Firstaid For Premed.pptnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

1. WALLAGGA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF HEALTH
SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
FIRST AID for preclinical students

BY: Dr. FEDAWAK D.
AUGUST,2022

2. 2
What is First Aid
• The treatment given for any injury, or sudden
illness before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor
or any other qualified person.
2
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

3. 3
The Aims of First Aid
•To Preserve life
•To Prevent the condition
getting worse
•To Promote recovery
3
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

4. 4
Responsibilities of First Aider
•Incident Management
- Assess the situation / get help
•Casualty Care
- Protect casualty and others from Danger
•Assess the casualty
•Identify casualty’s injury / Illness
•Provide treatment
•Arrange transport
•Remain with the casualty
•Prevent cross infection
4
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

5. 5
Approach and Action
Assess the situation
Call /Telephone for help
Assess any further danger
- Can you cope
- Do you need assistance
Begin Treatment
5
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

6. 6
Primary Assessment
Breathing
Circulation
Responses of your casualty
Danger your present environment
Airway
DR Fedawak

7. 7
Road Traffic Accidents
Make the accident site safe
7
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Speed Kills
DR Fedawak

8. 8
Alert
responds appropriately / aware of place /
time
Verbal
responds in some manner to voice
Pain
responds in some manner to painful
stimuli
Unresponsive
Does not respond to painful stimuli
Levels of Response (AVPU)
8
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

9. 9
Airway
•Before opening the airway (check) for any
obstructions and remove (clear) them if
possible
•By tilting the head back and lifting the chin
forward, the tongue is drawn away (open)
from the back of the throat. Suspected Spinal
injuries will differ, majority are conscious.
•In an unconscious casualty the tongue may
fall back to block the airway.
DR Fedawak

10. 10
Airway
OPEN
AIRWAY
10
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

11. 11
Average Breathing Rates
Adults 12 – 20 times per minute
Infants and
young children
20 - 30 times per minute
Breathing Rates
11
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

12. 12
IF ABSENT BREATHE FOR YOUR
CASUALTY !
Breathing
12
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Look, Listen & Feel up to 10seconds
DR Fedawak

13. 13
Self Protection
ALWAYS
WEAR GLOVES
When dealing with blood
or body fluids
13
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

14. 14
Staying Safe during First Aid
•Blood and Bodily Fluid
–HIV
–Hepatitis B
 Always wear protective gloves and goggles when
dealing with blood and body fluids
•Environmental Hazards
–Traffic
–Electrical Wires
–Gas Leak
14
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

15. 15
Emergency Services call
•Name and telephone number
•Give exact location
•Type of incident
•Seriousness of incident
•Number of casualties
•Condition of casualties
•Any hazards
Always Give the Following Information:
DON'T HANG UP THE PHONE UNTIL
YOU MAKE SURE YOU HAVE DONE SO !
15
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

16. 16
Multiple Casualties
Assess Danger
Remove Danger
See for Casualties responses
evaluate Casualties A.B.C
16
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
DR Fedawak

17. 17
Immediate Care Conditions
•Blockage of Airway
•Difficulty or absence of Breathing
•Poor or absent Pulse
•Suspected Spinal Injury
•Shock
17
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

18. 18
Life Threatening Conditions
•Asphyxia
•Bleeding
•Cardiac arrest
•Shock
18
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

19. 19
Principles of Resuscitation
•For life to be sustained,:
–A constant supply of oxygen must be maintained and
delivered to the brain and other vital organs by
circulating the blood.
•The “pump” that maintains this circulation:
–Is the heart. If the heart stops (cardiac arrest) urgent
action must be taken if death is to be prevented.

19
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

20. 20
Lay Rescuer CPR Guidelines
•Establish that the casualty is unresponsive
–Dial & ask for ambulance
•Open the Airway
–Head tilt/chin lift or, if trauma is suspected, jaw thrust.
–Check for normal breathing.
–(look, listen, feel)
•If normal breathing is absent
–Give 2 slow breaths (2 seconds per breath)
–Ensure adequate chest rise, and allow exhalation
between breaths.

21. 21
•Check for signs of circulation
–Normal breathing, coughing, or movement in response
to the 2 breaths
–If signs of circulation are present but there is no
normal breathing, provide rescue breathing
–1 breath every 6 seconds, about 10 breaths per minute
•If no signs of circulation are present,
–Begin cycles of 15 chest compressions (about 100
compressions per minute) followed by 2 slow breaths
Cont…

22. 22
IF NO PULSE PRESENT
COMMENCE CARDIAC MASSAGE !
Circulation
22
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

23. Do CPR
23

24. How to do CPR?
•Chest compressions in CPR are performed by
placing the heel of one hand on the lower half
of the sternum and the other hand on top of the
first hand.
• Elbows are kept straight and body weight is
used to apply quick, forceful compressions to
the lower sternum.
•For the most effective hand placement and
outcome, the patient’s chest should be bare.
24

25. 25
Speed is Essential
•CPR if Commenced within 3 Minutes of Arrest
can Prevent Permanent Brain Damage
•Buys Time to Allow Successful Defibrillation by
Trained personnel
25
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

26. 26
Secondary Survey
Complete Head to Toe Survey
Complete Definitive Treatments
Breathing
Pulse
Skin Colour
Temperature
Level of response
Monitor Vital Signs

27. 27
Sequence of examination.
3. Chest
1. Head
8. Lower Limbs
2. Neck
7. Pelvis Lower
Back
6. Abdomen
5. Upper Limbs
4. Shoulders
Head to Toe Survey
27
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

28. 28

Treatment Priorities
•A B C
• Maintain airway (Recovery position)
• Bleeding
• Treat large wounds and burns
• Immobilise bone and joint injuries
• Other injuries / Conditions
• Regularly monitor casualty ABC
28
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

29. 29
Reporting
•Casualty’s name
•Casualty’s address
•History of the incident
•Description of any injuries
•Any unusual behavior
•Treatment given
•Breathing
•Pulse
•Response level
29
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

30. 30
Patient Interview on 2ry survey
•S Symptoms
•A Allergies
•M Medications
•P Past Medical History
•L Last Meal
•E Events
30
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

31. 31
Dressings & Bandages: Uses
•Dressings
–Control bleeding
–Reduce infection
•Bandages
–Direct pressure
–Securing dressings etc
–Reduce swelling, support limbs
–Restrict movement
31
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

32. 32
Preventing Cross Infection
•Always wash your hands
–Before any procedure
•Wear disposable gloves
•Avoid touching the wound
•Do not sneeze or cough
–When treating a wound
•Place soiled dressing in suitable bag
–Seal and destroy by incineration
32
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

33. 33
First aid for Choking Casualty
Recognition
•Cannot Breathe
•Cannot Speak
•Cannot Cough
•May Clutch Throat
33
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

34. 34
Carbon monoxide
Vehicle exhausts,
–headache, confusion
–aggression, nausea
–vomiting, incontinence
–dusky skin, red tinge
–unconsciousness
Smoke of Fire
–coughing
–swollen air passages
–unconsciousness
–soot around nose
–burns
Carbon dioxide
Deep enclosed spaces
–Breathlessness
–headache
–Hypoxia
–confusion
–unconsciousness
Solvents & Fuels
Glues, lighter fluid
–headache, vomiting
–stupor
–unconsciousness
–death
Fume Inhalation injury

35. 35 First aid for acute exacerbation of
Asthma
•Ensure A, B, C of life
•Reassure the patient
•Position patient up-right
–Leaning forward.
•Ensure a good air supply
•Monitor vital signs
•Assist with emerg. medication
- salbutamol puff
35
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

36. 36
First aid for Shock
Causes:
•Blood loss
•Heart attack
•Allergic reaction
•Loss of body fluids
•Massive infection
•Damage to spinal nerves
36
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

37. 37
RECOGNITION:
–(adrenaline causes)
•Rapid pulse
•Pale gray skin
•Cold clammy skin
•Sweating
37
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

38. 38
Treatment for Shock
38
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

39. 39
Fainting
Causes:
•Temporary reduction of blood flow
to the brain
•Reaction to pain or fright
•Emotional upset
•Exhaustion
•Lack of food
•Long periods of standing
39
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

40. 40
Recognition:

•Brief loss of consciousness
•Fall to the floor
•Slow pulse
•Pallor
40
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

41. 42
Your aim of Rx are;
•Make casualty comfortable
•Phone for ambulance
•Monitor vital signs
•Reassure
•Prepare to resuscitate
if necessary
42
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

42. 47
Bleeding
First aid priorities:
•Control blood loss
–Pressure, Elevation
•Minimize shock
•Protect from infection
•Hospital
The nature of the
wounding force
determines the type of
wound and influences its
treatment.
47
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

43. 48
Always
wear protective gloves and
goggles when dealing with
blood and body fluids
Types of Bleeding
•Arterial
•Venous
•Capillary
48
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

44. 49
Bleeding Control
EElevation
Pressure
49
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

45. 50
Internal Bleeding
•Bruising / Rigid abdomen
•Tender abdomen
•Guarding stomach
•Symptoms of shock
•Bleeding from orifices
50
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

46. 51
Treatment - Internal Bleeding
•A, B, C
•Treat for shock
–Elevate lower limbs if possible
–Place in the recovery position if
patient becomes unconscious
–Reassure
–Monitor vital signs
–Urgent removal to hospital
51
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

47. 52
Lots of blood, Possible underlying injury
Scalp & Head Wounds
Treatment;
•Displace skin flaps (Split wounds)
•Apply direct pressure (Sterile dressing, secure)
•Lay casualty down slightly raised head &
shoulders
•Unconscious ABC (Recovery position)

48. 53
Bleeding from Orifices
•Mouth
•Ear
•Nose
•Anus
•Urethra
•Vagina
53
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

49. 54
Eye Injury
•Provide support for the casualty’s head
•Give the casualty a sterile dressing to
hold on the eye
•Arrange removal to hospital
54
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

50. 55
Types of Head Injury
All Head Injuries Are Serious;
•Wounds to the scalp
•Fracture of the skull
•Concussion
•Cerebral compression

51. 56
Fractured Skull
56
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

52. 57
Recognition of Concussion
•Brief or partial loss of consciousness
•Nausea,
•Dizziness on recover
•Memory loss

53. 58
Cerebral Compression
•Noisy slow respiration's
•Slow, full and bounding pulse
•Flushed face
•Diminished level of response
–going into unconsciousness
•Unequal or dilated pupils
•Intense headache

54. 59
Fainting
Infantile convulsion
Shock
Head injury
Stroke
Heart Attack
Asphyxia
Poison
Epileptic Fit
Diabetes
Causes of Unconsciousness
FF
II
SS
HH
SS
HH
AA
PP
EE
DD

55. 60
Soft Tissue Injuries - Sprains
Sprains are injuries due to:
•Stretching or tearing ligaments
or other tissues at a joint.
•Caused by a sudden twist or
stretch of a joint beyond it’s
normal motion
60
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

56. 61
Soft Tissue Injuries - Sprains
The Symptoms of a Sprain are:
•Pain on movement
•Swelling
•Tenderness
•Discoloration
61
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

57. 62
Soft Tissue Injuries - Strains
•A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon
caused by over-exertion.
•In severe cases muscles or tendons are torn
and the muscle fibres are stretched.
62
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

58. 63
Soft Tissue Injuries - Strains
The Symptoms of a strain are;
•Intense pain
•Moderate swelling
•Painful movement
•Difficult movement
•Sometimes, discoloration

59. 64
IF IN DOUBT - TREAT AS A
FRACTURE !
Soft Tissue injuries
Treatment (RICER)
•Rest the injured part.
•Apply Ice or cold compress.
–(15-20mins)
•Compress the injury.
•Elevate the injured part.
•Rehabilitate / Recuperation
64
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

60. 65
Spinal Injuries
Three things are required;
•A high index of suspicion.
•Acute observation.
•Dexterous and gentle handling.
65
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

61. 66
Spinal Injury
Your aims are;
•To prevent further injury
•Arrange removal to hospital
66
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

62. 67
IF IN DOUBT
TREAT AS A SPINAL INJURY
Treatment of Spinal Injuries
•Call for an ambulance.
–do not attempt to treat casualty on your own
•Support head and neck.
•Instruct casualty not to move.
•Reassurance.
•Do not move casualty unless in extreme
danger.

63. 68
“LIFT WITH THE LEGS”
Principles of Lifting
•Assess the Task - Area - Load
•Bend the knees
•Broad stable base
•Back straight (Not necessarily vertical)
•Firm grip with palm of hand
•Arms in line with trunk
•Weight close to center of gravity
•Turn feet in direction of movement

64. 69
Burns
Superficial
Partial
Thickness
Full
Thickness
69
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

65. 70
Treatment of Minor Burns
Your Aim Is;
•Halt the burning process
•Relieve the swelling
•Relieve the pain
•Minimise risk of infection
•Seek medical advice
70
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

66. 71
Treatment of Severe Burns
Your Aim Is To Ensure;
•Scene safety
•A, B, C
•Halt the burning process,
•Relieve pain
•Treat for shock
–Resuscitate if necessary
–Treat associated injuries
–Minimise the risk of infection
–Arrange urgent removal to
hospital
71
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

67. 72
Hypothermia
General cooling of body
Mild Hypothermia
–Shivers - Cool body
–< 98.6 temperature
Severe Hypothermia
–No Shivers
–Sluggishness
–Lowered level of
consciousness
72
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

68. 73
Hypothermia
•Treatment
–Remove from offending
environment
–Remove wet clothing
–Insulate with blanket or
covers
•Mild
–Offer hot drink
•Severe
–Activate EMS
–Provide source of heat
73
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

69. 74
Diabetic Emergencies
•A condition in which the body fails to regulate
the concentration of sugar in the blood.
•Diabetics are prone to two main problems:
– Hypoglycemia
– Hyperglycemia

70. 75
Hypoglycemia - Low blood glucose
pale
profuse sweating and cold
irritable, confused or may be unconscious, fits
may be present in later stages
rapid and weak
sudden, may be minutes
sugar
normal to rapid
Colour
Sk in
Consciousness
Pulse
Onset
Treatment
Breathing
S/S of Hypoglycemia

71. 76
Hyperglycemia - high blood glucose
flushed
dry
restless, drowsy or lethargic
behaviour
rapid and full
gradual, hours to days
insulin
deep and sighing, possible
sweet smell - acetone
Colour
Skin
Consciousness
Pulse
Onset
Treatment
Breathing
S/S of Hyperglycemia

72. 77
Hypoglycaemia - Treatment
Conscious Patient;
•Establish A, B, C
•Help patient to lie or sit down
•Give sugary foods, drinks etc.
•Advise to See their Doctor
77
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

73. 78
Hypoglycaemia - Treatment
Unconscious Patient
•Establish A, B, C
•Place patient in recovery position
•Monitor vital signs
•Prevent chilling
•Look for other causes
•Urgent removal to hospital
78
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

74. 79
Hyperglycaemia - Treatment
•Establish A, B, C
•Place patient in recovery position
•Monitor vital signs / Prevent chilling
•Look for other causes
•Urgent removal to hospital
79
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

75. 80
Epilepsy/ Seizure
Definition:
•A condition that causes brief disruptions in the
normal electrical activity of the brain.
80
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

76. First aid Measures
•Prevent victim from hurting himself
•• Give artificial respiration ,if indicated
•• Do not place a blunt object between the
victims teeth
•• Do not restrain him
•• Do not pour any liquid in to his mouth
•• Do not place a child in a tub of water
•• Avoid overcrowding
•• Reassure and advise to seek medical
attention
81

77. Reading Assignment
1. Classification of burn & its emergency mgt
2. Types of shock & its mgt
3. Stroke & its mgt
4. The content of First aid kit
82

78. Thank you!
83
DR SENA