Fish blood

what is Fish blood.reading this you will know about fish blood.a short description about fish blood
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1. Fish Blood
•Similar to that of any other vertebrates
•Consist of plasma and cellular components
–Cellular Components–Red blood cells (RBC), White
blood cells (WBC) and thrombocytes
–Plasma–Liquid portion and consists of water

2. What makes up fish blood?
•RedBloodCells(Erythrocytes)–Themostabundantcellsin
blood;theyareproducedinthebonemarrowandcontaina
proteincalledhemoglobinthatcarriesoxygentocells.
•WhiteBloodCells(Leucocytes)–Theyarepartofthe
immunesystemanddestroyinfectiousagentscalled
pathogens.
•Plasma–Thisistheyellowishliquidportionofbloodthat
containselectrolytes,nutrientsandvitamins,hormones,
clottingfactors,andproteinssuchasantibodiestofight
infection.
•Platelets(Thrombocytes)–Theclottingfactorsthatare
carriedintheplasma;theyclottogetherinaprocesscalled
coagulationtosealawoundandpreventalossofblood.

3. Formed elements of the blood
There are threevarieties of cells or corpuscles present in blood
a)Red blood corpuscles or Erythrocytes
b)White blood corpuscles or Leucocytes
1. Agranulocytes: Have no granules in the cytoplasm; two varieties:
i) Lymphocytes ii) Monocytes
2. Granulocytes: Possess specific granules & retain nucleus; three
varieties:
i) Neutrophilsii) Eosinophilsiii) Basophils
c) Platelets or Thrombocytes

4. Functions of blood cells:
Respiration-Transport of Oxygen
Nutritive-Carries nutrient material (glucose, amino
acid & fatty acids, vitamin)
Excretory-Carries waste materials (urea, uric acid,
creatine etc.)
Exchange of electrolyte and other molecules
Contains regulatory agent such as hormones

5. Blood Circulatory System
CirculatorySystems:systemoforgansandtissues,includingtheheart,blood,
bloodvessels,lymph,lymphaticvesselsandglands,involvedincirculatingblood
andlymphthroughthebody
The two types of animal circulation systems are:
1.OpenCirculatorySystems:pumpbloodintoahemocoelwiththeblood
diffusingbacktothecirculatorysystembetweencells.Bloodispumpedbyaheart
intothebodycavities,wheretissuesaresurroundedbytheblood.
(Circulatoryfluid:hemolymph,alsocalledhaemolymphfoundinmolluscsand
arthropods.
2.ClosedCirculatorySystems:bloodflowsthroughclosedvesselsofdifferent
sizeandwallthickness;bloodispumpedbyaheartthroughvessels,anddoesnot
normallyfillbodycavities
(Circulatoryfluid:blood.Bloodisconstrainedwithintheheartandbloodvessels)

6. Twotypesofclosedcirculationsystemsare:
1.SingleCirculatorySystems:bloodpassesthroughtheheart
onlyonceoneachcircuitaroundthewholeoftheblood
circulationsystemoftheanimal
e.g.infish
2.DoubleCirculatorySystems:bloodpassesthroughthe
hearttwiceduringonecompletecircuitaroundtheblood
systemthroughthebodyoftheanimale.g.inmammals

8. Thecirculatorysystemoffish:
Thecirculatorysystemoffishoffishisquitesimple.Itconsistsofaheart,
blood,andbloodvessels.Theheartofafishisasimplemuscularstructurethat
islocatedbehind(andbelow)thegills.Itisenclosedbythepericardial
membraneorpericardium.
Theheartconsistsofanatrium,aventricle,athin-walledstructureknownas
sinusvenosus,andatubecalledbulbusarteriosus.Thoughithasfourparts,the
heartofafishisconsideredtwo-chambered.Unlikehumans,thefourpartsofa
fishheartdonotformasingleorgan.Usually,theyarefoundonebehind
another.

9. BloodandBloodVessels:
Thebloodcontainsplasma(thefluidportion)andbloodcells.Thered
bloodcellsortheerythrocytescontainhemoglobin,aproteinthatcarries
oxygenthroughoutthebody.Thewhitebloodcellscomprisean
indispensablepartoftheimmunesystem.Thethrombocytesperform
functionsthatareequivalenttotheroleofplateletsinthehumanbody,
i.e.theyhelpinbloodclotting.

10. Fish Circulatory System –Parts:
Bulbusarteriosus:pearshapedchamberthatfunctionsasacapacitor,
maintainingcontinuousbloodflowintothegillarches.
Atrium:eachofthetwouppercavitiesoftheheartfromwhichbloodis
passedtotheventricles(eachofthetwomainchambersoftheheart,left
andright)

11. Blood Circulation:
Bloodvesselscarrythebloodthroughoutthebody.Whilearteriescarry
oxygenatedbloodfromthegillstotherestofthebody,veinsreturn
deoxygenatedbloodfromdifferentpartsofthebodytotheheart.
Arteriolesaresmall,thin-walledarteriesthatendincapillaries,while
venulesaretinyveinsthatarecontinuouswithcapillaries.Capillariesare
minutebloodvesselslocatedwithinbodytissues,andtheyformthelink
betweenarteriesandveins.

13. Thecardiovascularsystemoffish:
Thecardiovascularsystemofafishcompriseaheart,veins,arteries,blood,and
finecapillaries.Thecapillariesaremicroscopicvesselsthatformanetwork
calledacapillarybed,wherethearterialandvenousbloodgetlinked.Capillaries
havethinwallsthatfacilitatediffusion,aprocessthroughwhichoxygenand
othernutrientsfromthearterialbloodaretransferredintothecells.Atthesame
time,carbondioxideandwastematerialsaremovedintothecapillaries.
Capillarieswithdeoxygenatedblood(containscarbondioxide)drainintosmall
veinscalledvenules,whichinturndrainintolargerveins.Theveinscarrythe
deoxygenatedbloodintothesinusvenosus,whichislikeasmallcollection
chamber.Thesinusvenosushaspacemakercellsthatareresponsiblefor
initiatingcontractions,sothatthebloodismovedintothethin-walledatrium,
whichhasveryfewmuscles.

14. Theatriumgeneratesweakcontractionssoastopushbloodintotheventricle.The
ventricleisathick-walledstructurewithlotsofcardiacmuscles.Itgeneratesenough
pressuretopumpthebloodthroughoutthebody.Theventriclepumpsbloodinsideit
intobulbusarteriosus,asmallchamberwithelasticcomponents.
Whilebulbusarteriosusisthenameofthechamberinteleosts(rayfinned,bonyfish),
thestructureisknownasconusarteriosusinelasmobranchs(fishwithcartilaginous
skeletonandplacoidscales).Conusarteriosushasmanyvalvesandmuscles,whereas
bulbusarteriosushasnovalves.Themainfunctionofthisstructureistoreducethe
pulsepressuregeneratedbytheventricle,inordertoavoiddamagetothethin-walled
gills.

15. Gillsaretheprimaryrespiratoryorgansoffish.Theyfacilitateexchangeofgases,
i.e.absorptionofoxygenfromwaterandeliminationofcarbondioxide.Arteries
carrytheoxygenatedblood(fromthegills)throughoutthebody.
Arteriesbranchintoarterioles,whichdrainintocapillaries,wherethearterialblood
becomesvenousblood,asitsuppliesoxygenandothernutrientstothecellsand
absorbscarbondioxideandwastematerials.Thevenousbloodiscarriedtotheheart,
whichpumpsittothegills,wherethecarbondioxidegetsreplacedwithoxygen.
Theoxygenatedbloodissuppliedtothecellsinthebody,andthecyclecontinues.