Floors and flooring

Building construction

1. FLOORS 12/3/2012 1 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

2. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics Flooring  is the general term for a permanent covering of a  floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering.  Floor covering  is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid materials. 12/3/2012 2 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

3. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics FLOORS: The surface with their necessary supports which provide accommodation to the users to live at different levels in a building. “Ground Floor” is just above GL & “ Basement Floor” is constructed below GL in one basement of a building. “ Upper/Suspended Floor” is any floor above the GL except the terrace or roof of building. Such floors are named as 1 st Floor, 2 nd Floor and so on (in ascending order). “Single storeyed buildings” are buildings with only one ground floor. “Double storeyed ” has got a ground and one first floor. 12/3/2012 3 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

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5. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics COMPONENTS OF FLOOR: Sub Floor: The lower portion of floor structure consisting of beams, slabs, rammed earth etc. prepared to provide necessary support to the floor covering. Purpose: To provide proper support to floor covering without sinking & settlement. Floor covering / Paving: The upper portion of floor structure consisting of base, under layer & topping. Purpose: To have clean, smooth, non absorbent and a durable surface. It also shall not be slippery, noisy and unpleasant in appearance. 12/3/2012 5 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

6. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics Sub floor Floor Covering 12/3/2012 6 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

7. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS: Base course: Base is the prepared surface on which floor topping or under layer is laid. The layer of material provided for this purpose is known as Base course. Under layer: Layer of material provided in between the base & floor topping. Topping: Topmost layer of floor provided over the under layer / base course, in the absence of under layer. 12/3/2012 7 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

8. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics Base Course Under Layer 12/3/2012 8 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

9. Topping 12/3/2012 9 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

10. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS: Floor finish: Top surface of floor. Also known as “wearing surface” Bedding: A layer of mortar applied to the base or sub floor and brought to a prescribed level Screeds: Narrow strips of wood, bands of plaster or pieces of tiles laid on the floor to act as guides for bringing the toppings to a true even surface. 12/3/2012 10 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

11. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics Floor Finish Bedding 12/3/2012 11 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

12. Screeds 12/3/2012 12 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

13. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS: Screeding: The art of bringing the floor to a true and level surface by means of screeds. Floor systems: Arrangement provided to support the toppings of floor. It may be single, double or triple joist system. Floor boards: Wooden boards which form the floor toppings. 12/3/2012 13 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

14. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics Single joist floor system Double joist floor system 12/3/2012 14 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

15. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS: Bridging Joists: Horizontal structural members place along shorter spans immediately below floor toppings. They are used as main supporting members in timber floors. Binders: Horizontal structural members placed at right angles two bridging joists to take their load and that of floor toppings. 12/3/2012 15 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

16. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics 12/3/2012 16 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

17. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS: Girders: Horizontal structural members placed to supports the load of binders, bridging joists and that of floor toppings. Used as main supporting member in a triple joist floor system. Wall plates: Horizontal wooden members which support one end of bridging joists and distribute the load from joist to the wall. 12/3/2012 17 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

18. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics Girders Wall Plates 12/3/2012 18 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

19. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS: Sleeper/Honey comb brick wall: Wall constructed with holes for free circulation of air in case of single joist wooden floor at ground level. This act as a dwarf wall and is generally constructed longitudinally in the middle of the room. Air brick: A brick provided with holes for free circulation of air in the interior of wall or floor. They are placed in external wall of wooden ground floor. 12/3/2012 19 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

20. Air Brick 12/3/2012 20 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

21. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics GROUND FLOORS: Constructed at plinth level of different buildings. They may consist of bricks, stones, concrete, wood etc. The various materials used for floor covering of ground floors are bricks, tiles, concrete, terrazzo, mossaic, timber etc. 12/3/2012 21 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

22. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics TYPES OF GROUND FLOORS: Murum/ Mud floors Brick floors Tile floors Flag stone floors Cement concrete floors Terrazzo floors Mosaic floors 12/3/2012 22 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

23. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics TYPES OF GROUND FLOORS: Timber floors Linoleum floors Rubber floors Cork floors Asphalt floors Glass floors PVC floors 12/3/2012 23 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

24. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics BAMBOO FLOORING: Bamboo flooring is made from a fast growing renewable timber (technically grass). It is natural anti-bacterial, water-resistant and extremely durable. DIY installation is easy, as bamboo flooring is available with tongue-and-groove technology familiar in hardwood/laminate alternatives. 12/3/2012 24 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

25. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics BAMBOO FLOORING: Bamboo flooring is often more expensive than laminate, though it is generally cheaper than traditional hardwood flooring. Some bamboo floors are less sustainable than others, as they contain the toxic substance formaldehyde (rather than natural-base adhesives). 12/3/2012 25 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

26. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics CORK FLOORING: Cork flooring is made by removing the bark of the  Cork Oak  ( Quercus Suber )  without harming the tree (if harvested correctly); as such, it is a renewable and sustainable resource. It is naturally anti-microbial and has excellent insulation properties, ensuring minimal heat loss and comfortable warm walking surface 12/3/2012 26 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

27. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics CORK FLOORING: Cork is resilient and 'springs back' preventing imprints due to heavy traffic and furniture, it also provides excellent noise insulation. Cork is low in volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions, however it is important to check the finish applied. Cork is not suitable for bathrooms, as it absorbs moisture. 12/3/2012 27 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

28. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics RUBBER FLOORING: Rubber flooring is made from a rubber tree, a 100% renewable resource. It is easy to install and maintain, is anti-static and provides effective sound insulation and vibration reduction. Rubber flooring is also resistant to fading and cigarette burns. Some rubber flooring is made from synthetic rubber, this is not a sustainable product. 12/3/2012 28 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

29. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics TERRAZZO FLOORING: Terrazzo  is a composite material, poured in place or precast, which is used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of marble, quartz, granite, glass or other suitable chips, sprinkled or unsprinkled, and poured with a binder that is cementitious, chemical, or a combination of both. Terrazzo is cured and then ground and polished to a smooth surface or otherwise finished to produce a uniformly textured surface. 12/3/2012 29 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

30. Terrazzo floor 12/3/2012 30 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

31. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics SUSPENDED FLOORS: All the floors constructed above the level of ground floor except the terrace or roof of building. 12/3/2012 31 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

32. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics TYPES OF SUSPENDED FLOORS: Timber floors Steels joists and flag stone or precast concrete slab floors Jack arch floors RCC floors Reinforced brick floors 12/3/2012 32 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

33. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics FLOOR FINISHES OF SUSPENDED FLOORS: The materials of construction for topping of suspended floors are known as floor finishes and the art of finishing the topping with a suitable finish is known as floor finishing. Objects of floor finishes are: To provide a hard, clean, smooth, impervious and durable surface. Also to achieve the desired appearance that should be pleasing. 12/3/2012 33 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

34. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD FLOOR FINISH: Provide a clean, smooth and an impervious surface Hard and durable surface Good resistance to fire Shock absorbing qualities Provide a non slippery, noiseless and resilient surface Provide pleasing appearance 12/3/2012 34 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

35. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics ISSUES WITH FLOORS: Wood floors, particularly older ones, will tend to 'squeak' in certain places. This is caused by the wood rubbing against other wood, usually at a joint of the subfloor. Firmly securing the pieces to each other with screws or nails will remove this problem. 12/3/2012 35 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

36. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics ISSUES WITH FLOORS: Floor vibration is a particularly annoying problem with floors. Wood floors tend to pass sound, particularly heavy footsteps and low bass frequencies. Floating floors can reduce or eliminate this problem. Concrete floors are usually so solid they do not have this problem, but are also much more expensive to construct, and much heavier, resulting in further requirements regarding the structure of the building. 12/3/2012 36 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

37. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics ISSUES WITH FLOORS: The flooring may need protection sometimes (e.g., a gym floor used for a graduation ceremony). A Gym floor cover can be used to reduce the need to satisfy incompatible requirements. 12/3/2012 37 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

38. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics Sustainable flooring : Sustainable flooring is produced from sustainable materials (and by a sustainable process) that reduces demands on ecosystems during its life-cycle. Some think that sustainable flooring creates safer and healthier buildings and guarantees a future for traditional producers of renewable resources that many communities depend on. 12/3/2012 38 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

39. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOORS: Base course for all floors in contact with ground shall consist of: a. 100 mm of sand layer or stone filling b. Anyone of: 1. 100 mm of lime concrete 2. 100 mm lean cement concrete (1:8:16) 3. Flat single brick or flat brick blocks , having 25 mm wide joints filled with cement concrete (1:2:4). 12/3/2012 39 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

40. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOORS: Earth filling shall be stopped at such a height to allow full thickness of sand, base concrete and the correct thickness of surfacing. Where WT is near the G.L, a suitable treatment shall be provided to prevent the rise of moisture into the floor. A reference level shall be marked around on the walls 150 mm or so above the floor level with the help of a water level (It usually consists of a can of water connected with a rubber tube of sufficient length to a glass tube which shows the level of water in can, which is used to mark true horizontal lines) 12/3/2012 40 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

41. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOORS: Base concrete shall be made in a uniform layer 10 cm thick absolutely true and parallel to the required finished surface. The finishing surface (topping & paving) shall not be laid before the base concrete has set for at least 7 days. The finishing surface shall be laid immediately after roughening the base course with a steel wire brush without disturbing the concrete and wetting its surface. 12/3/2012 41 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

42. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOORS: For laying flooring over RCC slab in case of a suspended floor, a layer of 38 to 50 mm thick lean cement concrete (1:8:16) shall be properly laid and compacted over the slab to achieve a good bond. The floors shall be laid perfectly level except bathroom and verandah floor, which shall have an outward slope of 1 in 60. 12/3/2012 42 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

43. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOORS: A straight edge of length, not less than 2.5 m with parallel sides and a 250 mm long spirit level shall be used for the purpose of checking the trueness of floor being laid. 12/3/2012 43 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

44. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics REPAIR OF FLOORS: The art of removing the defects caused in the floors due to wear, weathering, age, constructional shrinkage etc. is known as “Repair of floors” The floors which are composed of separate units of tiles, slates or marble, can be easily repaired. The floors finished monolithically are difficult to repair satisfactorily. 12/3/2012 44 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

45. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics MAINTAINENCE OF FLOORS: The art of keeping the topping of floors clean, smooth and free from defects by suitable treatments. Different floors for which maintenance measures are suggested are as follow: Cement concrete floors Terrazzo floors Linoleum & Rubber floors Asphalt floors Wooden floors 12/3/2012 45 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

46. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics MAINTAINENCE OF FLOORS: A. Cement concrete floors: It shall be daily swept clean with damp clothe. If surface of such floor is very dirty then wash with solution of water and soap. In this case the soap film shall not be allowed to deposit on surface otherwise the surface is slippery and dull in appearance. In no case soda. Acid etc. shall be used for cleaning such floors. 12/3/2012 46 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

47. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics MAINTAINENCE OF FLOORS: B. Terrazzo floors: Wash periodically with clean water. And occasionally shall be cleaned with dilute solution of oxalic acid after which they shall be swept clean with clothe and dried. In no case soap shall be used as it is very slippery. Excessive polish, grease or oil also makes the surface slippery. 12/3/2012 47 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

48. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics MAINTAINENCE OF FLOORS: C. Linoleum and Rubber floors: These are cleaned with a damp cloth by using mild soap solution. Such floors shall be periodically wax polished. And shall not be scrubbed with strong soap as it is injurious to such surfaces. Excessive use of water shall also be avoided to avoid failure of sub floor. 12/3/2012 48 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

49. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics MAINTAINENCE OF FLOORS: D. Asphalt floors: Cleaned by washing with warm water and some suitable detergent. Then clean with a damp clothe. Any spot of oil or grease will stick to such spots and will provide an ugly look. 12/3/2012 49 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

50. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics MAINTAINENCE OF FLOORS: E. Wooden floors: These floors are maintained in good conditions by frequent surface treatments. These floors are easy to clean if in good condition. 12/3/2012 50 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

51. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics 1. Write short answers of the following questions: What is difference between sub flooring and floor covering. What is difference between bridging joist and a binder in floor system. What is purpose of providing a layer of coarse sand in case of a ground floor. What is purpose of providing a hard core on the layer of sand in ground floor. What is difference between a ground floor and a suspended floor. Differentiate between a monolithic and a bonded finish for laying the topping of a floor. What do you understand by granolithic floor finish. What is terrazzo mix? Give the thickness of terrazzo as topping. In what situations Timber floors are preferred. What are requirements of a good floor finish. ASSIGNMENT # 03 12/3/2012 51 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

52. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics 2. Write down the methods of constructions , advantages and suitability of following floors along with neat sketches where required. Murum Floors Brick Floors Tile Floors Flagstone floors Cement concrete floors Terrazzo floors Mosaic floors Timber floors Linoleum floors Rubber floors Cork floors Asphalt floors Glass floors PVC floors TIMBER FLOORS PRECAST CONCRETE SLAB FLOORS JACK ARCH FLOORS ASSIGNMENT # 03 Ground floors Suspended floors 12/3/2012 52 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

53. Civil Engineering Drawing & Graphics 3. MODEL TEST questions : Q#16 to Q#25 ( Page 13-42, Floors ; in “BUILDING CONSTRUCTION” by N.L Arora & B.R Gupta) ASSIGNMENT # 03 12/3/2012 53 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

54. 12/3/2012 Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal 54 G R A C I A S (THANK YOU) (THANK YOU)