Floral biology and crossing techniques in greengram

1. MANJAPPA S G
M. Sc. Scholar
Dept. of Genetics and Plant
Breeding

2. Widely cultivated in India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri lanka, Philippines
Thiwan
In India cultivated throughout the
plains & up to elevation of 1820m
Cultivated in all three seasons-
kharif, rabi & zaid.
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3. Indian subcontinent (De Candol, Vavilov
& Zukovskij)
Maximum diversity is limited to upper
western Ghats & Deccan hills
Secondary centers of diversity exist in
the Bihar(India)
Vigna radiata var. sublobata is the
probable progenitor of mungbean
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4. Yadav et.al.(1986): developed amphidiploids of
Mungbean X Black gram
The early generation hybrids were vigorous in growth
& development, vegetative parts are bigger than in the
parents.
But as segregation advances amphidiploids lost their
initial vigour & revert back to parental types gradually
in morphological appearance & chromosome number
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5. Dried & green stalks & leaves
as fodder
Green pods as vegetable
Seeds- eaten after being
boiled & also as sprouts
Rich in vitamin B ( regarded
as a remedy for Beriberi)
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6. Nutritional component Range (%) of total seed
wt.
Protein 20-26
Fiber 3-8
Starch 46-54
Sugar 4-10
Ash 3-4
K, Na, Mg, P, Ca Trace
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7. International: AVRDC( International
vegetable research & development
centre), Thiwan
National: IIPR (Indian institute of pulse
research),Khanpur
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8. Ronburgh (1832): Phaseolus mungo
Wilczek : Vigna radiata
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9. Phaseolus Vigna References
Stipule tunicate Stipule cordate &
prolonged
Wilczech(1954)
Keel spirally
twisted
Keel erect & in
curved
Hepper (1956)
Style without
apical
appendages
Style with distinct
appendages
Hepper (1956)
Fruit not septet Septet Hepper (1956)
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10. Kingdom: Plantae
Division : Spermatophyta
Sub division: Angiosperm
Class: Dicotyledon
Family: Leguminaceae
Sub family Papilionaceae
Genus: Vigna
Sub genus: Ceratotropis
Species: radiata
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11. Characters V. radiata V. mungo
Stem Mostly erect / sub
erect
Mostly spreading /
prostrate
Leaves Mostly green / dark
green
Mostly yellowish
green
Stipules Broad & ovate Narrow & falcate
Pubescence Plant sparsely
pubescent
Densely pubescent
Pods Spreading, long with
short hairs & shatter
readily
Sub erect, short with
long hairs & don’t
shatter much
Seeds Medium & globose Large & oblong
Hilum Flat Concave
Cotyledon Dirty yellow White
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12. A large conc. of protein(hence N) in
seeds may require early mobilization of
protein of leaves, thus impairing their
capacity for prolonged photosynthesis.
The maintenance of symbiotic N
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fixation
in root nodules requires prolonged use
photosynthate & thus may reduce energy
available for storage in seeds.
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13. Habit: annual, herbaceous, erect/semi
erect
Root: tap root system, provided with
nodules for atm. N
2 fixation
Stem: erect /sub erect, sometime
twinning in upper branches, furrowed &
branches moderately/sparsely haired
Leaves: trifoliate, entire ovate & rarely
lobed with long petiole
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14. Inflorescence:
axillary or
terminal
raceme with
10-20 flowers
crowded on
long
peduncle
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15. Flower: hermaphrodite, zygomorphic, either lighter
yellowish olive/olive yellow
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18. Floral diagram:
Floral formula:
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19. Pods: immature pods are
usually green, mature pods
are iron gray/olive gray/snuff
brown color, round slander
with short & moderate
pubescence.
Dehisces by both (dorsal &
ventral) sutures into two
halves.
It contains 9-16 seeds
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20. Seeds: globular, green,
surface has fine wavy
ridges. Hilum is white, more
or less flat
Germination is epigeal
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21. Anthesis: self pollinated, sometime cleistogamy is
prevalent
Cross pollination is 0.5-3%
Flower open between 6.00-8.00am, remain till about
11.00am. Close between 2.00-4.00pm
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22. Emasculation -4.00-6.00pm
For emasculation the young bud is
keep between thumb & forefinger
Point of dissecting needle is inserted
just under the standard in an oblique
position along the top of the bud
The left side of standard & wing petal
are pushed outwards & held with
thumb
The left hand of keel is removed in
pieces with forceps
Pistil & stigma are then exposed &
removed with forceps
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23. Pollination done in
morning (8-11am) collect
mature anthers from
open flowers & gently
pressing the ripe anthers
against stigma
Flower may be bagged
after pollination until
pods are matured
% of flower shed is very
high -69%
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24. Collection & evaluation of variability: Chandel &
Pant (1982) were conducted evaluation on large
number of lines at NBPGR New Dehli
Breeding for-
 Increased variation
 Higher yield
 Different maturity duration
 Resistance to pest & diseases
Resistance to shattering
Better quality (protein, Methionin content)
Screening of germplasm for resistance to pest &
diseases
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25. Selection
Hybridization
Wide hybridization:
Black gram X green gram
F1: hybrid seeds were small, shrunken,
plants were weak & semi sterile
Reasons for break down of hybrids in
seedling stage is due to-
1.Lethality of hybrids at various stages of
devt.
2.A high degree of pollen sterility
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26. Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus
(MYMV)
Cercospora leaf spot (colletotrichum
canescens)
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni)
Root & stem rots (Rhizoctonia bataticola
& R. solani)
Bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas
phaseoli)
rust
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27. White fly: Bemisia tabaci
(vector for 25 different
diseases)
Hairy catterpillar
Semilooper
pulse beetle
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28.  Kopergaon, BR 2, CO 1, CO 2, CO 3, G 65, Pusa
baisaki, Pusa 105, PS 16, P 37, T 44, T 51, China
mung, Selection 4, Pant mung 2 & 3
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