First aid Measure to bone, muscle.pdffor

First aid Measure to bone, muscle.pdffor

1. HARAR HEALTH SCIENCE COLLEGE
Department Of Midwifery
1* Year Midwifery Students

First Aid Measure TO Bone, Muscle & Joint Injury
By Bereket B. (RMw, BSC CN)

May 2023
Harar Ethiopia

2. Session outline

» Introduction to musculoskeletal system
» Fracture

» Sprain

» Strain

» Splinting

2 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

3. Session objectives
» At the end of this presentation, you are expected to:-
« Revise anatomy & physiology of MSS
= Discuss injuries related to Musculoskeletal system
- List causes of musculoskeletal injury
= Identify signs related to musculoskeletal injury
= Apply first aid skills to musculoskeletal injury

= Practice techniques of splint application

3 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

4. Introduction

» Musculoskeletal system
" Largest & strong structure
« Gives shape to body

= Composed of

“Joints, cartilage, tendons, ligaments.

4 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

5. Introduction cont......

>» It gives shape to body

» It is protective layer to internal soft structures

>» It proctects delicate organs from external crushed force
» Supports body movement

» Mineral storage

» Blood cell formation

5 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

6. Definition

» Any break in a bone
» A break or disruption in the continuity of bone or
» A disruption of the normal architecture of the bone

pe | by Bereket B. 29-May-23

7. Classification
o There are two categories of fractures:

» Closed (Simple) fracture

= The skin is intact and no wound exists anywhere
near the fracture site.

> Open (Compound) fracture
The skin over the fracture has been damaged or
broken.
= The wound may result from bone protruding
through the skin.

= The bone may not always be visible in the wound.

7 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

8. by Bereket B.

29-May-23

9. by Bereket B. 29-May-23

10. > Radiologic classification of fractures

>

vvvvwv

V

classification of fractures

Transverse
Oblique

Spiral
Comminuted
Segmental
Torus (buckle)
Greenstick

by Bereket B.

29-May-23

11. Bone Fractures
A a Y o
wae YA

|

$) À 4 A A

Oblique Oblique
Linear non-displaced displaced Spiral Greenstick Comminuted

by Bereket B. 29-May-23

12. Causes of fracture

> Traumatic

Direct blows

Crushing forces

Sudden twisting motions
RTA

Falling

Fighting

Sport

by Bereket B.

29-May-23

13. Common causes cont..

» Metabolic (pathological )
« Osteoporosis

= Osteomalasia

13 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

14. Sign & symptoms of fracture

= Pain Y
History of trauma Lon

Bleeding , bruising

Loss of function

Deformity

Shortening

Swelling and discoloration

= abnormal movement

(sure signs of fracture)

= Tenderness to touch

= Open wounds break the skin

> 14 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

15. First aid measure to fracture

» Check ABC and inline immobilization of spine
» Reassurance

>» Place sufficient padding to support fracture site
» Bleeding control

» Apply ice pack on the affected area to reduce pain and
control swelling

» Apply dressing
» Avoid unnecessary contamination

15 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

16. First aid cont.......

» Monitor vital signs

» Immobilization of injured body parts based on affected
site using splinting materials

» Don't apply excessive pressure on affected tissue

» Don't return back the deformed bone

» Treat shock if happened

» Support injured part to reduce pressure or pain

» Tetanus prophylaxis

16 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

18. the sling. Once the arm is
supported the casualty will
be more comfortable.

A Arrange to take or send

Lomrortabie. mx te casuany 10
support her elbow on the injured
side, or help her todo it

For extra support if
D necessary secure the arm to
the chest by tying a broad-fold

21. by Bereket B. 29-May-23

23. Dislocation

» Dislocations occur when a bone is separated or displaced
from its normal anatomical position

» Partial or full displacement of bones at a joint due to
Teared ligaments

23 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

24. Causes

» A bone becomes partially or fully dislodged at a joint,

due to:-

= Wrenching movement

= Sudden muscular contraction.
» Commonly occurred on:-

= Knee cap,

= Shoulder,

= Jaw, thumb or Finger.

» Associated with fracture or
tendons and cartilage.

24 by Bereket B.

damage to ligaments,

29-May-23

25. Sign & symptoms

» Pain that is aggravated by any attempt at movement
Swelling.
Bruising.

»

»

» Instability of the joint.

» Loss of ability to move the joint.
»

Shortening of affected body part
» Visibly deformed joint (bone looks out of place)

25 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

27. First aid measures to dislocated joint

» Pain is very sever in nature

» Proper handling of injured joint is mandatory

» Don’t try to relocated the injured joint in place
» Proper positioning to decrease pain is good

» Immobilization of injured part

» Give Rest & adequate support

» Limit a joint movement

» Apply ice pack if possible

» Immediately refer to trauma center

27 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

29. Sprain
» Asprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments

» usually happens or occurs at joint especially at ankle joint.

» A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that

connects bones to other bones.

29 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

30. > 30 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

31. v

v

v

Causes

External wrenching (pulling) force

Fall

An accident during sports

Twist

Walking or exercising on an uneven surface

Wearing shoes that do not fit properly

by Bereket B. 29-May-23

32. vvvvvvvv

Sign & symptoms

Tenderness at injury site.
Swelling

Restricted use or loss of use.
Pain at movement

Bruising

Not being able to move or use the joint.

Skin discoloration
Instability of the joint

by Bereket B.

29-May-23

33. First aid treatment for sprains uses the RICER acronym:

» R = Rest: Avoid movement/activities that cause pain.
Assist person to most comfortable position — if
head/neck/spinal injuries are suspected leave person lying
flat.

» | = Ice: Control bleeding if applicable then apply a
wrapped ice pack/cold compress. Reapply every 2hours
for first 48-72 hours. This helps to reduce swelling and
relieve pain/discomfort.

» C -Compression: Apply a firm, supporting bandage over
the area, giving even pressure over the area. Light padding
may be used if pain is severe

33 by Bereket B 29-May-23

34. First aid measures cont.......

» E - Elevation: If possible, raise the injured area above
the level of the heart. This slows the blood flow to the
area and reduces swelling. Do not elevate if fracture is
suspected.

» R - Referral: refer the person for further advice and
treatment. May be their doctor or emergency department

34 by Bereket B 29-May-23

35. Rest
Stop using injured part

Use splint for injuries of the
arm

= Keep damp or dry cloth between skin and
ice pack

= Do not apply ice for longer than 25 to 20
minutes at a time

apr , OF
= Wrap injured part firmly
Do not impair blood supply

o tigt cause more
elling

- Wrap over
= Loosen the band:

Elevation

Elevate injured part above
of heart
Decreases swelling and pain
Use objects and pillows for props

RICER - referral

29-May-23

36. First aid measures cont.......

RICE:
rest, ice,
compression
and elevation

FADAM.

» 36 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

37. Strain
» strain is the overstretching or tearing of muscles or
tendons

» A muscle pull
» An injury to a muscle or tendon caused by over-exertion.

> 37 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

38. Causes

» Improperly lifting heavy objects or over-stressing the
muscles.

» When muscle tears suddenly and unexpectedly due to:
- Not warming up properly before physical activity
= Poor flexibility

- Overexertion and fatigue

38 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

39. Sign & symptoms

» Often no deformity

» Sudden, sharp pain in affected muscle

» Extreme tenderness when touched

» Swelling

» Weakness and inability to use injured part

» Stiffness and pain when victim moves the muscle

» After a few days, the skin around the injury may be
discolored

39 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

40. > 40 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

41. by Bereket B.

29-May-23

42. First aid measures to strain

Rest Ice Compress Elevate
the injured for 20 minutes to help the injured limb
area for 48 hours at a time, reduce swelling 6 to 10 inches
4 to 8 times above the heart
per day

42 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

43. + FLEMING

==

Incorrect

29-May-23

44. Splinting

» Splint
= Is any apparatus or device employed to prevent motion
or displacement of fractured or movable parts.

= An appliance for immobilization or stabilization of injured
or diseased parts.
» Splinting
= Application of an appliance or material to immobilize or
stabilize the injured body.

= Is a technique used to treat all types of bone & joint
injury

44 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

45. Purposes of splinting

+ Splinting reduces pain and makes it easier to transfer and
transport the patient
+ Splinting will help to prevent:
- Further damage to muscles, the spinal cord, peripheral
nerves, and blood vessels
- Excessive bleeding of the tissues
= Increased pain

= Paralysis of extremities

45 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

46. vVvv

Vv

Y

Vv

Vv

46

General principles of splinting

Remove clothing from the area.
Note and record the patient’s neurovascular status.
Cover all wounds with a dry, sterile dressing.

Do not move the patient before splinting an extremity, unless
there is danger

Pad all rigid splints.
Maintain manual stabilization.

If you encounter resistance, splint the limb in its deformed
position.

Stabilize all suspected spinal injuries in a neutral, in-line
position when in doubt

by Bereket B. 29-May-23

47. > Immobilize the joint above and below

> Padding — not too much, not too little

> Positioning — Positioning is critical. keep joints in
functional position

> Well molded - if the splint don't fit you must acquit

> Hold splint until it fully cures

47 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

48. Complications from splinting

+ Blisters Skin breakdown
+ Ulcers + Thumb prints
+ Creases

+ Skin Breakdown
+ Lost objects

« Burns

-Toys
+ Skin Breakdown Scratchers
+ Ulcers ~Spoons

+ Pressure Sores

+ Compartment Syndrome

49. Techniques of splinting

by Bereket B. 29-May-23

52. Type of materials used to splinting

> Metallic wire

> Wood (traditional or modern)
> Hard plastics

> Air bag

> Any close

> Binders

> Medically prepared hard wells
> Bandages

> Carton

> Sands

> Cast

52 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

53. Precaution after application

» Make patient in comfortable position
» Assess sign of complication

= Circulation

= Sensation

= Swelling

= Pain

= Skin color to distal part

53 by Bereket B. 29-May-23

54. 54

THANK YOU

by Bereket B. 29-May-23