Fingerprint ppt.powerpoint presentatation

informative

1. FINGERPRINTS
AND OTHER METHODS
OF IDENTIFICATION

2. FINGER PRINT
(Dactylography)
Impressionofpatternsofpapillaryor
epidermalridgesofthefingertips
Developedinintrauterineage&remain
unchangedduringlife
Notinherited,absoluteIndividualistic
(Notwofingerspossessidenticalprints)
W.J.Herschel(1877)-Officiallyused
firsttime
FrancisGalton(1892)–Publisheda
book
RichardHenry–Modernclassification
AzizulHaque&HemChandraBose
Firstfingerprintbureau-Calcutta(1997)

4. PATTERN & COMPARISON
Loops (radial and ulnar) : 67%
Arches (plain and tented) : 6-7%
Whorls (plain, central pocket) : 25%
Composite : 1-2%
Final Identification is made by fine
comparison of 8 to 16 points of
characteristics
Ridge pattern and ridge endings
Missing or gap in two ridges
Ridge breaking or bifurcation
Dot or Stud in ridge

5. PATTERN & COMPARISON
Islandorplateuformation
Dotinlake
Unionoftworidges
Presenceofscar
Distancebetweendeltaandcore
No.ofridgesbetweendeltaandcore
Directionofaparticularridge
Thechanceidenticalfingerprintsintwo
personsisnotfeasibleinapopulationof
sixtyfourthousandmillions,notin
identicaltwins

8. FINGERPRINTS
Visible
Byblood,ink,paint,colorordirt
Photographeddirectlyforcomparisonor
records
Plastic:
Onsoftsurfaceofsoap,butter,wax,tar,
grease
Cannotbedustedorphotographed.
Latent:
Onsmoothorpolishedsurfaces
Notvisibletonakedeye,canbevisibleby

9. PRINTING OF FINGER
PRINTS
Rolled impressions
Plain or dab impressions
Lifting of latent impressions
Powder: Black, grey or fluorescent
Chemical: Iodine, silver nitrate,
osmium tetra oxide, mercuric iodide,
aerosol
Fingerprints in dead/decomposed bodies
Minimum point for identification
New Scotland yard: 16
US FBI and Interpol: 12
India : 08

10. FOOT PRINT/SHOE PRINTS
Small portion of footprint or shoe is
sufficient for comparison. It is useful
for:
Identification of offenders at scene of
crime
To avoid mixing of newborns in hospital
Method of identification for pilots & air
force personnel

11. LIP PRINT (Cheiloscopy)
Le moyne Sunder (1950): cracks &
wrinkles of lips are individualistic
Kazuo Suzuki & Yasuo Tsuchihashi
(1970): Classified lip prints in
Type 1: Long vertical grooves
Type 1!: Short vertical grooves
Type 2: Branching grooves
Type 3: Diamond grooves
Type 4: Rectangular grooves
Type 5: Other types

12. TEETH PRINT & BITEMARKS
Bitemarksarehelpfulin
recognizingtheperson
whohasleftitonthe:
Bodyofvictimasin
sexualassault/child
abuse
Bodyofaccusedin
selfdefenseor
Onfoodsubstanceat
thesceneofcrime

13. EXAMINATION OF BITEMARK
Consent
Description of bite mark
Collection of evidence from the victim
Collection of evidence from the
suspect
Bitemarks comparison

14. DESCRIPTION OF BITEMARK
General information
Location including underlying tissue
Shape & size of bitemark
Round
Ovoid
Crescent
irregular
Color & surface of the mark
Type of injury

15. DATA COLLECTION FROM
VICTIM
Photograph
CollectionofsalivawithRizlapaperor
cottonpieceforbloodgroupantigens
Preservationofbitemarks
Impressionofbitemarksbyrubber
basedmaterialsuchasvinyl
polysiloxans
Biteprintrecordingwithpowder&
tape
Tissuesampleindead&fixin
formalin

16. EXAMINATION OF SUSPECT
Generalinformation&consent
Photographsoffullfaceandfrontal,
occlusal&lateralviewsofdentalarches
Examinationproper
Facialmuscles,oralcavity,tongue&
teeth
Salivaswabbing
Modelsofupper&lowerjaws
Samplebitesonwaxsheetorin
impressioncompound

17. COMPARISON OF BITEMARK
Odontometrictrianglemethod:Measure&
comparethreeanglesofodontometric
triangles(pointsbetweentwooutermost
convexpointofcanines&oneinthe
centreoftheuppercentralincisors)of
bitemark&teethmodel
ComparisonTechniques:Comparethelife
size1:1photographsandmodelsofteeth
directlyputtingthemodeloverthe
photographofthebitemarkorindirectly
bycomparingtransparentoverlayof
occlusalsurfacesofteethwith

18. MOLE, BIRTH& TATOO
MARK

19. TATTOO MARKS
Producedbyimpregnationofpigmentsof
differentcolours(carbondust,Indianink
orvermillon)inthedermisbymultiple
puncturemethod.Theyare
Permanent,ifdeeptodermis
Mayfades,ifpigmentsaresubepithelial
onexposedparts,subjectedtoconstant
frication
Canberemovedbysurgicaloperation,
corrosivesorbyelectrolysis
Invisibletattoosmaybemadevisibleby
U-Vlight,rubbing&withhandlens

20. MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT
Useasidentificationdata&provide
informationabout
Race,religion&nationality
Language,occupation,inclination&
desire
Nameandnameofnear&dear
Pigment canbedetectedby
histologicalexaminationofdraining
lymphnodesindeadbodies
Tattooingalsoseeninfirearminjuries
bypartiallyburntgunpowder

21. OCCUPATIONAL
MARK/HABIT
Horny&roughhands:Laborers
Puncturemarksonleftindexfinger:
Tailor
Discoloredfingernails:Photographers
Callositiesonthumb&indexfinger:
Carpenters
Multipletattooing:Coalminers
Paints&dyes:Painters&dyeworkers
Notchedincisors:Cobblers,Electricians
Attrition&stainingofteeth:Pipe

23. SCAR
Scarisproducedbyhealingofwound
especiallydermisdeep
Epidermalinjuriesproducetemporary
scarswhichdisappearwithinshorttime
withoutanysignificanthistological
change
Scarsaremadeoffibroustissue
coveredbyepithelialcells
Theyarelessvascularanddevoidof
hairfollicles,pigments&sweatglands
Scarsmaychangetheirsizeduring
growingage,buttheshapeusually
remainsstable

24. MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT
Mark of Identification
Scars are permanent & do not change
their position
The size, shape, location, surface
(raised/ depressed) and mobility (free or
fixed) of the scar is noted for
identification
Type of injury
Duration of injury

25. CONGENITAL/ACQUIRED
ANOMALIES
Congenital Malformation
Cleft lip & cleft palate
Supernumerary fingers & toes
Bony Anomalies
Un-descended testes
Supernumerary breast & penis
Acquired Anomalies
Diseases (Polio) & Deformities
(Amputation)
Dental peculiarities & Artificial dentures

26. DENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
Teethareexaminedfor:
Number,situation&arrangementofteeth
Missingteeth
Anypathology(cavity,erosion,fracture,
stains)
Priortreatment(filling,crown,RCT,
bridge,implant,artificialdenture)
Oralcharacteristics

27. ARRANGEMENT OF TEETH
Widely spaced
Crowded
Protruded
Reverse
Impacted
Retained deciduous
Super-numeric teeth

28. MISSING TEETH
Number & Situation
Time of missing
Recent
Unhealed
Healed
Cause of missing
Trauma
Extraction
Natural fall

29. ANY PATHOLOGY
Caries or decay
Cavities
Erosion
Attrision
Fracture
Stains
Hutchinson’s incisors

30. PRIOR TREATMENT
Filling
Crown
RCT
Bridge
Implant
Artificial denture

31. ARTIFICIAL DENTURE
Full or partial
Upper, lower or both
Material, mark & type
Technical mark
Type of base
Palatal fitting of upper denture
Personal dental identifier or encoded
information chip

32. ORAL CHARACTERISTICS
Shape of jaws
Trauma
Bridge
Crown work
Diseases
Amelogenus imperfecta
Calcification defect
Exostosis
Palatal rugae

33. DENTAL CHARTING
Allthesefindingsarerecordedon
prescribeddentalchartfromtooth18to
tooth48usingInternationalDental
ChartingSystem

34. DENTAL CHARTING
Allthecharacteristicsofteethincluding
locationandextentofrestorationsand
otherconditionsaresketchedinthechart
withspecificcolor&symbol
Colorsfordentalmaterials:
Amalgam -Black
Gold -Red
Coloredmaterial-Green
MissingTeeth:
AMmissing-Placealargecrossovertooth
PMmissing-Placeacirclearoundtooth
Unrecoveredsectionofjaw-Bracketedand
labeled as“not

35. Cavity :Outlinecavityinblack
Restoration:Blockoutrestorationusing
specific
color
RootFilling:Blockout“V”betweenupper
andlowerjaw
Fracture:“#”symboloveraffectedtooth
Crown :Colortoothwithappropriate
materialcolor
Bridge :Useappropriatematerialcolor
Un-eruptedtooth:Usecapitalletters“UE”
DENTAL CHARTING

36. DENTAL CHARTING

37. COMPARISON OF RECORDS
Aftercharting,radiographofbothjaws&
teetharetakenandinformationrevealedby
theseradiographsarefurtheraddedinthe
dentalchart/pinkDVIform.
Teetharealsoexaminedforage,sex,race&
iffeasiblesocio-economic status,
occupation,habitetcforidentification
BoththePMandAMdataaresubsequently
reconciled(matched)withtheaidofa
computersoftwaresystem(PlassData©)

38. HAIR (TRICOLOGY)
Is it hair or fibre ?
If hair
Whether from human or animal?
Male or female?
Race and age of person?
Blood grouping & other methods of
identification
Bleaching, dye or disease

39. HAIR (TRICOLOGY)
From which part of body?
From victim or accused?
Pulled forcefully or fall naturally
Evidence of injury
Cause of death / poisoning

40. HUMAN HAIR
Texture : Fine and thin
Cuticular scales: Short, broad &
serrated
Cortex : Thick, 4 –10 times to
medulla
Medulla : Narrow, may be fragmented
Medullary index: <0.3
Pigment : Evenly distributed
Precipitin test: Specific for human

41. MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN
HAIR

42. HUMAN & ANIMAL HAIR
S.No Human hair Animal hair
1 General Fine and thin Coarse and thick
2 Cuticle Cuticularscales are
short, broad, thin &
irregularly annular
Cuticularscales are
large and have step-
like or wavy
projections
3 Cortex: Thick, well striated and 4
to10 times as broad as
medulla
Thin, rarely more than
twice as broad as
medulla

43. HUMAN & ANIMAL HAIR
S.No Human hair Animal hair
4 Medulla: usually narrow;
fragmented or absent
Continuous and
wider
5 Pigment: Evenly distributed Mostly present
near medulla
6 Precipitin testSpecific for human Specific for
animal
7 Medullary
index
Less than 0.3 More than 0.5

44. CHARACTERISTICS &
BELONGINGS
Speech&voice
Habits,tricks&manners
Education&Memory
Gait,posture&Handwriting
Clothing & Jewelry
Shoes, Belt & Spectacles
Wallet & Keys
Driving license, Passport etc

45. SUPERIMPOSITION
Techniquebywhichaparticularskull
canbematchedwiththephotograph
Negativesofskull&photographare
matchedafterappropriatemagnification
toachievemaximumalignmentinsize
whereinter-pupillarydistanceofboth
exactlymatches
Twonegativesarethensuperimposed
bykeepingovereachother&various
pointsarecomparedconsideringthe
contours,softtissuethickness&

46. SUPERIMPOSITION
Thepositionofcanthus,nasion,nasal
spine,lowerborderofnose&upper
jaw,zygoma belowtheeyes,
supraorbitalridges,angleofjaw,
externalauditorymeatusandteethare
matchedinnegativesofskull&
photograph
Negativevalueismoreimportant,
resultisbasedonexclusionmethod
By using video photography
superimpositionofnegativesofskull&

47. DNA
FINGERPRINTING
DNA-PROFILING FOR
IDENTIFICATION

48. INTRODUCTION
Forensicscientistsweretryingsincelongto
identifytheoriginofsamplesofblood,semen&
otherbodyfluidsandtissueswith100%certainty.
Anumberoftestslikebloodgrouping,redcell
enzymes,HLAantibodiesetc.aretriedbutthey
arenotabletogive100%confirmedresults,as
theyarebasedonexclusionmethod.
MatchingofDNAsegmentsofsamplewithDNA
segmentsofsuspectedpersonorhisparents/
children(ifpersonisnottraceable)givesanew
dimensionofidentificationwith100%accuracy.
Thismethodissoaccuratethatthepossibilityof
errorisonein30billions.

49. PRINCIPLE
TheDNAsequenceissameineachcell,tissue
andorganandcannotbealteredbyanyknown
treatment.
TheDNAsequenceofeveryindividualisvery
specificandnotwopersonshavethesame
DNApattern,exceptidenticaltwins.
Theidealwaytodistinguishanindividualfrom
otherpersonisbyentiregenomicsequencebut
practicallyitisnotpossible.
InDNAfingerprintingthefragmentsofrepetitive
DNAvariantsofunknownsampleareidentified
andmatchwiththesuspectedpersonorhis/her
closerelatives.

50. DNA –SALIENT FEATURES
Cell –nucleus –chromosome –chromatid
Chromatidis made of a single DNA molecule,
which is a double stranded, spirally twisted but
parallel polynucleotide chains connected to each
other by hydrogen bonds.
The unit of DNA is nucleotide which is composed
of
Phosphate
De-oxyribosesugar and
One Nitrogenous base: Adenine (A), Thymine (T),
Guanine (G) or Cytosine (C)
In spite of lot of similarity in DNA molecules, no
two persons have similar DNA. Two similar
persons differ on an average one base per

53. DNA –SALIENT FEATURES
CodingDNAorGene-2-5%ofentireDNA
Non-codingorJunkDNA–95%ofDNA
ThejunkDNAcontainsregionswheresame
sequenceofbasesrepeatsthemselvesagainand
againsuchasinCAGTGATAGATAGATACTAT
GATAGATAGATAGATAGATACTGA….GATAis
repeatedanumberoftimesandcalledrepetitive
DNA.
ThelengthofrepetitiveDNAvariesaspernumber
ofbasesandcalledVNTR(variableno.oftandem
repeats)whicharemorethan1500inhuman
genome.
TheseVNTRsarehelpfulindifferentiatingone
individualfromother&theprocessiscalledDNA
profiling/fingerprinting

54. METHODS OF DNA
PROFILING
Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism(RFLP)
PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)
ShorttandemRepeats(STR)
MitochondrialDNAAnalysis(mtDNA)
Y-Chromosomeanalysis

55. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism)
DNA Isolation
DNA digestion
Gel electrophoresis
DNA Transfer
Hybridization
Autoradiography

56. RFLP –DNA Isolation
By detergents, phenol or caesiumchloride
(quantitationby UV spectophotometry)

57. RFLP –DNA Digestion
By Restriction endonucleases like:
Eco R-1: Cut DNA at sequence GAATTC
Ps T-1:Recognizes sequence CTGCAG
and cuts between A & G
Hae-III:Cuts between 5GG and CC3
Sau 3A-1

58. RFLP –Gel Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis –on Agarose gel medium
& Staining with ethedium bromide for 40
minutes

59. RFLP –Southern Blotting
DNA Transfer –(southern or vacuum blotting)

60. RFLP-Hybridization
Hybridization –By single or multi locus
radioactive DNA probe & washing

61. RFLP –Autoradiography
Autoradiography –X-ray plate is placed with nylon
membrane to develop permanent
bands on radiograph

63. DRAWBACK
Exactsizesofbandsareunknown&
comparisonisdonewithmolecularweight
ladderwhichispurelyqualitative
Atimeconsumingmethod
Relativelyhighquantity&goodqualityof
DNAisrequired

64. PCR (Polymerase Chain
Reaction)
PCRitselfdoesnotaccomplishDNAtyping
butincreasestheamountofavailableDNA
millionstimebycopyinginthemultipleof1-2,
2-4,4-8,8-16&thelike.
Sosmall,highlydegradedsamplecanbe
analyzedforDNAtyping
STEPSOFPCR:
Denaturation
Annealing
Extension

65. PCR –Denaturation
DenaturationofDNAstrandintosinglechainby
heatingat94⁰Cfor1min

66. PCR –Annealing
Annealingbyaddingprimers(smallsegments
ofDNA)at20-54⁰Cfor45sec
Commercialkitsofprimers:ProfilerplusTM,
CofilerTMandPowerplexTM

67. PCR –Extension
ExtensionintoacompleteDNAsegmentwith
thehelpofTAQpolymeraseat72⁰Cfor2min

68. SHORT TANDEM REPEATS
(STR)
STRsareshortDNAsequencescontaining2-
6bases
Thesesequencesareattachedtodifferent
lociandbehavelikeageneticmarker
MultiplecopiesaremadebyPCRtechnique
andthenseparatedbyGel-electrophoresis
Fluorescentmoleculescanbeusedto
measurethelengthofDNA
Thiscanbeusedwhenasmallamountor
evendegradedmaterialisavailable
Theprocessisrapidandmaybecompleted
inoneortwodays

69. MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA
ANALYSIS
Usefulinhighlydegradedoroldsamples
wherenucleatedcellularmaterialis
absent
Usefulincomparingwiththeprofileofa
potentialmaternalrelativeinmissing
casesasmothershavesamemtDNAas
totheirdaughters.

70. Y-CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS
TheY-chromosome ispasseddirectly
fromfathertoson,sotheanalysisof
geneticmarkersontheYchromosomeis
especiallyusefulfor:
Tracingrelationshipsamongmalesor
Analyzingbiologicalevidenceinvolving
multiplemalecontributors

71. APPLICATION OF DNA
PROFILING
Identification-inaccidents,massdisaster,
mutilatedorburntbodies
Identificationofaccusedinrapeandother
sexualoffences
Identificationofaccused/victimofmurder
Tosolvepaternitydisputes
Establishingbiologicalrelationshipfor
immigration purposes, kidney
transplantationetc.

72. Collection & Preservation of
Sample
Anybodyfluidortissuewithnucleatedcells
canbeusedforDNAexamination
Liquidblood(10ml)inscrew-cappedtube
withEDTAorheparininacontainerhaving
iceorat(-)20⁰C
Bloodstains,semen,salivaetc.collectedon
cottonswab,airdryandsendinacleantube
Muscle,spleen,brain,fetusetc.innormal
salineor20%dimethylsulphoxidesaturated
withNaCl
Bones,teeth,hair&fingernailscrapingsin
cleandrypolythenesheet

73. ADVANTAGE
Mostconclusive
Needssmallquantity
Recordsisnotrequiredasinfingerprint,
dentalorx-rayexamination
Matchingcanalsobedonewithparents,
spouseandchildrenandalsowithtooth
brush,lickedenvelopeorstamps
Verystable,oldstainsandspecimenscan
alsobeused

74. DISADVANTAGE
Not useful in identical twins
Very expensive
Tissues without nucleus cannot used for
test
Requires great expertise and experience