First-Responders-in-CSI_01.19.ppt

First Responders in-CSI

1. FIRST RESPONDERS IN CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION

2. 1.Definition of Terms
2.Purpose of CSI
3.Procedure upon Receipt of complaint
4.Requisite of dying declaration
5.Investigative tools and equipment
6.Method of recording investigative data
SCOPE OF PRESENTATION

3. REFERENCES;
•Fieldmanualinvestigationofcrimeofviolenceandothercrimes
(2011)
•PNPRespondersManual
•RevisedPNPOperationalProcedureDecember2013

4. DEFINITION OF TERMS

5. a.CrimeScene-Avenueorplacewheretheallegedcrime/incident/event
hasbeencommitted;
b.CrimeSceneInvestigation(CSI)-Isacomprehensiveinquiryofacrimeby
conductingsystematicprocedureofvariousinvestigativemethodologies
whichinvolvesrecoveryofphysicalandtestimonialevidenceforthe
purposeofidentifyingthewitnesses,andarrestofperpetrator(s)for
prosecution.CSIshalltechnicallycommenceuponthearrivaloftheFRs
andconcludewiththeliftingofthesecuritycordonandreleaseofthe
crimescenebytheIOC;
DEFINITION OF TERMS

6. c.FirstResponder(FR)–AremembersofthePNPorotherlawenforcement
agencieswhoaremandatedandexpectedtobethefirsttorespondto
callsforassistanceincasesofincidentsofcrime.Theygenerallyreferto
policeofficerswhohavejurisdictionoftheareawheretheincidentor
crimehastakenplaceandwillproceedtothecrimescenetorender
assistancetothevictimandtoprotectandsecuretheincidentscene;
d.CriminalInvestigator–APoliceOfficerwhoistaskedtoconductthe
investigationofallcriminalcasesasprovidedforandembodiedunder
theRevisedPenalCode/CriminalLawsandSpecialLaws.Awell-trained,
disciplinedandexperiencedprofessionalinthefieldofcriminal
investigationdutiesandresponsibilities;
DEFINITION OF TERMS

7. e.Investigator-on-Case(IOC)/DutyInvestigator–ShallrefertoanyPNP
personnelwhoisdulydesignatedorassignedtoconducttheinquiryof
thecrimebyfollowingasystematicsetofproceduresandmethodologies
forthepurposeofidentifyingwitnesses,recoveringevidenceand
arrestingandprosecutingtheperpetrators.TheIOCshallassumefull
responsibilityoverthecrimesceneduringtheconductofCSI;
f.SceneoftheCrimeOperation(SOCO)–Aforensicprocedureperformed
bythetrainedpersonnelofthePNPCrimeLaboratorySOCOTeam
throughscientificmethodsofinvestigationforthepurposeofpreserving
thecrimescene,gatheringinformation,documentation,collection,and
examinationofallphysicalandotherforensicevidence;
DEFINITION OF TERMS

8. g.AfterSOCOReport–ItisareportrenderedandpreparedbytheTeam
LeaderofthePNPCrimeLaboratorySOCOTeamwhichconductedthe
sceneofthecrimeoperations;
h.CrimeSceneSearch–IsasystematicmethodemployedbytheSOCOTeam,
ifthenatureofthecaseissensationalorsensitive,andtheIOCinthe
conductofsearchinthecrimesceneandinthesurroundingareaswhere
theallegedcrime/incident/eventhastakenplaceforthepurposeoffinding
andrecoveringevidence.Thereareseveralmethodsofcrimescenesearch
whichcanbeemployedsuchasstripsearch,doublestripsearch,spiral
search,zoneorquadrantsearch,wheelmethod,etc.;
DEFINITION OF TERMS

9. i.Evidence–ThemeanssanctionedbytheRulesofCourt,ofascertainingina
judicialproceedingthetruthrespectingamatteroffact.Theseincludebut
arenotlimitedtodocumentary,testimonial,electronicandobject
evidence,gatheredinthecourseoftheinvestigation;
j.PhysicalEvidence-Evidenceaddressedtothesensesofthecourtthatare
capableofbeingexhibited,examined,orviewedbythecourt.Thisincludes
butnotlimitedtofingerprints,bodyfluids,explosives,hazardous
chemicals,soil/burneddebris,bombs,electronicpartsusedinthe
commissionofthecrime;
k.PhysicalEvidence-referstoanobjectusedasevidencewhichobtained
throughcrimescenesearch.Anyarticleorobjectfoundduringcrimescene
searchorcrimesceneinvestigationwhichcouldlinktheidentityofthe
suspect.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

10. k.ForensicEvidence-Aformoflegalevidencethatcanbeusedinacourtof
lawtoconvictapersonofacrimeandasacategoryofpublicpresentation;
and
l.Jurisdiction–Theword“jurisdiction”asusedintheConstitutionand
statutesmeansjurisdictionoverthesubjectmatteronly,unlessan
exceptionarisesbyreasonsofitsemploymentinabroadersense.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

11. Thepurposeofcrimesceneinvestigationistohelpestablishwhathappenedandto
identifytheresponsibleperson.Thisisiddonebycarefullydocumentingtheconditions
atacrimesceneandrecognizingallrelevantphysicalevidence.
Theabilitytorecognizeandproperlycollectphysicalevidenceisoftentimescriticalto
bothsolvingandprosecutingviolentcrimes.
TheinitialactionstakenatthecrimescenebytheFirstResponders,Investigatorsand
SOCOTeammembersattheoutsetoftheinvestigationareofsuchvitalimportance
thatoftentimestheiractionswoulddeterminetheoutcomeoftheinvestigation.
However,whileCSIisthemostimportantstageoftheinvestigationintermsof
collectingvitalforensicevidenceandinformation,thisinitialstageisalsooftenthe
mostchaoticandthereforepronetoerrors.
PURPOSE

12. •ThemainconsiderationofCSIistosearchandcollectPhysicalEvidencesthat
willlinkthesuspecttothecrimescene.Thesuspectmayleavesomecluesat
thescenesuchasweapons,tools,garmentsorprintsthusLocard’sExchange
Principle-Ineverycontactleavestraces,mayapply.
•Locard'sprincipleholds that the perpetrator of a crime will bring something
into the crime scene and leave with something from it, and that both can be
used asforensic evidence.
•Whenevertwoobjectscomeintocontactmutualexchangeofmatterwill
takeplacebetweenthem,linkingsuspectstovictimsisthemostimportant
andcommontypeoflinkageaccomplishedbyphysicalevidenceincriminal
investigation.

13. •Theprincipleasfollows:
•Whereverhesteps,whateverhetouches,whateverheleaves,even
unconsciously,willserveasasilentwitnessagainsthim.Notonlyhis
fingerprintsorhisfootprints,buthishair,thefibresfromhisclothes,the
glasshebreaks,thetoolmarkheleaves,thepainthescratches,thebloodor
semenhedepositsorcollects.Alloftheseandmore,bearmutewitness
againsthim.Thisisevidencethatdoesnotforget.Itisnotconfusedbythe
excitementofthemoment.Itisnotabsentbecausehumanwitnessesare.It
isfactualevidence.Physicalevidencecannotbewrong,itcannotperjure
itself,itcannotbewhollyabsent.Onlyhumanfailuretofindit,studyand
understandit,candiminishitsvalue.

14. Thegoldenruleofcrimesceneinvestigation
•"Nevertouchormoveanyobjectatthecrimesceneunlessithasbeen
properlydocumented(photographed,measured,andsketchedorvideo
graphed).Nottodestroyorcontaminatetheimportantcriminalthings".
•Note:asageneralrule,donotM.A.C.theevidence.donotMutilate,Alter,
andContaminate)
THE GOLDEN RULE OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

15. Isthecollectionandanalysisoffactsaboutpersons,thingsandplaces,
subjectofacrimetoidentifytheguiltypartyandprovideadmissible
evidencestoestablishtheguiltofpartiesinvolvedinacrime.
Investigationisthecollectionoffactstoaccomplishathree-foldaim:
a.toidentifythesuspect;
b.tolocatethesuspect;and
c.toprovideevidenceofhisguilt.
DEFINITION OF INVESTIGATION

16. Intheperformanceofhisduties,theinvestigatormustseektoestablish
thesix(6)cardinalpointsofinvestigation,namely:
1.whatspecificoffensehasbeencommitted;
2.howtheoffensewascommitted;
3.whocommittedit;
4.wheretheoffensewascommitted;
5.whenitwascommitted;and
6.whyitwascommitted.
DEFINITION OF INVESTIGATION

17. Protocol1:JurisdictionalInvestigationbytheTerritorialUnitConcernedThePoliceStation,
whichhasterritorialjurisdictionoftheareawherethecrimeincidentwascommitted,shall
immediatelyundertakethenecessaryinvestigationandprocessingofthecrimescene,
unlessotherwisedirectedbyhigherauthoritiesforacertaincasetobeinvestigatedby
otherunits/agency.
Protocol2:OfficialPoliceBlotter
a.APoliceBlotterisan18”x12”logbookwithhard-boundcoverthatcontainsthedaily
registerofallcrimeincidentreports,officialsummaryofarrests,andothersignificant
eventsreportedinapolicestation.
b.Asageneralrule,allcrimeincidentsmustberecordedintheofficialpoliceblotter.
PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION

18. c.AseparatePoliceBlotter,however,shallbemaintainedforoffensesrequiring
confidentialitylikeviolenceagainstwomenandchildrenandthosecasesinvolvinga
childinconflictwiththelawtoprotecttheirprivacypursuanttoR.A.9262(Anti-
ViolenceAgainstWomenandChildrenActof2004)andR.A.9344(JuvenileJusticeand
WelfareActof2006).
Protocol3:InvestigationTeam:OrganizationandEquipment
a.Allinvestigatorsinanypoliceunitmustbeagraduateofprescribedinvestigation
coursewitharankofatleastPoliceCorporal(pre-requisitetoassignment).
b.Composition:
1.TeamLeader;
2.2.Investigator/recorder;
3.3.Photographer;
4.4.Evidencecustodian;and
5.5.CompositeIllustrator/Artist
PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION

19. 1.Police line 12. Radio -exclusive channels, call sign, etc
2.Video camera 13. Siren
3.Voice recorder 14. Notebook, pen, etc
4.Camera 15. Megaphone/ PA system
5.Measuring device 16. Hand cuff
6.Gloves 17. Whistle
7.Flashlight 18. Fingerprint equipment
8.Fingerprint kit
9.Evidence bag
10.Evidence tag
11.Evidence bottles/vials
INVESTIGATIVE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

20. Standard Methods of Recording Investigative Data:
1.Photographs
2.Sketching crime scenes
3.Written notes (what you have seen/observed)
4.Developing and lifting fingerprints found at the crime scene.
5.Gathering physical evidence
6.Plaster cast
7.Tape recording of sounds
8.Video tape recording of objects
9.Written statement of objects and witnesses.
METHOD OF RECORDING INVESTIGATIVE DATA

21. •CrimeSceneInvestigation(CSI)shallrefertothepost-incidentpolice
operationalproceduresundertakenatthecrimescene.Itpresupposes
thatthecrimehasbeenconsummatedandthereforeinvestigationistobe
commencedwiththesecuringandprocessingoftheplaceofoccurrence.
•TheCrimeSceneInvestigation(CSI)startsfromthearrivalofthePNPFirst
Responders(FRs)tothearrivaloftheDutyInvestigator/IOCandtheSOCO
Teamuntiltheliftingofthesecuritycordonandreleaseofthecrime
scene.(StandardOperatingProcedureNo.ODIDM-2011-008“Conductof
CrimeSceneInvestigation)
GENERAL POLICY

22. •Thefollowingarethefunctions
andresponsibilitiesoftheDesk
Officers,FirstRespondersand
Investigator-on-Case,uponreceipt
ofreport/complaintofacrime
incidentandduringthecrime
sceneinvestigation,aswellasthe
procedurestobeobserved.
PROCEDURE UPON RECEIPT OF COMPLAINT

23. Uponreceiptofareports/complaintofacrimeincident,thedeskofficer
shall:
a.Recordthetimethereport/complaintwasmade,theidentifyofthe
personwhomadethereport,placeoftheincidentandsynopsisofthe
incident.
b.Informhissuperiorofficerorthedutyofficerregardingthereport.

24. FirstResponder(FR)
a.ThefirstPoliceOfficerstoarriveatthecrimescenearetheFRswhowere
dispatchedbythelocalpolicestation/unitconcernedafterreceiptof
incident/flash/alarmreport;
Thefourmaintasksofthefirstofficeronthesceneare:
1.Togivefirstaid;
2.Toapprehendthesuspectedoffender;
3.Toprotectandifnecessarycollectandpreserveevidence;and
4.Tocordonoffandprotectthearea.

25. FirstResponder(FR)
b.Donotletanyoneenterthecrimescenearea.Thisappliestopoliceofficers
toounlesstheyhavesomespecialreasonforbeingthere.Exception:First
aidmeasures.
c.Informthepoliceofficerresponsiblefordeciding(COP/PD)onwhoisto
carryouttheinvestigationandcallinreinforcementstothescene.
d.Ifshotshavebeenfired,secureanyevidenceofprimerparticles
(gunpowderresidue)onthehands.
e.Ifanypersonhasbeentakentohospital,seetoitthatapoliceofficeris
senttothehospitaltotakethenecessarymeasures.

26. f.TheFRshallsecureandpreservethecrimescenebycordoningoff
sufficientlylargeareaaroundthecrimescenetopreventunauthorized
entryofpersonswhilewaitingforreinforcements.
g.Protectthecrimescenefromalteration.
h.Makeanoteofthemeasuresthataretakenandthepersonswhoenter
thecrimescene.Alsomakeanoteofthetimesofimportanteventsand
observations.

27. l.TheFRshalltakethedyingdeclarationofseverelyinjuredperson/s,
Preparetotakethe“DyingDeclaration”ofseverelyinjuredpersonswith
thefollowingrequisites:
1.Thatdeathisimminentandthedeclarantisconsciousofthatfact;
2.Thatthedeclarationreferstothecauseandsurroundingcircumstancesof
suchdeath;
3.Thatthedeclarationrelatestofactswhichthevictimiscompetentto
testifyto;and
4.Thatthedeclarationisofferedinacasewhereinthedeclarant‟sdeathis
thesubjectoftheinquiry.(Section37,Rule130oftheRulesofCourt).

28. Rule130TestimonialKnowledge
•Section36.Testimonygenerallyconfinedtopersonal
knowledge;hearsayexcluded.—Awitnesscantestifyonlyto
thosefactswhichheknowsofhispersonalknowledge;thatis,
whicharederivedfromhisownperception.Thetestimonyofa
witnessmustbebasedonhispersonalknowledge.

29. HearsayEvidence
HearsayEvidenceisexcludedbecausethepartyagainstwhomitis
presentedisdeprivedofhisrightandopportunitytocross-examinethe
persontowhomthestatementsorwritingsareattributed.
Threereasonsforexcludinghearsayevidence:
1.Absenceofcross-examination
2.Absenceofdemeanorevidence
3.Absenceoftheoath

30. TheHearsayEvidenceRule
Thehearsayevidencerulerulesbarsthetestimonyofawitnesswho
merelyreciteswhatsomeoneelsehastoldhim,whetherorallyorin
writing.(Peoplev.Garcia,335SCRA208).
Anyevidence,whetheroralordocumentary,ishearsayifitsprobative
valueisnotbasedonpersonalknowledgeofthewitnessbutonthe
knowledgeofsomeotherpersonnotonthewitnessstand.

31. HAVINGMADEORALLY,DOESNOTMILITATEAGAINSTITSADMISSIBILITY;CASEATBAR.—
LararecalledthatonthefatefulnightofOctober8,1986,Nonito,whohadmultiple(5
accordingtohim,3accordingtotheNBImedico-legalofficerwhoalsotestifiedforthe
People),stabwounds,enteredthehousethroughthewindow.
UponseeingLara,Nonitoembracedhimandutteredthenicknamesoraliasesofthe
personswhoinflictedtheinjuries.ThetestimonyofLaramaybeacceptedassufficient
compliancewiththefirstrequisiteabovespecified.
Anditmaybeapttostatethatalthoughadyingdeclarationmaybemadeorally,thatdoes
notmilitateagainstitsadmissibility.Dyingdeclarationsarenotnecessarilyeitherwritten
orspoken.
Anymethodofcommunicationbetweenmindandmindmaybeadoptedthatwilldevelop
thethought,asthepressureofthehand,anodoftheheadoraglanceoftheeye.

32. REQUISITETHATDECLARATIONWASMADEUNDERACONSCIOUSNESSOFIMPENDING
DEATH;NOTSATISFIEDINCASEATBAR.—
Noceremonialwordsarerequiredtobeutteredorwritten,nospecialactionor
movementisneeded,noincantationisnecessarytoinvestsuchwords,action,or
movementwiththesanctityofadyingdeclarationastoexemptitfromtheexclusionary
effectofthehearsayrule.
Evenifdeathsupervenesaftersuchadeclarationismadeisnotprimordial,allthatisto
beprovenisthatthedeclarationwasmadeundera"consciousnessofimpendingdeath,"
whichmeanssimplythatthedeclarantisfullyawarethatheisdyingorgoingtodiefrom
hiswoundsorinjuriessoonorimminently,orshallhaveacompleteconvictionthatdeath
isathand,ortheremustbe"asettledhopelessexpectation."(5Moran,Commentsonthe
RulesofCourt,296,citingShepardv.U.S.,6678Led.,p.197.Decision,10;rollo,24.)

34. m.Photographandifappropriatevideorecordthecrimesceneandthe
adjacentarea,includingpeoplehangingaroundthescene.
n.TheFirstRespondershallberesponsibleforthecontrolofthecrimescene
anduponthearrivaloftheIOC,shallturnoverthecrimescenetotheduty
investigator/IOCaftertheformerhasbriefedtheinvestigatorofthe
situation.

35. o.TheFRshallprepareandsubmittheCSIForm“1”-FirstRespondersReport
totheIOCandbepreparedtoassisttheIOCintheinvestigation(Annex
“S”-FirstResponder’sForm);and
p.TheFRshallstayinthecrimescenetoassisttheIOCinthemaintenanceof
security,crowdcontrol,preservationofevidenceandcustodyof
witness/suspectuntilsuchtimetheinvestigationiscompletedand
temporarilyturnedovertothelocalChiefofPolice(COP)forthe
continuanceofcrimescenesecurity.

36. Investigator-on-Case(IOC)/DutyInvestigator:
a.Uponarrivalatthecrimescene,theIOCshallrequestforabriefingfrom
theFRandmakeaquickassessmentofthecrime;
b.Atthisstage,theIOCshallassumefullresponsibilityoverthecrimescene
andshallconductathoroughassessmentofthesceneandinquiryinto
incident.IfnecessarytheIOCmayconductcrimescenesearchoutsidethe
areawheretheincidenthappenedemployinganyofthevarioussearch
methods;

37. f.ItshallbetheresponsibilityoftheProvincial/CityOperationsCenterto
facilitatetherequestfortheSOCOTeam;
g.UponthearrivaloftheSOCOTeam,theIOCshallaccomplishtheCSIForm
“2”-RequestfortheConductofSOCOandsubmitthesametotheSOCO
TeamLeader.TheSOCOteamshallnotenterthecrimesceneunlessthe
IOCmakestheofficialwrittenrequestwhereinheassurestheSOCOteam
ofhispresenceandsupport;and
h.TheIOCshallbrieftheSOCOTeamupontheirarrivalatthecrimescene
andshalljointlyconductthepreliminarycrimescenesurvey.

38. SOCOTeam:
a.TheSOCOTeamshallnotjoinanyoperationsconductedbythelocalpolice
oraccompanytheFRsortheIOCingoingtothecrimescene.Theywillonly
responduponrequestthroughtheOperationsCenterandaftertheIOC
hasalreadymadeproperassessmentofthecrimescene;
b.UponreceiptoftheRequestforConductofSOCO,theSOCOTeamshall
thenconductthesceneofthecrimeoperationswhichincludeamong
othersthenarrativedescriptionofthecrimescene,photography,
videography,crimescenesearch,crimescenesketch,crimescenelocation
sketch,physicalevidencerecordingandcollection,andotherprocedures
necessary;

39. c.IncasetheSOCOTeamneedstotemporarilysuspendtheprocessing,the
ChiefofPoliceshallbeprimarilyresponsibleandaccountableforsecuring
thecrimesceneandensuringitsintegrityuntilthereturnofSOCOTeam
andtheconclusionoftheCSI;
d.AftertheterminationoftheSOCO,theSOCOTeamLeadershallbriefthe
IOContheinitialresultsandthereafterconductthefinalcrimescene
surveytogetherwiththeIOC;and
e.TheSOCOTeamshallaccomplishtheCSIForm“4”-SOCOReportForms
andfurnishtheIOCofcopiesofthesamebeforeleavingthecrimescene.

40. ReleaseoftheCrimeScene
a.TheIOCshalldecideontheliftingofthesecuritycordonandthereleaseof
thecrimesceneuponconsultationwiththeSOCOTeamLeaderandhe
shallberesponsibleinensuringthatallpiecesofpotentialevidencewere
collectedbytheSOCOTeamasanyre-entryintothecrimesceneafterits
releasetotheownerwillrequireaSearchWarrantissuedbytheCourt;
b.TheIOCshallaccomplishtheCSIForm“6”–IOC/Investigator’sCSIForm
beforethecordonshallbelifted;
c.TheIOCshallensurethatappropriateinventoryhasbeenprovidedbythe
SOCOTeamandshallonlyliftthesecuritycordonandreleasethecrime
sceneonlyaftercompletionofthedocumentationprocess;

41. d.TheIOCortheCOPshallturn-overthecrimescenetotheownerofthe
propertyorwherethecrimesceneisapublicplace,toanylocalpersonin
authority;
e.TheIOCaswellastheSOCOTeamshallcompletelyfill-uptheforms
specifiedinthisSOP.TheIOCshallaccomplishandsubmitthe
Investigator’sReportwithalltherequiredattachmentstotheCOPwithin
two(2)workingdaysfromthedateofincidence(SeeAnnexH);and
d.TheCSIReportshallbethefirstentryintheCaseFolderforthe
investigationoftheincident.

42. END OF PRESENTATION AND THANK YOU