Fingerprints As a forensic evidence (1).pptx

fingerprints, history, types, comaprison

1. Fingerprints : As a forensic evidence Your paragraph text Submitted by- Tanya Yadav

2. Through a mix of creativity, planning, and media, advertising bridges ideas with the right people. INDEX What are Fingerprints ? Why they are important ? Historical background Types of fingerprints How to use as an evidence ? Fingerprint comparison Conclusion References

3. What is a FINGERPRINT ? Fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges on human finger and they are formed during fetal development . The science of fingerprint identification is called Dactyloscopy.

4. Why fingerprint matters ? # Fingerprint Use in Crime Investigation Fingerprints left at a crime scene help identify who was there. Special powders, chemicals, or cameras are used to make invisible fingerprints visible. # Fingerprint Evidence in Court Matching fingerprints can show that a person was present at the crime scene. This provides strong evidence during trials. # Fingerprint Use as Biometrics Fingerprints are unique to every person, making them a secure way to verify identity. Common in smartphones, laptops, and security systems to unlock devices or allow access. Faster and more reliable than passwords or PINs. Used in workplaces for attendance tracking and in secure buildings for controlled entry.

5. 1684–1800s: Early Observations 1684: Nehemiah Grew studies fingerprint ridges. 1788: J.C.A. Mayer notes fingerprints are unique. 1823: Purkinje classifies fingerprint patterns . 1858–1900: Identity & Classification 1858: William Herschel uses fingerprints in India for contracts. 1880s: Henry Faulds suggests fingerprints for crime-solving. 1892: Francis Galton proves fingerprint uniqueness. 1897: Henry Classification System developed in Bengal. Historical Background

6. 1900–1950s: Law Enforcement Adoption 1901: Scotland Yard starts fingerprinting criminals. 1924: FBI launches fingerprint database in the U.S. 1955: India sets up Central Finger Print Bureau. 1980s–Present: Digital & Biometric Era 1980s–1990s: India develops AFIS (Automated Fingerprint ID System). 2000s–Now: Fingerprints used in: Smartphones & security Aadhaar ID system in India Global crime databases (FBI, Interpol) Historical Background

7. Types of fingerprints There are two mains bases of classification Nature of Prints 2.Pattern of Prints

8. Nature of prints Visible prints Plastic prints Latent prints

9. Visible prints Left when fingers are covered with paints ,ink, dust , blood or any visible substances . Not commonly found because culprit notice & remove them . No development needed

10. Plastic prints Found on soft moldable surface like mud , wax, thick dried blood , adhesive etc . Fingerprints on wax can be enhance by using printer’s ink and then photographed easily . 3D impression on soft materials.

11. Not visible by naked eye ; required physical and chemical development. formed by prespiration , dirt or oily substance on fingers [spl when criminal is nervous ] sometimes they are mixed with grease , hair follicles , skin etc. commonly found at crime scene . Latent prints

12. TYPES DESCRIPTION VISIBLE PRINTS left by fingers stained with blood , ink , dirt etc PLASTIC PRINTS 3D impression on soft material LATENT PRINTS Invisible to naked eye; need powder / chemical to see Nature of Prints

13. Pattern of Prints Arch Pattern Whorl Pattern Composite Pattern Loop Pattern

14. Arch pattern Approx 5% of fingerprints Ridges enter on one side and flow out the other with a central rise or wave. Plain arch : features a rising or wavy ridge in the center. Tented arch : ridges form a 90° or less angle, or an upthrust ridge at 45° or more relative to the horizontal plane.

15. Arch pattern Plain Arch Tented Arch

16. Whorl Pattern Approx 30 - 35% of fingerprints Charachterised by ridges that form circular or spiral patterns around a centre point . With two deltas located on opposite sides of print Plain whorl Double loop whorl

17. Whorl Pattern

18. Loop Pattern Approx 60-65% of fingerprints . Ridges enter from one side, curve, and exit or end on the same side. Ulnar Loop: Points toward the ulna (little finger). Radial Loop: Points toward the radius (thumb).

19. Loop Pattern Ulnar Loop Radial Loop

20. Composite Pattern Hybrid designs combining features from multiple basic fingerprint types Arches Loops Whorls Less common than simple fingerprint types More complex structural patterns

21. Composite Pattern

22. How to use as evidence ? Crime Scene Linkage Fingerprints can directly place a suspect at the scene of a crime. Identity Verification Used to confirm or exclude individuals as suspects. Prior Record Check Helps determine if the suspect has a previous criminal history. Admissibility in Court Courts generally accept fingerprint evidence when: • Properly collected and analyzed • Accompanied by expert testimony • Supported by a documented chain of custody

23. Comparison of Fingerprints # It involves analysis of two impressions to determine if their ridge patterns are: Share similar shapes Occupy corresponding positions Latent print comparison is performed when applicable during forensic analysis

24. Key principle: Base (fundamental) pattern types must match for effective comparison If base patterns differ → No need to analyze ridge details Prints come from different individuals If base patterns match → Locate core and delta points Study ridge characteristics around these areas Matching ridge features in same sequence and relative location Continued.....

25. Comparison of Fingerprints Pattern Area: Specific section used for analysis and classification Includes parts of loop and whorl patterns Key features visible : Core Delta Ridges Outlined by type lines in loops and whorls Absent in arch patterns (no core, delta, or type lines)

26. Type Lines: Two innermost ridges Initially run parallel → then diverge Encircle the pattern area Core & Delta: Core: Approximate center of the fingerprint impression Delta: Triangular ridge formation where ridges radiate in various directions Delta located near divergence point of type lines Core typically just ahead of or near delta Continued....

27. Unique identifiers, often called "Galton details" or minutiae, are the specific ridge features found within a fingerprint's overall pattern. When the general pattern type aligns, forensic experts then examine these individual ridge details to confirm identity. The palms of the hands and soles of the feet feature distinctive, non-continuous ridges known as minutiae. These friction ridges exhibit a variety of characteristics that are abundant and unique to every person. A single fingerprint can contain over 80 distinct ridge features, making it highly individualistic. Indivisual Characterstics

28. Ridge Characteristics Ridge features, also known as Galton details, can be identified in several distinct forms: Ridge Ending – The point where a ridge abruptly stops. Dot – A tiny, point-like formation. Short Ridge – A ridge that extends briefly before terminating. Bifurcation – A single ridge that splits into two separate branches. Trifurcation – A single ridge dividing into three branches.

29. Ridge Characteristics Enclosure (Eye) – A ridge that splits momentarily and then rejoins, creating a hollow space. Lake – An extended form of an enclosure, forming a larger enclosed area. Hook (Spur) – A small notch or projection jutting out from a ridge. Bridge (Interjunction or Cross-over) – A short ridge connecting two adjacent flowing ridges. Intersection (Ridge Crossing) – The point where two or more parallel ridges cross each other.

30. Ridge Characteristics

31. Conclusion Fingerprints are special and never change. They help catch the right person and connect them to the crime, making them one of the strongest tools in solving cases and delivering justice. Fingerprints are unique, permanent, and scientifically proven identifiers.

32. “Fingerprints never lie – they speak the truth of identity and justice.”

33. Bertino, A. J., & Bertino, P. N. (Year). Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations. Cengage Learning. Saferstein, R. (Year). Introduction to Forensic Science. Pearson. U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (NIJ). Fingerprint Sourcebook. https://www.nij.gov/topics/forensics/Pages/fingerprint-sourcebook.aspx Dror, I., & Scurich, N. (2018). The Validity of Fingerprint Comparison. Science Advances, 4(11), eaat2349. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2349 FBI – Fingerprint Identification Overview. https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/fingerprints-and-other-biometrics National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) – Fingerprint Recognition Research. https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/fingerprint-recognition References

34. Thank You.....