraspertherangeofBluetoothmodule.
•Bluetoothinthedeviceisconnectedtothephoneoftheuseronanotherend.
•Oncethedevicegoesoutofrange,Bluetoothgetsdisconnectedandamessageissentto
thephone.
•Thenusinggpstracker,thedevicecanbelocated.
Figure7:FlowChart

27. 21
BASICBLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHEMODEL:
BASICCIRCUITDIAGRAM:

28. 22
RESULT:
Program:

29. 23
Outputoftheprogram:

30. 24
FUTUREASPECTS:
Futurewearableequipmentwillpaymoreattentiontothewearer'spsychologyand
emotionalstate.Thesedeviceswillnotonlysendinformation,butalsoregulateinformation.
Compactdevicesaremorepreferableandhenceitcantaketheplaceofphonesaftersome
enhancement.Moreover,thedevicewillbemadeinverylowcostandwillbeavailablereadily
forusers.Theuserscaneasilyhavearecordofthelocationoftheirlovedonessoitwillbemore
preferredforsmallkids,oldcitizens,peoplewithAlzheimerandevenforpets.Motherscanhave
aneyeontheirkidwhiledoinghouseholds.
Thisworkisoflowcost,veryeffective,andproductive.Butthereisalwaysroomfor
improvement.Thismerchandisehasbeendesignedasaprototypeandrequiresfurther
developmentsforusingitinassortedapplications.Thissystemcanbefurtherexpendedin
developingaWindowsapplicationwhichcansupportwindowsphoneandthewearerdevice
mustbesmallandunobtrusiveintheformofcompactwatchanditshouldnotlabelpeople.
SCOPEOFENHANCEMENT:
Wecanusespeakerandmicrophoneinthedevice,further,toguidethedirectionto
someonewhohasnoideaaboutusingsmart-phones,fromdistant.Wecanfurtherusegoogle
mapAPItocheckthelivelocationconstantly.Once,thedevicegetsdisconnected,itsends
messagetotheenduser.Wecanfurtherenhanceittosendmessageonre-connecting.Wecanset
atimeaswellwhichwillbeusedasanalarm.Ifsomeoneisoutofrangeforthedurationlonger
thenassetbytheuser,themessagewillbesent.Wecandevelopweborandroidapplicationfor
furtherenhancementintheuseofthisdevice.Itcanbefurthermodifiedintohealthbandand
smartwatchaswell.

31. 25
CONCLUSION:
Thisprojectprimarilypertainedtothedevelopmentofawirelessmonitoringsystem.
However,theconcepts,techniquesanddesignapproachusedforthedevelopmentofourwireless
GPSsystemwillbefurthermodifiedtoencompassseveraldifferentbenefitssuchassending
messagesondisconnectionandreconnection,detectinglivelocationandguidingdirection.
Hence,thedigitalhandbandwithGPSSystemisasteppingstoneforthedevelopmentofa
Multi-parameterWirelessBand.
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