Finishing and Polishing of Restorations.

finishing and polishing of various restorative material like composite,GIC

1. Finishing and Finishing and
PolishingPolishing

2. CONTAINTS
Introduction
Benefits
Basic armamentarium
Principles - Cutting, Grinding, Bulk reduction process, Contouring
Air dispersed Hazards of finishing process
Abrasive & Erosive wear
Abrasive Instrument Designs
Types of Abrasives
Abrasive motion
Finishing of various restorations
•Composites
•Amalgam
•Ceramics
•Glass Ionomer Cements
•DFG and Cast Gold

3. IntroductionIntroduction
Finishing- defined as the transformation of an
object from rough surface to a refined form. The
procedure involves removal of surface irregularities
and shaping the restoration according to functional
occlusion...
Polishing- defined as the production of a shiny.
Mirror like surface, which reflects light similar to
enamel without creating supplemental films by the
addition of wax or lacquer.
DefinationDefination

4. 
The finishing process :The finishing process :

Surface blemishes & imperfections are Surface blemishes & imperfections are
removedremoved

Material is shaped to an ideal form Material is shaped to an ideal form

Outermost surface of the material is Outermost surface of the material is
developed to a desired statedeveloped to a desired state

5. Benefits of Finishing and Benefits of Finishing and
PolishingPolishing
Well contoured polished restoration Well contoured polished restoration promotes oral healthpromotes oral health
by resisting accumulation of food debris , by resisting accumulation of food debris ,
pathogenic bacteria due to reduced surface area & pathogenic bacteria due to reduced surface area &
reduced roughness of restorationreduced roughness of restoration
Smoother surfaces retention and are easier to Smoother surfaces retention and are easier to
maintain in a hygienic statemaintain in a hygienic state
Tarnish & corrosionTarnish & corrosion of dental materials can be of dental materials can be
significantly significantly reducedreduced if entire restoration is highly polished if entire restoration is highly polished
Benefits :
(a) Health
(b) Function
(c) Aesthetics

6. 
Oral Oral functionfunction is is enhancedenhanced with a well polished restoration with a well polished restoration
because because food glides more freelyfood glides more freely over occlusal and over occlusal and
embrasure surfaces during mastication embrasure surfaces during mastication

Smooth restoration surfaces Smooth restoration surfaces minimize wearminimize wear on opposing on opposing
and adjacent teeth ,this is particularly true for materials and adjacent teeth ,this is particularly true for materials
such as ceramics which contain phases that are harder such as ceramics which contain phases that are harder
than tooth enamel and dentinthan tooth enamel and dentin

Rough materialsRough materials lead to development of high contact lead to development of high contact
stress that can cause loss of functional and stabilizing stress that can cause loss of functional and stabilizing
contacts between teeth, on ceramics they contacts between teeth, on ceramics they act as stress act as stress
areas areas

Finishing and polishing these surfaces can Finishing and polishing these surfaces can improve improve
strengthstrength of restoration especially in areas that are under of restoration especially in areas that are under
tension tension

7. •Green abrasive stonesGreen abrasive stones are used to develop surface morphology. are used to develop surface morphology.
•Fine grooves and chipping at the incisal edge are made with a thin single Fine grooves and chipping at the incisal edge are made with a thin single slided slided
diamond discdiamond disc
•Surface stria is produced with a Surface stria is produced with a medium grit diamond pointmedium grit diamond point..
•Height of contour, marginal areas and wear facets are smoothed with Height of contour, marginal areas and wear facets are smoothed with impregnated impregnated
rubber.rubber.
RUBBER CUPS
ABRASIVE DISKABRASIVE DISK
Flute carbide burs Flute carbide burs
Diamond bur Diamond bur

8. Principles of Cutting, Grinding Finishing and polishing
There are distinct differences in function of cutting, grinding, finishing and There are distinct differences in function of cutting, grinding, finishing and
polishing polishing

Particles are removed by action of harder materialParticles are removed by action of harder material

Tensile stress shear stress develop both in substrate ,rotary instrument Tensile stress shear stress develop both in substrate ,rotary instrument

Polishing is multidirectional, cutting & grinding is unidirectionalPolishing is multidirectional, cutting & grinding is unidirectional

Diamond burs abrasive coated disk cause bulk reduction by grindingDiamond burs abrasive coated disk cause bulk reduction by grinding

Steel, carbide bur by cuttingSteel, carbide bur by cutting

At times they overlap depending on hardness , shape and size of abrasive At times they overlap depending on hardness , shape and size of abrasive
particle used and speed of hand piece .particle used and speed of hand piece .

Higher speed provides more rapid removal of surface material , high Higher speed provides more rapid removal of surface material , high
pressure also increases rate of material .pressure also increases rate of material .

9. Cutting
Cutting refers to use of a bladed instrument or Cutting refers to use of a bladed instrument or
the use of any instrument in a bladelike fashion.the use of any instrument in a bladelike fashion.

Course of action – predominantly Course of action – predominantly
unidirectionalunidirectional

Cutting operation – may divide substrate into Cutting operation – may divide substrate into
large separate pieces / produce deep notches or large separate pieces / produce deep notches or
groovesgrooves
E.g. High speed tungsten carbide bursE.g. High speed tungsten carbide burs

10. GrindingGrinding
It is a process that removes small particle of a It is a process that removes small particle of a
substrate through the action of bonded or coated abrasive substrate through the action of bonded or coated abrasive
instruments .instruments .

Course of action – predominantly unidirectionalCourse of action – predominantly unidirectional

Grinding instrument - contain many randomly arranged Grinding instrument - contain many randomly arranged
abrasive abrasive particle . particle .

Each particle may contain several sharp points that run Each particle may contain several sharp points that run
along the substrate surface and remove particles of along the substrate surface and remove particles of
materials .materials .
Eg : Diamond coated rotary instrumentEg : Diamond coated rotary instrument

11. Bulk reduction processBulk reduction process

Instruments used Instruments used

Diamond, carbide and steel burs Diamond, carbide and steel burs

Abrasive coated disks or separating disksAbrasive coated disks or separating disks

Abrasive coated disks – Abrasive coated disks –

popular bulk reduction of resin based composite restorationspopular bulk reduction of resin based composite restorations

Clinician should choose Clinician should choose 8 to 12 fluted carbide8 to 12 fluted carbide bursburs or or abrasivesabrasives
with with particle size of 100particle size of 100 micrometersmicrometers or more with sufficient or more with sufficient
hardness.hardness.

12. ContouringContouring

Though it can be achieved during bulk reduction, in some Though it can be achieved during bulk reduction, in some
cases it cases it requires finer cuttingrequires finer cutting instruments or abrasivesinstruments or abrasives to to
provide better control of contouring and surface details.provide better control of contouring and surface details.

At the end of the process, desired anatomy and margins At the end of the process, desired anatomy and margins
should be established.should be established.

Usually Usually 12 to 16 fluted carbide burs12 to 16 fluted carbide burs or or abrasivesabrasives ranging in ranging in
size from size from 30 to 100 micrometers30 to 100 micrometers provide the fine provide the fine
contouring action.contouring action.

13. AIR DISPERSED HAZARDS OF FINISHING PROCESSAIR DISPERSED HAZARDS OF FINISHING PROCESS
Dental AerosolsDental Aerosols: the dispersions of solid and liquid particles in : the dispersions of solid and liquid particles in
air, generated whenever finishing operations are performed.air, generated whenever finishing operations are performed.
May containMay contain

Tooth structure Tooth structure

Dental materialsDental materials

Micro-organismsMicro-organisms
Potential source of infectious & chronic diseases – Potential source of infectious & chronic diseases – health hazardhealth hazard

14. 
95%95% of generated aerosol particles - of generated aerosol particles - < 5µm in diameter< 5µm in diameter – –
can can readily reachreadily reach pulmonary alveoli during normal pulmonary alveoli during normal
respirationrespiration

75%75% of aerosol particles – potentially of aerosol particles – potentially contaminatedcontaminated with with
infectious microorganisms infectious microorganisms

Aerosols can remain Aerosols can remain airborne for >24hoursairborne for >24hours – therefore – therefore
capable of cross-contaminationcapable of cross-contamination
AEROSOL – HEALTH HAZARD

15. If inhaled, swallowed or if it enters the eyesIf inhaled, swallowed or if it enters the eyes
Diseases of the throat, lungs and eyes.Diseases of the throat, lungs and eyes.
Silica based materials if inhaledSilica based materials if inhaled
Silicosis or Grinders diseaseSilicosis or Grinders disease..
(Fibrotic pulmonary disease)(Fibrotic pulmonary disease)
(major aerosol hazard)(major aerosol hazard)

16. AEROSOL - CONTROLAEROSOL - CONTROL
3 ways :3 ways :
1. Controlled at the source – 1. Controlled at the source –
adequate infection control procedures adequate infection control procedures
Water spray Water spray
High – volume suctionHigh – volume suction
2. Personal protection – 2. Personal protection –
Safety glassesSafety glasses
Disposable face masksDisposable face masks
3. Adequate ventilation system –3. Adequate ventilation system –
To remove any residual particulates from airTo remove any residual particulates from air

17. Abrasive & erosive wearAbrasive & erosive wear

WearWear – is a material removal process that can – is a material removal process that can
occur whenever surfaces slide against each occur whenever surfaces slide against each
other.other.

18. AbrasionAbrasion
The process of finishing a restoration involves abrasive wear through the use of hard The process of finishing a restoration involves abrasive wear through the use of hard
particles.particles.
•Abrasive outermost particles or surface
material of an abrading instrument
•Substrate material being finished
DefinitionDefinition
::
(Kenneth J. Anusavice)(Kenneth J. Anusavice)

19. The rotational direction of a rotary abrasive instrument
- important factor in controlling the instrument action on
the substrate.

Bur in high speed handpiece rotates in clockwise direction.Bur in high speed handpiece rotates in clockwise direction.

Smoother grinding actionSmoother grinding action – when handpiece & bur are translated – when handpiece & bur are translated
in a in a direction oppositedirection opposite to rotational direction of the bur. to rotational direction of the bur.

Rougher surfaceRougher surface – when handpiece & bur are translated in the – when handpiece & bur are translated in the
same directionsame direction as rotational direction of the bur. as rotational direction of the bur.
(Bur tends to “runaway” from the substrate)(Bur tends to “runaway” from the substrate)

20. Abrasive wearAbrasive wear is divided into:is divided into:
- - Two Body AbrasionTwo Body Abrasion
- Three Body Abrasion- Three Body Abrasion
The two processes are not mutually exclusiveThe two processes are not mutually exclusive
•Two body abrasion occurs when
the abrasive particles are firmly
bonded to the surface of the abrasive
instrument and no other abrasive
particles are used.
Eg. Diamond bur abrading a tooth.
•Three body abrasionThree body abrasion when when
abrasive particles are free to translate abrasive particles are free to translate
and rotate between two surfaces.and rotate between two surfaces.
Eg. Dental Prophylaxis Pastes. Eg. Dental Prophylaxis Pastes.
.

22. ErosionErosion

Erosive wearErosive wear is caused by hard is caused by hard
particles impacting a substrate particles impacting a substrate
surface, carried either by a surface, carried either by a
stream of liquid or air.stream of liquid or air.

Eg. Eg. Air-driven grit-blasting Air-driven grit-blasting
unitsunits - employ hard particle - employ hard particle
erosion to remove surface erosion to remove surface
materialmaterial

23. ABRASIVE INSTRUMENT DESIGNSABRASIVE INSTRUMENT DESIGNS
These are :These are :

Abrasive gritsAbrasive grits

Bonded abrasivesBonded abrasives

Coated abrasive disks and stripsCoated abrasive disks and strips

Non bonded abrasives Non bonded abrasives

24. Abrasive GritsAbrasive Grits

Classification according to particle size ranges:Classification according to particle size ranges:

CoarseCoarse

Medium coarseMedium coarse

Medium fineMedium fine

Super fineSuper fine
Derived from crushed materials passed through a
series of mesh screens to obtain different particle size
ranges.

25. Bonded AbrasivesBonded Abrasives
Consist of abrasive particles incorporated Consist of abrasive particles incorporated
through a binder to form grinding tools through a binder to form grinding tools
such as points, wheels etc.such as points, wheels etc.
Particles are bonded by four methods:Particles are bonded by four methods:

Sintering Sintering

Vitreous bonding Vitreous bonding

Resinoid bondingResinoid bonding

Rubber bondingRubber bonding

26. Coated Abrasive Disks And StripsCoated Abrasive Disks And Strips

Fabricated by securing Fabricated by securing
abrasive particles to a abrasive particles to a
flexible backing material with flexible backing material with
a suitable adhesive material.a suitable adhesive material.

Supplied as disks and Supplied as disks and
finishing strips.finishing strips.

27. Non Bonded AbrasivesNon Bonded Abrasives

Polishing pastes are considered Polishing pastes are considered
non bonded abrasives non bonded abrasives

Primarily for final polishing Primarily for final polishing

Need to be applied to the substrate with a non abrasive device Need to be applied to the substrate with a non abrasive device
like synthetic foam, rubber felt etc.like synthetic foam, rubber felt etc.

Abrasive particles are dispersed in a water soluble medium such Abrasive particles are dispersed in a water soluble medium such
as glycerin.as glycerin.

Most popular aluminium oxide and diamondMost popular aluminium oxide and diamond

28. Types of AbrasivesTypes of Abrasives
NATURAL ABRASIVES:NATURAL ABRASIVES:

Arkansas stone Arkansas stone

ChalkChalk

CorundumCorundum

Diamond Diamond

Emery Emery

Garnet Garnet

PumicePumice

Quartz Quartz

SandSand

Tripoli Tripoli

Zirconium silicateZirconium silicate

Cuttle Cuttle

Kieselguhr Kieselguhr
MANUFACTURED ABRASIVES:MANUFACTURED ABRASIVES:
Synthesized material that Synthesized material that
are usually preferred – more are usually preferred – more
predictable physical predictable physical
propertiesproperties


Silicon carbide, Silicon carbide,

Aluminium oxide Aluminium oxide

Synthetic diamondSynthetic diamond

Rouge Rouge

Tin oxideTin oxide

29. ARKANSAS STONEARKANSAS STONE::
- - Semi translucent, light gray, siliceous Semi translucent, light gray, siliceous
sedimentary rock, mined in Arkansas. sedimentary rock, mined in Arkansas.
- Contains micro crystalline quartz- Contains micro crystalline quartz
- Dense, hard and uniformly textured.- Dense, hard and uniformly textured.
- Can be made into various shapes.- Can be made into various shapes.
- Use : to grind tooth enamel & metal alloys- Use : to grind tooth enamel & metal alloys
CHALK:CHALK:
- - MineralMineral form of calcite.form of calcite.
- White abrasive - White abrasive
- Composed of calcium carbonate.- Composed of calcium carbonate.
- Use : polish tooth enamel, gold foil, - Use : polish tooth enamel, gold foil,
amalgam & plastic materials.amalgam & plastic materials.

30. CORUNDUM:CORUNDUM:
- - Mineral form of aluminium oxideMineral form of aluminium oxide
- Usually white- Usually white
- Use : grinding metal alloys.- Use : grinding metal alloys.
- Most commonly used in instrument known as - Most commonly used in instrument known as
“white stone”“white stone”
NATURAL DIAMOND:NATURAL DIAMOND:
-- Transparent colorless mineral Transparent colorless mineral
- Composed of carbon- Composed of carbon
- Hardest substance.- Hardest substance.
- various forms : Bonded rotary instruments - various forms : Bonded rotary instruments
Diamond polishing pastes Diamond polishing pastes
Flexible metal-backed abrasive stripsFlexible metal-backed abrasive strips
- Use : on ceramic & resin-based composite materials- Use : on ceramic & resin-based composite materials

31. EMERY:EMERY:
- - Grayish - black Grayish - black
- Fine grain form- Fine grain form
- Used form of coated abrasive disks.- Used form of coated abrasive disks.
- Use : Finishing metal alloys or plastic - Use : Finishing metal alloys or plastic
materialsmaterials
GARNET:GARNET:
- - Includes number of different minerals that Includes number of different minerals that
possess possess similar physical properties & similar physical properties &
crystalline formscrystalline forms
- Usually dark red.- Usually dark red.
- Extremely hard- Extremely hard
- Use : Grinding metal alloys and plastic - Use : Grinding metal alloys and plastic
materialsmaterials

32. PUMICE:PUMICE:
- - Light - Gray Light - Gray
- Highly siliceous material- Highly siliceous material
- 2 form:-Grit- 2 form:-Grit
-Rubber bonded abrasives -Rubber bonded abrasives
- Use :- polishing tooth enamel- Use :- polishing tooth enamel
- gold foil- gold foil
- dental amalgam- dental amalgam
QUARTZ:QUARTZ:

Most commonly used is very hard Most commonly used is very hard
colourless and transparent.colourless and transparent.

Use : - finish metal alloys,Use : - finish metal alloys,
- grind dental enamel.- grind dental enamel.

33. SAND:SAND:
- Mixture of small mineral particles - Mixture of small mineral particles
- Predominantly composed of - Predominantly composed of
silica. silica.
- Rounded to angular shape- Rounded to angular shape
- Use : Grinding metal alloys & - Use : Grinding metal alloys &
plastic materials plastic materials

TRIPOLI:TRIPOLI:
- Derived from a lightweight - Derived from a lightweight
siliceous sedimentary rock. siliceous sedimentary rock.
- grey and red coloured are the - grey and red coloured are the
most commonly usedmost commonly used
- Use: Polishing metal alloys and - Use: Polishing metal alloys and
some acrylic resins. some acrylic resins.

34. ZIRCONIUM SILICATE:ZIRCONIUM SILICATE:
- Supplied as an off white material - Supplied as an off white material
- Use: - To make coated abrasive disks & strips- Use: - To make coated abrasive disks & strips
- As component of dental prophylaxis - As component of dental prophylaxis
pastes. pastes.
KIESELGUHR:KIESELGUHR:
- Composed of siliceous remains of minute - Composed of siliceous remains of minute
aquatic plants known as diatoms.aquatic plants known as diatoms.
- Use : Mild abrasive- Use : Mild abrasive
- Significant risk of respiratory silicosis- Significant risk of respiratory silicosis

35. SILICON CARBIDE:SILICON CARBIDE:
- First of synthetic abrasives - First of synthetic abrasives
- Two types; green and blue- Two types; green and blue
- They are extremely hard and brittle- They are extremely hard and brittle
ROUGE:ROUGE:
- Iron oxide is a fine, red abrasive component of - Iron oxide is a fine, red abrasive component of
rouge. rouge.
- Use : Polish high noble metal alloys- Use : Polish high noble metal alloys
TIN OXIDETIN OXIDE::
- Extremely fine abrasive - Extremely fine abrasive
- Use : polishing agent for polishing teeth and - Use : polishing agent for polishing teeth and
metallic restorations metallic restorations
ALUMINIUM OXIDE:ALUMINIUM OXIDE:
- Second synthetic abrasive developed - Second synthetic abrasive developed
- Use : To make bonded abrasives, coated - Use : To make bonded abrasives, coated
abrasives abrasives and air propelled grit abrasives. and air propelled grit abrasives.
- Sintered aluminium dioxide is used to make - Sintered aluminium dioxide is used to make
white stone (popular for adjusting dental white stone (popular for adjusting dental
enamel and finishing metal alloys & ceramic enamel and finishing metal alloys & ceramic
materials) materials)

36. SYNTHETIC DIAMOND ABRASIVES:
- Advantage: controllable
consistent size and shape
lower cost

- Resin bonded diamonds sharp edge
the sharp edge breaks down; exposes
new sharp edges, corners.
- Metal bonded diamonds regular, more
consistent in
size.
Use cutting points.
- Large synthetic diamond particles greenish.

37. ABRASIVE MOTIONABRASIVE MOTION
Classified asClassified as

Rotary BursRotary Burs

Planar DisksPlanar Disks

Reciprocal Reciprocating hand piecesReciprocal Reciprocating hand pieces
Note :Note :Reciprocating hand pieces provide benefit of accessing Reciprocating hand pieces provide benefit of accessing
interproximal and subgingival areas to remove overhangs, to interproximal and subgingival areas to remove overhangs, to
finish subgingival margins without creating ditches and to finish subgingival margins without creating ditches and to
create embrasures create embrasures

38. Finishing and Polishing of Finishing and Polishing of
Different RestorationsDifferent Restorations

39. 
Armamentarium :Armamentarium :

Fibro optic lighting and magnification (for Fibro optic lighting and magnification (for
visibility)visibility)

Fine grit conventional diamonds (for gross Fine grit conventional diamonds (for gross
reduction)reduction)

Round tungsten carbide burs (finishing)Round tungsten carbide burs (finishing)

Flame shaped fluted tungsten burs (finishing)Flame shaped fluted tungsten burs (finishing)

Impregnated rubber wheels or points Impregnated rubber wheels or points
(finishing)(finishing)

Slurry of fine aluminium oxide (polishing)Slurry of fine aluminium oxide (polishing)
CompositesComposites
Composite finishing Composite finishing
kit kit
Composite finishing Composite finishing
pastepaste
impregnated rubber impregnated rubber
wheels or pointswheels or points

40. Initial finishing by a sharp Initial finishing by a sharp
knifeknife
Final FinishingFinal Finishing

41. AmalgamAmalgam
 In the past a delay of 24 hrsIn the past a delay of 24 hrs had been suggested before had been suggested before
finishing and polishing the newly inserted amalgam finishing and polishing the newly inserted amalgam
Armamentarium :Armamentarium :

Rhein trimmers (Discrepancies in gingival area )Rhein trimmers (Discrepancies in gingival area )

Bard parker knife number-12 (Bulky overhangs )Bard parker knife number-12 (Bulky overhangs )

Narrow water resistant strip (19)(Cervical areas )Narrow water resistant strip (19)(Cervical areas )

extra fine water proof disk (Buccal and lingual proximal margins )extra fine water proof disk (Buccal and lingual proximal margins )

small carrot shaped stone (20) (Occlusal margins )small carrot shaped stone (20) (Occlusal margins )

plug finishing burs (21) (further adjustment )plug finishing burs (21) (further adjustment )

Rubber cup (finish accessible proximal surfaces as well as Rubber cup (finish accessible proximal surfaces as well as
occlusal contours)occlusal contours)

Abrasive impregnated silicon rubber points and cupsAbrasive impregnated silicon rubber points and cups

tin oxide slurry (complete the finishing and polishing procedures)tin oxide slurry (complete the finishing and polishing procedures)

soft cut brush (complete the finishing and polishing procedures)soft cut brush (complete the finishing and polishing procedures)

42. Finishing and polishing cannot be started until a future visit when the Finishing and polishing cannot be started until a future visit when the
amalgam will have set hard. amalgam will have set hard.
Any sizeable reduction may be undertaken with a carborundum point.Any sizeable reduction may be undertaken with a carborundum point.

43. Ideal surface for ceramic restoration is a
polished and glazed surface
The production of a glazed layer through natural
glaze or over glaze processes will not necessarily
yield a smooth surface if initial ceramic surface
has significant roughness
Polishing can improve strength within surface
region of a ceramic prosthesis because it
removes pores and micro cracks
Ceramics

44. 
Adequate coolingAdequate cooling is important in vivo when finishing and is important in vivo when finishing and
polishing ceramic restorationpolishing ceramic restoration


Using an Using an air water sprayair water spray and maintaining and maintaining intermittent contactintermittent contact
between restoration and rotary instruments are critical during between restoration and rotary instruments are critical during
operationoperation

Continuous contactContinuous contact between restoration and rotary instruments between restoration and rotary instruments
should be should be avoidedavoided

Heat less stone like silicon carbideHeat less stone like silicon carbide provide heat reduction and provide heat reduction and
can be used as an alternativecan be used as an alternative

45. TechniquesTechniques

Contour with Contour with flexible diamond disc, diamond bursflexible diamond disc, diamond burs, ,
heatless orheatless or polymer stones or greenstonespolymer stones or greenstones


Finish with Finish with white stoneswhite stones or or abrasives impregnated abrasives impregnated
rubber disc, cups and pointsrubber disc, cups and points

Apply over glaze or natural glaze on ceramic if Apply over glaze or natural glaze on ceramic if
necessarynecessary

46. Final tooth preparation to receive the veneer. Note the accurate Final tooth preparation to receive the veneer. Note the accurate
finish line which is slightly supra gingival.finish line which is slightly supra gingival.

47. Using an appropriate shade of luting composite, the veneer is seated into
the final position and excess cement is removed. Note the placement of
mylar strips on either side of veneer to prevent luting composite to bond
with neighboring teeth

48. Curing veneer in position from various angles along with application of
slight pressure on veneer.

49. Finishing of cervical margins of veneer to remove the flash of luting
composite with the help of a thin tapered polishing point.

50. Finishing of lingual portion with a flame shaped finishing point.

51. Inter dental finishing of veneer using inter proximal polishing strips.

52. Polishing of margins of veneer with diamond impregnated device.

53. Post operative view of laminate veneer

54. Glass Ionomer CementGlass Ionomer Cement

55. The The best surface attainablebest surface attainable is that produced when is that produced when
the cement is allowed to set against the the cement is allowed to set against the matrixmatrix..
Unfortunately the smooth gel surface, which rarely Unfortunately the smooth gel surface, which rarely
has porosity, is destroyed.has porosity, is destroyed.
Where access can be gained, carving the cement Where access can be gained, carving the cement
external to the cavity margins with external to the cavity margins with sharp knivessharp knives or or
scalers after initial setscalers after initial set is the best process of finishing. is the best process of finishing.
The general requirement is that the The general requirement is that the finest abrasivefinest abrasive
should be used to minimize tearing of the surface.should be used to minimize tearing of the surface.
Gross finishing of bulk surfaces with rotary Gross finishing of bulk surfaces with rotary
instruments after initial set is strongly deprecated.instruments after initial set is strongly deprecated.

56. 
Whenever possible, margins should be smoothed Whenever possible, margins should be smoothed
with with hand instrumentshand instruments and the bulk of the cement and the bulk of the cement
left with its protective coating intact.left with its protective coating intact.

Finishing with rotary instruments and final polishing Finishing with rotary instruments and final polishing
can be undertaken at a subsequent visit.can be undertaken at a subsequent visit.

Glass ionomer should Glass ionomer should never be finished undernever be finished under dry dry
conditionsconditions; a ; a petroleum lubricantpetroleum lubricant may be used to may be used to
prevent desiccation.prevent desiccation.

57. Problem of water loss continues for
a longer period for both fast and
slow set types and precautions
should be taken to prevent
dehydration.
Diagramatic representation of water
balance in glass ionomer. Type ii and I
restorative aesthetic restorations remain
succeptible to water uptake for at least
one day after placement.All the types are
fast settig gic and so are resisting to
water uptake within 5 to 6 mins from the
beginning of mix.

58. Micro diamond bursMicro diamond burs are also useful but will are also useful but will
grind enamel rather more easily without grind enamel rather more easily without
providing definite tactile sensation.providing definite tactile sensation.
Exposed proximal margins are best finished Exposed proximal margins are best finished
with with flexible discsflexible discs..
Sharp no:12 curved scalpel bladesSharp no:12 curved scalpel blades are also are also
useful.useful.

59. Finishing Of GIC RestorationFinishing Of GIC Restoration
Finishing with a bur Finished GIC
Restoration

60. FINISHING OF DIRECT FILLING GOLDFINISHING OF DIRECT FILLING GOLD
Controlled amount of excess is built up to allow for
restoration of normal contour and a smooth
surface.
Excess is removed with very sharp knives and files
of suitable design, with abrasive discs, stones, and
strips. Whenever the strips are used, adequate
coolant must be supplied to avoid overheating the
metal and consequently traumatizing the pulp.

61. 
Separation is increased slightly to enable Separation is increased slightly to enable
passage of the passage of the stripsstrips through the contact but is through the contact but is
removed as soon as possible to minimize removed as soon as possible to minimize
harmful stress on the periodontal ligament and harmful stress on the periodontal ligament and
injury to the interdental papilla.injury to the interdental papilla.

Care must be exercised when discing to not cut Care must be exercised when discing to not cut
into the surface of the tooth. Careless finishing into the surface of the tooth. Careless finishing
can also injure the adjoining soft tissues,can also injure the adjoining soft tissues,

For final polish, a For final polish, a satin finishsatin finish is preferable to a is preferable to a
high gloss. This minimizes reflection of the light high gloss. This minimizes reflection of the light
rays and creates a more esthetic and rays and creates a more esthetic and
harmonious end result.harmonious end result.

62. Finished DFG restoration

63. CAST GOLD RESTORATIONCAST GOLD RESTORATION
Use a 1/2 inch medium garnet disc in a
straight handpiece to reduce gold and tooth to the
same plane on all surfaces (use contra-angle with
grit in to reduce mesial-lingual, where necessary,
for both maxillary and mandibular restorations). Air
should be blown continuously on the tooth to
prevent overheating during all disking, stripping
and polishing procedures.

64. Finished cast gold restorationFinished cast gold restoration

65. 
Remove scratches with 1/2 inch fine sand discRemove scratches with 1/2 inch fine sand disc
(use contra-angle with grit in for mesial-lingual, (use contra-angle with grit in for mesial-lingual,
if necessary). Any areas of the tooth that are if necessary). Any areas of the tooth that are
soft are best disced with fine sand rather than soft are best disced with fine sand rather than
medium garnet as the tooth structure will be medium garnet as the tooth structure will be
reduced faster than the harder gold. reduced faster than the harder gold.

Place Place medium garnet extra-long stripmedium garnet extra-long strip (tapered (tapered
for an inch or inch and a half on one end for for an inch or inch and a half on one end for
ease of insertion) through interproximal to ease of insertion) through interproximal to
finish gingival wall. finish gingival wall.

66. 
If the gingival margin lies on cementum, a If the gingival margin lies on cementum, a narrow narrow
medium cuttle extra-long stripmedium cuttle extra-long strip should be used to should be used to
finish the casting rather than the garnet strip. finish the casting rather than the garnet strip.
Take care to avoid ditching the cementum. Take care to avoid ditching the cementum.

Use Use fine and extra-fine narrow, extra-long cuttle fine and extra-fine narrow, extra-long cuttle
stripsstrips to reduce the size of scratches. to reduce the size of scratches.

Complete disking with Complete disking with fine cuttle discsfine cuttle discs until all until all
scratches have been removed. scratches have been removed.

67. 
Polish with flour of Polish with flour of pumice.pumice. Do not use Do not use
coarse pumice as it will destroy the finish coarse pumice as it will destroy the finish
achieved with the fine cuttle disc. achieved with the fine cuttle disc.

Use Use dry tin oxide powderdry tin oxide powder over casting for over casting for
final polishfinal polish. Blow off excess tin oxide while . Blow off excess tin oxide while
utilizing a ribbed cup (webbed cup will throw utilizing a ribbed cup (webbed cup will throw
powder away from tooth) at low speed to powder away from tooth) at low speed to
avoid heating the tooth. avoid heating the tooth.

68. RReferenceseferences
Phillips Science of Dental Materials.Phillips Science of Dental Materials.
Atlas of operative DentistryAtlas of operative Dentistry
Atlas of G. J. MountAtlas of G. J. Mount
Allen D. WilsonAllen D. Wilson
CharbenauCharbenau

69. THANK YOU!THANK YOU!