FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION. pptFIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION.ppt

safety

1. Fire Protection and PreventionFire Protection and Prevention
Chapter 11Chapter 11

2. Fire Protection and PreventionFire Protection and Prevention
Fire protection includes procedures for Fire protection includes procedures for
preventingpreventing, , detectingdetecting, and , and extinguishing fireextinguishing fire. .
The procedures in these three areas of fire The procedures in these three areas of fire
prevention aim to protect employees and prevention aim to protect employees and
property and to assure the continuity of a plant’s property and to assure the continuity of a plant’s
operations. operations.
To accomplish these goals, it is necessary to To accomplish these goals, it is necessary to
develop a plant wide fire protection program:develop a plant wide fire protection program:

3. FACILITY FIRE PROTECTION FACILITY FIRE PROTECTION
PROGRAMPROGRAM
The primary purpose of such a program is The primary purpose of such a program is
to prevent fires from starting. to prevent fires from starting.
If, a fire starts, employees should know If, a fire starts, employees should know
their role in the following procedures:their role in the following procedures:

immediately detecting the fire and promptly immediately detecting the fire and promptly
transmitting an alarmtransmitting an alarm

initiating evacuation of the buildinginitiating evacuation of the building

confining the fireconfining the fire

extinguishing the fireextinguishing the fire

4. Objectives of a Fire Protection Objectives of a Fire Protection
ProgramProgram

When planning a fire protection program, first make a When planning a fire protection program, first make a
statement of objectives for fire safety. When designing statement of objectives for fire safety. When designing
the plant’s building and laying out its operations, include the plant’s building and laying out its operations, include
greater measures of fire safety. greater measures of fire safety.

Architects and engineers must realize that designing for Architects and engineers must realize that designing for
fire protection is a legitimate part of their responsibilities. fire protection is a legitimate part of their responsibilities.
They must understand They must understand

the special thermal load that fire puts on structural the special thermal load that fire puts on structural
plans of buildings, and plans of buildings, and

the preventive measures that can be included into the preventive measures that can be included into
their design. their design.

5. Some general facts about fire protectionSome general facts about fire protection

No facility is absolutely fireproof. Nearly everything can burn, by given No facility is absolutely fireproof. Nearly everything can burn, by given
ignition, adequate fuel, and sufficient Oxygen.ignition, adequate fuel, and sufficient Oxygen.

Fire and flame will spread in a building both vertically and horizontallyFire and flame will spread in a building both vertically and horizontally

The spread of the heat, smoke, and toxic gases is possibly the greatest The spread of the heat, smoke, and toxic gases is possibly the greatest
single danger to life and takes place in much the same manner as does the single danger to life and takes place in much the same manner as does the
spread of fire. spread of fire.

Smoke and toxic gases are responsible for 66% of deaths from fire in Smoke and toxic gases are responsible for 66% of deaths from fire in
buildings.buildings.

On-site early detection of a fire is absolutely essential.On-site early detection of a fire is absolutely essential.

The use of a building—its occupancy—will influence the degree of fire The use of a building—its occupancy—will influence the degree of fire
hazards. The more hazardous the – materials handled in a plant area are, hazards. The more hazardous the – materials handled in a plant area are,
the more likely is the chance for a – fire to start and rapidly spread.the more likely is the chance for a – fire to start and rapidly spread.

The contents of a building are usually a more important factor in the start The contents of a building are usually a more important factor in the start
of a fire than the physical structure of the building.of a fire than the physical structure of the building.

Very often only a few minutes pass between the beginning of combustion Very often only a few minutes pass between the beginning of combustion
and the development of a destructive fireand the development of a destructive fire

What happens, or does not happen, in the first few minutes of a fire What happens, or does not happen, in the first few minutes of a fire
determines whether it can be controlled or not.determines whether it can be controlled or not.

6. Fire Protection EngineeringFire Protection Engineering

Fire protection engineering is a highly developed Fire protection engineering is a highly developed
specialized field. The solution of many fire protection specialized field. The solution of many fire protection
problems requires the special training and perspective of problems requires the special training and perspective of
an experienced fire protection engineer. an experienced fire protection engineer.

Achieving the most efficient fire protection system requires Achieving the most efficient fire protection system requires
the involvement of the architect, interior designer, urban the involvement of the architect, interior designer, urban
planner, building contractor, electrical and structural planner, building contractor, electrical and structural
engineers, fire detection system manufacturers, building engineers, fire detection system manufacturers, building
safety engineer, and local fire marshal.safety engineer, and local fire marshal.

7. Fire DrillsFire Drills

Fire drills, conducted at frequent intervals, demonstrate Fire drills, conducted at frequent intervals, demonstrate
management’s concern and sincere interest in all fire prevention management’s concern and sincere interest in all fire prevention
activities. The drills should serve as a reminder to employees and activities. The drills should serve as a reminder to employees and
supervisors that all fire prevention practices are important.supervisors that all fire prevention practices are important.

Prepare an emergency manual to outline procedures and drills and Prepare an emergency manual to outline procedures and drills and
to assign responsibilities to each individual involved. Make to assign responsibilities to each individual involved. Make
prevention of personal injury and lost of life the main objective of prevention of personal injury and lost of life the main objective of
emergency planning.emergency planning.

Carefully plan and periodically carry out fire drills. Conduct them in a Carefully plan and periodically carry out fire drills. Conduct them in a
serious manner under rigid discipline. To eliminate panic in the serious manner under rigid discipline. To eliminate panic in the
event of an emergency and guarantee the smooth functioning of the event of an emergency and guarantee the smooth functioning of the
emergency plan, carefully develop the plan.emergency plan, carefully develop the plan.

Post up to date instruction sheets, including evacuation routes, and Post up to date instruction sheets, including evacuation routes, and
distribute them to all employees. In addition, when going through fire distribute them to all employees. In addition, when going through fire
drills, from time to time, block off an exit to see how employees drills, from time to time, block off an exit to see how employees
would react to this situation in a real fire.would react to this situation in a real fire.

8. Fire brigadesFire brigades

Management cannot depend on automatic fire protection Management cannot depend on automatic fire protection
equipment, municipal fire departments to prevent fire equipment, municipal fire departments to prevent fire
losses. Fires can get out of control before municipal fire losses. Fires can get out of control before municipal fire
department arrives. department arrives.

One method of providing additional fire protection is to One method of providing additional fire protection is to
form a fire brigade. Brigade members should be regular form a fire brigade. Brigade members should be regular
plant employees from all departments, thoroughly trained plant employees from all departments, thoroughly trained
in using the plant’s fire fighting equipment. in using the plant’s fire fighting equipment.

Electricians, engineers, mechanics, and safety and fire Electricians, engineers, mechanics, and safety and fire
inspectors all have special skills, thus making them inspectors all have special skills, thus making them
valuable members of the plant’s emergency team.valuable members of the plant’s emergency team.

9. FIRE PREVENTION ACTIVITIESFIRE PREVENTION ACTIVITIES
As a first step, all companies and plants should hold design As a first step, all companies and plants should hold design
review meetings for all new construction, as well as for review meetings for all new construction, as well as for
changes in existing construction. changes in existing construction.
Every establishment should institute procedures and Every establishment should institute procedures and
regulations to assure that proper fire-extinguishing equipment regulations to assure that proper fire-extinguishing equipment
is on hand and those employees are organized and trained to is on hand and those employees are organized and trained to
use the equipment correctly. use the equipment correctly.
Regularly schedule thorough inspections of all fire protection Regularly schedule thorough inspections of all fire protection
equipment. Keep a written record of these inspections.equipment. Keep a written record of these inspections.
Fire prevention includes activities directed specifically toward Fire prevention includes activities directed specifically toward
preventing a fire from starting. preventing a fire from starting.
Generally, these activities include Generally, these activities include inspectionsinspections, , fire drillsfire drills, ,
training fire brigadestraining fire brigades, and a , and a good communication system.good communication system.

10. InspectionsInspections

Set up a system of periodic fire inspections for every operation. Some buildings, Set up a system of periodic fire inspections for every operation. Some buildings,
operations, and processes require daily inspection, while others can be inspected weekly, operations, and processes require daily inspection, while others can be inspected weekly,
monthly, or at other intervals. monthly, or at other intervals.

Buildings that are well designed and provided with protective devices and construction Buildings that are well designed and provided with protective devices and construction
elements intended to act as fire safety features still need a periodic, detailed inspection elements intended to act as fire safety features still need a periodic, detailed inspection
program.program.

In some establishments or plants, the safety and health committee locates and reports fire In some establishments or plants, the safety and health committee locates and reports fire
hazards. hazards.

In large plants, this job is handled by a special subcommittee of the safety committee or In large plants, this job is handled by a special subcommittee of the safety committee or
by a person trained to manage fire risk.by a person trained to manage fire risk.

The inspector, fire chief, or other individual from the plant who is in charge of fire The inspector, fire chief, or other individual from the plant who is in charge of fire
prevention and fire protection should establish inspection schedules, determine the prevention and fire protection should establish inspection schedules, determine the
direction-finding of reports, and have a complete list of all items to be inspected. direction-finding of reports, and have a complete list of all items to be inspected.

Inspection of fire equipment should cover the following items:Inspection of fire equipment should cover the following items:

control valves on piping that supplies water for fire protectioncontrol valves on piping that supplies water for fire protection

hydrants hydrants

fire pumpsfire pumps

hose houses and associated equipmenthose houses and associated equipment

sprinkler system water supplies including tankssprinkler system water supplies including tanks

automatic sprinkler systemsautomatic sprinkler systems

special type of protection special type of protection

portable fire extinguishersportable fire extinguishers

fire doors, exits and aislesfire doors, exits and aisles

alarm and communication systems and routinesalarm and communication systems and routines

communication to fire departmentcommunication to fire department

11. Protecting Adjacent BuildingsProtecting Adjacent Buildings

When a fire breaks out in a building, protect adjacent buildings by (1) closing every window facing the When a fire breaks out in a building, protect adjacent buildings by (1) closing every window facing the
burning building. (2) stationing fire brigade workers with fire extinguishers or fire hoses at each window burning building. (2) stationing fire brigade workers with fire extinguishers or fire hoses at each window
nearest the fire, and (3) stationing fire fighters on the exposed building’s roof with hose lines to keep the roof nearest the fire, and (3) stationing fire fighters on the exposed building’s roof with hose lines to keep the roof
wetted down and with extinguishers to put out any burning embers.wetted down and with extinguishers to put out any burning embers.
Training EmployeesTraining Employees


Because extinguishers are effective only when fires are in their first stages, ensure that extinguishers are Because extinguishers are effective only when fires are in their first stages, ensure that extinguishers are
immediately reachable and promptly used by trained personnel. immediately reachable and promptly used by trained personnel.

Extinguishers are only as good as the operators using them. Therefore, thoroughly train key workers on Extinguishers are only as good as the operators using them. Therefore, thoroughly train key workers on
each shift. Fire extinguisher training is intended to teach employees how to stop small fires from spreading each shift. Fire extinguisher training is intended to teach employees how to stop small fires from spreading
out of control. out of control.

Use demonstrations to instruct employees in the use of extinguishers. At the demonstrations, simulate fire Use demonstrations to instruct employees in the use of extinguishers. At the demonstrations, simulate fire
conditions. conditions.

Have an instructor explain the fundamentals of fire fighting and the use of the equipment. Allow employees Have an instructor explain the fundamentals of fire fighting and the use of the equipment. Allow employees
to get the “feel” of the extinguisher in small organizations, have everyone in the plant attend and participate to get the “feel” of the extinguisher in small organizations, have everyone in the plant attend and participate
in the demonstrations. in the demonstrations.

In large plants, train a suitable number of employees so that personnel trained in fire fighting are distributed In large plants, train a suitable number of employees so that personnel trained in fire fighting are distributed
throughout the plant.throughout the plant.

One of the most difficult decisions any employee faces is whether to fight a fire or to get out safely. One of the most difficult decisions any employee faces is whether to fight a fire or to get out safely.

If the following conditions are met, an employee might decide to fight a fire with an extinguisher:If the following conditions are met, an employee might decide to fight a fire with an extinguisher: (1) there is (1) there is
a clear exit, (2) the fire brigade or department has already been called, (3) the fire is small, (4) the employee a clear exit, (2) the fire brigade or department has already been called, (3) the fire is small, (4) the employee
knows how to use the extinguisher, and (5) the extinguisher is in working order. knows how to use the extinguisher, and (5) the extinguisher is in working order.

An employee should-not fight a fire if (1) the fire is clearly spreading beyond its point of origin, (2) the fire An employee should-not fight a fire if (1) the fire is clearly spreading beyond its point of origin, (2) the fire
could block the exit, or (3) the employee is unsure of how to use the extinguisher.could block the exit, or (3) the employee is unsure of how to use the extinguisher.

Continue the training of employees with demonstrations, practice drills, and lectures at yearly interval or Continue the training of employees with demonstrations, practice drills, and lectures at yearly interval or
more often if a special fire hazard exists. Be sure that employees have printed instructions regarding the use more often if a special fire hazard exists. Be sure that employees have printed instructions regarding the use
of fire extinguishers. of fire extinguishers.

12. CommunicationsCommunications

Once a fire has been detected, especially in a potentially disastrous Once a fire has been detected, especially in a potentially disastrous
situation, good communications are necessary (1) as a means of situation, good communications are necessary (1) as a means of
alerting occupants to the emergency and (2) as a way to mobilize alerting occupants to the emergency and (2) as a way to mobilize
fire protection forces, whether a plant’s fire brigade, the municipal fire protection forces, whether a plant’s fire brigade, the municipal
fire department, or both. fire department, or both.

A coded fire alarm system, with alarm boxes and bells, horns, or A coded fire alarm system, with alarm boxes and bells, horns, or
other sounding devices suitably situated, is usually needed. In very other sounding devices suitably situated, is usually needed. In very
small plants, however, a steam whistle or similar device might be small plants, however, a steam whistle or similar device might be
adequate. In any case, the alarm system is no better than adequate. In any case, the alarm system is no better than
employees’ training in how to respond when the alarm is sounded. employees’ training in how to respond when the alarm is sounded.

In addition, install a backup-alarm system in-case electrical power is In addition, install a backup-alarm system in-case electrical power is
lost. lost.

Power is often lost during fires, especially if sabotage is involved: Power is often lost during fires, especially if sabotage is involved:
Also install a secondary power source, especially if electric pumps Also install a secondary power source, especially if electric pumps
supplement the regular sprinkler system and standpipe system. supplement the regular sprinkler system and standpipe system.

Make sure that all persons can be alerted and that there is some Make sure that all persons can be alerted and that there is some
way for everyone to get out of the building, regardless of the power way for everyone to get out of the building, regardless of the power
source in use.source in use.

13. FIRE DETECTIONFIRE DETECTION

Statistical data shows that, despite good construction, cleanliness, Statistical data shows that, despite good construction, cleanliness,
and modern fire-fighting methods, a considerable number of losses and modern fire-fighting methods, a considerable number of losses
from fire however occur. from fire however occur.

Losses would be reduced if each developing fire were detected so it Losses would be reduced if each developing fire were detected so it
could be attacked and extinguished. could be attacked and extinguished.

Thus, fire detection devices must be a part of every fire protection Thus, fire detection devices must be a part of every fire protection
system. system.

Means of detection could be a Means of detection could be a human observerhuman observer; ; automatic sprinklersautomatic sprinklers; ;
smoke, flame, or heat detectorssmoke, flame, or heat detectors; or, more likely, a ; or, more likely, a combination of combination of
thesethese. .

The detecting part of a fire protection system has two main tasks: The detecting part of a fire protection system has two main tasks:
(1) Giving an early warning to enable building occupants to escape (1) Giving an early warning to enable building occupants to escape
(2) Starting extinguishing procedures.(2) Starting extinguishing procedures.

Each automatic fire-detection system requires a sensor, which Each automatic fire-detection system requires a sensor, which
observes a physically measurable quantity of smoke, flame, or heat. observes a physically measurable quantity of smoke, flame, or heat.

14. Human ObserverHuman Observer
A human observer is a good fire-detection system for the A human observer is a good fire-detection system for the
following reason: He can take immediate action in a flexible following reason: He can take immediate action in a flexible
way, whether calling the fire department or putting out a fire with way, whether calling the fire department or putting out a fire with
an extinguisher. Be sure that employees report any fire that an extinguisher. Be sure that employees report any fire that
they have put out.they have put out.
Automatic Fire-Detection SystemsAutomatic Fire-Detection Systems
In general, there are three possible errors in any non-human In general, there are three possible errors in any non-human
fire-detection system: fire-detection system:
(1) giving a false alarm, (1) giving a false alarm,
(2) not detecting a fire, (2) not detecting a fire,
(3) detecting it too late. (3) detecting it too late.
The cause of false alarms may be human interference, The cause of false alarms may be human interference,
mechanical or electrical faults, or special environmental effects.mechanical or electrical faults, or special environmental effects.

15. When planning an automatic fire-detection system, When planning an automatic fire-detection system,
use the following checklist of questions:use the following checklist of questions:
What is the main purpose of the system? What is the main purpose of the system?
What are the possible sources of ignition?What are the possible sources of ignition?
What kinds of material will probably be ignited first?What kinds of material will probably be ignited first?
What kind of building construction is used?What kind of building construction is used?
What are the environmental conditions?What are the environmental conditions?
What kind of detection system has been installed and what are the What kind of detection system has been installed and what are the
reasons for choosing this system?reasons for choosing this system?
How long can a fire be allowed to go undetected?How long can a fire be allowed to go undetected?

16. 
There are many types of fire detectors to handle There are many types of fire detectors to handle
various situations and to detect various states of various situations and to detect various states of
the beginning of a fire. the beginning of a fire.

Most manufacturers and distributors offer several Most manufacturers and distributors offer several
or all of the commonly used types. or all of the commonly used types.
•Thermal DetectorsThermal Detectors
•Fixed-Temperature DetectorsFixed-Temperature Detectors
•Line Thermal DetectorsLine Thermal Detectors
•Smoke DetectorsSmoke Detectors
•Flame DetectorsFlame Detectors
•Sensor SystemsSensor Systems

17. ALARM SYSTEMSALARM SYSTEMS

Alarm systems can be divided into four groups: Alarm systems can be divided into four groups: locallocal, ,
auxiliaryauxiliary, , central stationcentral station, and , and proprietaryproprietary. .

All types of alarm systems should be equipped with a All types of alarm systems should be equipped with a
signal system that clearly communicates to all persons in signal system that clearly communicates to all persons in
the building, plant, or laboratory. the building, plant, or laboratory.

Whenever an alarm is sounded in any portion of the Whenever an alarm is sounded in any portion of the
building or area, all employees must know what the sound building or area, all employees must know what the sound
means. means.

18. Local Alarm SystemsLocal Alarm Systems
A local alarm consists simply of bells, horns, lights, A local alarm consists simply of bells, horns, lights,
sirens, or other warning devices right in the building. sirens, or other warning devices right in the building.
Local alarms are generally used for life protection – that Local alarms are generally used for life protection – that
is, to evacuate everyone and thus limit injury or loss of is, to evacuate everyone and thus limit injury or loss of
life from the fire. life from the fire.
A local alarm can be tied in with another system to call A local alarm can be tied in with another system to call
the fire department. the fire department.
Local alarm systems are inexpensive, available from a Local alarm systems are inexpensive, available from a
wide range of suppliers, and easy to install. wide range of suppliers, and easy to install.
Auxiliary Alarm SystemsAuxiliary Alarm Systems (supplementary)(supplementary)
Auxiliary alarm systems are even less expensive than Auxiliary alarm systems are even less expensive than
local alarm systems. local alarm systems.
Such a system simply ties a fire detector to a nearby fire Such a system simply ties a fire detector to a nearby fire
call box. In effect, it becomes a transmit station triggered call box. In effect, it becomes a transmit station triggered
by fire detectors inside the building.by fire detectors inside the building.

19. Central Station SystemsCentral Station Systems

Central station systems are available in most major cities around the Central station systems are available in most major cities around the
country. country.

Operated by trained personnel, a central station continually monitors Operated by trained personnel, a central station continually monitors
a number of establishments and, in case of an alarm, calls a nearby a number of establishments and, in case of an alarm, calls a nearby
fire station and alerts the building’s personnel. fire station and alerts the building’s personnel.

Central station devices are almost always leased.Central station devices are almost always leased.
Proprietary Alarm SystemsProprietary Alarm Systems

Proprietary alarm systems feed alarms to the building’s Proprietary alarm systems feed alarms to the building’s
maintenance force, and, optionally, to the fire department as well. maintenance force, and, optionally, to the fire department as well.

One reason for their acceptance is that insurance regulations One reason for their acceptance is that insurance regulations
generally require security officersgenerally require security officers..

20. Fires usually start in a facility’s contents or operations Fires usually start in a facility’s contents or operations
rather than in its structure. Therefore, consider the rather than in its structure. Therefore, consider the
following:following:

What materials are flammable?What materials are flammable?

What materials in a process or operation are most likely to ignite? Burn? What materials in a process or operation are most likely to ignite? Burn?
Explode?Explode?

What in the facility could be a source of ignition? Are any open sparks or flames What in the facility could be a source of ignition? Are any open sparks or flames
present? Are high temperatures involved in any operations?present? Are high temperatures involved in any operations?

Where are flammable and combustible materials located? Are flammable Where are flammable and combustible materials located? Are flammable
materials stored together? Do indirect connections exist? If one of the materials materials stored together? Do indirect connections exist? If one of the materials
should burn, could the others easily ignite?should burn, could the others easily ignite?

Might any of the materials ignite because of convection or radiation?Might any of the materials ignite because of convection or radiation?

What toxic gases might develop into a fire?What toxic gases might develop into a fire?

How much time might it take for a fire to spread to other areas? to adjacent How much time might it take for a fire to spread to other areas? to adjacent
facilities?facilities?

Smoke and toxic gases, and sometimes heat, are largely responsible for fire Smoke and toxic gases, and sometimes heat, are largely responsible for fire
deaths. What toxic gases might develop from the burning of contents?deaths. What toxic gases might develop from the burning of contents?

How many people are likely to be involved in the facility, in adjacent facilities, or How many people are likely to be involved in the facility, in adjacent facilities, or
in facilities nearby?in facilities nearby?

21. FIRE-SAFE BUILDING DESIGN AND SITE PLANNINGFIRE-SAFE BUILDING DESIGN AND SITE PLANNING
The objective of fire safety is primarily to The objective of fire safety is primarily to protect lifeprotect life and and
secondly secondly propertyproperty from the destruction of fire in a building. from the destruction of fire in a building.
Building design and construction must take into account a Building design and construction must take into account a
wide range of fire safety features. Not only the interiors and wide range of fire safety features. Not only the interiors and
contents of buildings are protected from the dangers of fire, contents of buildings are protected from the dangers of fire,
but the building site it self must have adequate water but the building site it self must have adequate water
supplies and easy accessibility by the fire department. supplies and easy accessibility by the fire department.
Architects, builders, and owners may assume that state Architects, builders, and owners may assume that state
codes provide adequate measures; however, these codes codes provide adequate measures; however, these codes
specify only minimal measures for fire safety. Planning and specify only minimal measures for fire safety. Planning and
construction based upon such codes may limit fire safe construction based upon such codes may limit fire safe
design seriously.design seriously.

22. Objectives of Fire Safety DesignObjectives of Fire Safety Design

Before a building designer can make effective decisions relating to fire safety design, the Before a building designer can make effective decisions relating to fire safety design, the
specific function of the building and the general and unique conditions that are to be specific function of the building and the general and unique conditions that are to be
incorporated into it must be clearly identified. incorporated into it must be clearly identified.

Decisions regarding the fire safety design and construction of the building have the same Decisions regarding the fire safety design and construction of the building have the same
objectives as do all fire protection measures, namely (1) life safety, (2) continuity of objectives as do all fire protection measures, namely (1) life safety, (2) continuity of
operations, and (3) property protection.operations, and (3) property protection.
Life SafetyLife Safety

Design considerations for life safety must address two major questions:Design considerations for life safety must address two major questions:

(1) Who will use the building?(1) Who will use the building?
(2) What will the people using the building do most of the time?(2) What will the people using the building do most of the time?
Continuity of OperationsContinuity of Operations

Continuity of operations, the second major area of building design decision making, must Continuity of operations, the second major area of building design decision making, must
take into consideration those specific functions conducted in a building that are very take into consideration those specific functions conducted in a building that are very
important to continued operation of the business and that can not be transferred to important to continued operation of the business and that can not be transferred to
another location.another location.
Property ProtectionProperty Protection

One of the most important questions to be asked about the design of buildings with regard One of the most important questions to be asked about the design of buildings with regard
to protection of property is: Is there any specific high-value content that will need special to protection of property is: Is there any specific high-value content that will need special
design protection? design protection?

Materials of high value that are particularly vulnerable to fire and/or water damage can Materials of high value that are particularly vulnerable to fire and/or water damage can
usually be identified in advance of building design. usually be identified in advance of building design.

23. Fire ExtinguisherFire Extinguisher

24. How Does a Fire Work?How Does a Fire Work?

Need all three Need all three
components to start a firecomponents to start a fire

Fire extinguishers Fire extinguishers
remove one or more of remove one or more of
the componentsthe components

25. Types of FiresTypes of Fires

Class AClass A - fires occur in ordinary materials, - fires occur in ordinary materials,
such as wood, paper, cloth, carpets, and such as wood, paper, cloth, carpets, and
rubbish. rubbish.

Class BClass B - fires occur in the vapor-air mixture - fires occur in the vapor-air mixture
over the surface of flammable liquids, such over the surface of flammable liquids, such
as gasoline, oil, grease, paints, and thinners. as gasoline, oil, grease, paints, and thinners.

Class CClass C - fires occur in or near energized - fires occur in or near energized
electrical equipmentelectrical equipment

Class DClass D - fires occur in combustible metals - fires occur in combustible metals
such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium,
lithium, potassium, and sodium. lithium, potassium, and sodium.

26. Different Kinds of ExtinguishersDifferent Kinds of Extinguishers
The 4 most common fire extinguishers:The 4 most common fire extinguishers:

All Purpose WaterAll Purpose Water

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

Multi-Purpose Dry ChemicalMulti-Purpose Dry Chemical

Dry PowderDry Powder
Each kind of extinguisher has a specific useEach kind of extinguisher has a specific use

27. All Purpose WaterAll Purpose Water

Use on Use on CLASS ACLASS A fires fires

Pressurized waterPressurized water

Pressure gaugePressure gauge

28. Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

Use on Use on CLASS BCLASS B and and
CLASS CCLASS C fires fires

Hard, plastic nozzleHard, plastic nozzle

29. Multi-Purpose Dry ChemicalMulti-Purpose Dry Chemical

Use on Use on CLASS ACLASS A, ,
CLASS BCLASS B, and , and
CLASS CCLASS C fires fires

Fine powder under Fine powder under
pressurepressure

Pressure gaugePressure gauge

30. Emergency ProceduresEmergency Procedures
Building EvacuationBuilding Evacuation
•Proceed to nearest exit in an orderly fashionProceed to nearest exit in an orderly fashion
•Assemble at least 100 feet from buildingAssemble at least 100 feet from building
•Provide emergency crews with information Provide emergency crews with information
about people still in the buildingabout people still in the building
•Provide information to emergency crews about Provide information to emergency crews about
the reason for evacuationthe reason for evacuation
•NeverNever re-enter a building until instructed to by re-enter a building until instructed to by
the police department, fire department.the police department, fire department.