Flowering plants of kerala (deepak t c, 1100100196)

landscape architecture

1. A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants  (angiosperms ). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce  diaspores  without fertilization ( parthenocarpy ). Corolla : Collection of Petals Androecium : Collection of Stamen Gynoecium : Collection of Carpels ( ovary+style+stigma ) ROSE WATER LILLY DOG BANE SHOE – FLOWER BENDHI I NSIDE …. A Flower is ….

2. A rose is a woody perennial of the genus  Rosa , within the family  Rosaceae . Most roses are deciduous but a few are evergreen or nearly so . Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant R OS E

3. Scientific Name : Rosa berberifolia Common Name : Rose Family                :  Rosaceae Flower Color : whites , reds, yellows, oranges, pinks, purples Height : 7m Special Feature : Stem with thorns Inflorescence : Terminal LEAF: borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are pinnate, the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. FRUIT: The   aggregate fruit  of the rose is a berry-like structure called a  rose hip . The hips of most species are red, but a few have dark purple to black hips . Not showy. SEEDS: Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium , which contains 5–160 "seeds" STEM: erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp  prickles . Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it FLOWER: vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy. The flowers of most species have five petals. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes. Beneath the petals are five sepals. These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are Multiple  superior ovaries that develop into  achene.  Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.

4. Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization. They also have minor medicinal uses . Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, and marmalade, or are brewed for tea, primarily for their high  vitamin C content. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce Rose hip seed oil, which is used in skin products and some makeup products . Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary  tea , or combined with other  herbs  to make herbal teas The rose hip, usually from  R. canina  is used as a minor source of Vitamin C. The fruits of many species have significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement . Rose creams (rose flavoured  fondant  covered in chocolate, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK ROSE: COMMON USES

5. Water Lilly , also called Pond Lily, is a name applied to plants of the genus  Nymphaea . They are all aquatic perennial herbs with mostly roundish, peltate , or heart-shaped leaves which float on the surface of the water. Water lilies are rhizomatous aquatic herbs and are found in temperate and tropical climates around the world.   W ATER LILL Y

6. WATER LILLY : COMMON FEATURES LEAF : rounded, variously notched, waxy-coated that contain many air spaces and float in quiet freshwater habitats. STALK : The stalks arise from thick, fleshy, creeping underwater stems that are buried in the mud. FRUIT : nutlike or berrylike. Some fruits ripen underwater until they rupture or decay, and the seeds then float away or sink Scientific Name :   Nymphaea nouchali Common Name : Aambal or Water-lily Family                :  Nymphaeaceae Flower Color : Blue, Orange, Pink,  Red, White Foliage Color : Chartreuse/Gold Seasonal Ftrs : Fall Bloom,  Summer Bloom Inflorescence : Solitary SEED : When get ripened, up to 2,000 seeds are released from each fruit. Young seeds float as they contain air pockets The flowers of most species have many stamens (male reproductive structures). Some flowers open only in the morning or in the evening to attract insect pollinators. FLOWER: flowers are complete and perfect brightly colored from red to blue; many petalled and float over water surface. Floral Formula:

7. The National Gardening Association even recommends making water gardens in backyard tubs and using lilies as a decoration. American Indians used the plant to treat many ailments. Mashed green roots were used as poultice for swollen limbs; the roots for problems of the womb, digestive problems, a rinse for mouth sores; leaves and flowers as cooling compresses . The American Indians made flour out of dried roots by pounding them. The flour was then baked into pancakes. The young leaves and flower buds were eaten as vegetables, seeds eaten fried . The young leaves of water lily are said to be good in soups. The flower buds can be eaten raw or pickled. The roots are listed as antiseptic, astringent, demulcent and emollient. Its main use is as an antiseptic douche. The Indians have used this root for generations in all cases of leucorrhea , abrasions of the vagina, inflammation of the womb and ulceration of the womb. At one time this plant was known as `` Breastweed ``, after its use for inflamed breasts. Grieve reports complete cure of uterine cancer by a decoction and a vaginal injection of white pond lily. A tea made of white lily roots is a good gargle for irritation and inflammation of the mouth or throat. As a chest medicine it has been used for asthma and tuberculosis. This same infusion has been effective as an eyewash and also makes a good skin lotion to heal sores. Anyone who has seen Waterhouse's painting ``Water Nymphs`` will deduce that this lotion is not only soothing but makes the skin soft and smooth. WATER LILLY : COMMON USES

8. D OG-BAN E Dog- Bane is an evergreen shrub that is widely cultivated as an ornamental in warm areas of the world. A variety of cultivars with sometimes fragrant deep-red, pink, cream, or white flowers are known, but the wild form always has pink flowers that are only mildly scented. (Herrera 1991 and references therein)

9. Scientific Name : Nerium indicum : Nerium oleander  Common Name : Arali , Dog-Bane, Rose bay, South sea rose Family               :  Apocynaceae Flower Color : Pink, Yellow, White, Red Height : 1.5-3m Special Features : Toxic Inflorescence : C ymose , C orymbose , Umbellate . LEAF: in whorls of 3 or 4, linear- lanceolate , 10 to15 centimetres long, with numerous horizontal nerves, dark dusty green leathery narrow. herbaceous or leathery; simple. Lamina entire; pinnately veined. Leaves exstipulate or rarely stipulate. FRUIT: cylindrical, paired, with deep linear striations, long narrow capsule 5-23 cm long, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds SEED: numerous and compressed, with a tuft of fine, shining, white and grayish , silky hairs. STEM: erect, smooth 1.5 to 3 meters high with a cream-colored, sticky, resinous juice . Herba­ceous, woody or climbing with latex and bicollateral bundles. FLOWER: showy , sweet-scented, single or double, 4 to 5 cm in diameter. The flowers grow in clusters at the end of each branch ;, 2.5-5 cm diameter, with 5 petals fringed at the base. They are often, but not always, sweetly scented . Regular , bisexual, hypogynous, actinomorphic, 4-5-merous, often with corona.

10. Leaves and flowers are considered cardio-tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant. Whole plant believed to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory , antibacterial, sedating, and anthelmintic effects. The pharmacologic actions of of neriin and oleandrin resemble those of digitalis glucosides . In human beings, toxicity manifests as nausea, vomiting , colic, decreased appetite, dizziness, drowsiness, bradycardia and irregular heart beats, pupillary dilation, and sometimes unconsciousness attributed to digitalis poisoning. Reported biologic activities to include anti-inflammatory, sedative, anti-bacterial, cardiac, anti-neoplastic and anthelmintic. In India they are thus the most favoured plants for the road dividers, where a plant has to withstand heat and dust, and little water. DOG BANE: COMMON USES

11. Hibiscus is an n evergreen, herbaceous plant. A popular landscape plant in warm climates ,. The plant is a widely cultivated garden plant that bears long stalked single auxiliary (that arises from the axis of the leaves) flowers . At present in this group has gained much popularity due to a variety of colors and shapes being produced by way of biotechnology . S HOE-FLOWE R

12. LEAF: Leaves are simple in form, alternately arranged, leathery and heavily veined, surface is lustrous, green in colour , ovate in shape, and has lacerate margin Scientific Name : Hibiscus rosasinensis Common Name : Chemparuthi , Rose- mallow, sorrel, shoe- flower Family                :  Malvaceae Flower Colour : whites , reds, yellows, pinks Height : 4 ft to 10 ft Special Ftrs : Stem with thorns Inflorescence : Floriferous FRUIT & SEED: The fruit (very rarely formed) is a capsule about 3 cm long. When ripe, the pod is 1 inch long and dries to a light brown. The fruit naturally splits open to release up to 60 seeds--but usually 10 to 20--that are dark brown and roughly the size of apple seeds . STEM: Erect and cylindrical. Freely and monopodially branching, bearing both flowering and foliage alternate branches. The internodes measuring 1-5cm in length, being shorter near the apex . The stem measures 70 - 400cm in height and 0.3 - 3cm in diameter. The young stem is pubescent and flexible while the older one is woody, covered by reddish brown cork, hard to break, showing fibrous fracture and yellowish white interior. FLOWER: Each bud opens into five green sepals under five papery petals. Each petal is oval, overlaps onto the next or just touches it. In the center of the wide-opening, funnel-shaped bloom is a long staminate column about 2 to 4 inches long. At the outer reaches of the column are numerous horizontal anthers that shed pollen. At the very tip is a five-branched style of the female sex organ . They are ornamental, firm, trumpet-shaped and odourless.   Å; ♀ k ; Epi (3-7); K (5);  C5; A  (∞);  G 5-12;   cap. Floral formula :

13. The flowers of  Hibiscus rosa-sinensis  are edible. The flower is additionally used in hair care as a preparation. It is also used to shine shoes in certain parts of India. It can also be used as a pH indicator. When used, the flower turns acidic solutions to a dark pink or magenta color and basic solutions to green. It is also used for the worship of  Devi , and the red variety is especially prominent, having an important part in  tantra . In Indonesia, these flowers are called " kembang sepatu ", which literally means "shoe flower". Hibiscus rosa-sinensis  is considered to have a number of medical uses in Chinese herbology . It may have some potential in cosmetic skin care; for example, an extract from the flowers of  Hibiscus rosa-sinensis  has been shown to function as an anti-solar agent by absorbing ultraviolet radiation . Hibiscus flowers, roots and leaves, are anodyne and emmenagogue . They regulate menstruation and stimulate blood circulation. Flower extract has been traditionally used for liver disorders, high blood pressure and as an aphrodisiac. Young leaves and flowers are used in case of headache. Decoction of leaves, root and fruits are helpful in treatments of arthritis, boils and coughs, and  the  fruit is used externally in cases of sprains, wounds and ulcers. Hibiscus tea is rich in Vitamin C. SHOE-FLOWER : COMMON USES

14. Field marigold (also known as wild marigold) is quite common species in Central and South Europe. In Finland it is very rare and can be seen only occasionally. It is probably native to southern Europe, though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and it may possibly be of garden origin. It is also widely naturalised further north in Europe and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world . The species is an Old World potherb and garden plant that was quite popular in England at the time of Shakespeare. It typically grows 1-2’ tall and as wide.  B ENDH I

15. Scientific Name : Calendula officianalis Common Name : Kongini , bendhi , Pot-marigold plant, Ruddles Family                 :  Austeraceae Flower Colour : golden orange, yellow, white Height : 20–50 cm (8–20 in .) Inflorescence : heads radiate, solitary, peduncled ; phyllaries in 2–3 ± equal series, linear, margins narrowly scarious ; receptacle flat, naked STEM: Ascending–erect , hairy all over, also glandular-hairy. Repulsive smell. LEAF: Alternate , stalked– stalkless , lower stalks winged, upper leaves amplexicaul . Blade narrowly spatulate –long–narrowly e lliptic , roundish–gently tapering tip, with entire margins–sparsely toothed, hairy. FRUIT & SEED Fruit : Long-beaked or curved, spine-backed cypsela . incurved, rough or prickly on back; pappus   FLOWER: Flowers form 4–7 cm (1.6–3 in.) wide, single flower-like capitula surrounded by involucral bracts. Capitulum’s yellow–orange–reddish yellow ray-florets tongue-like, 3-toothed at tip; disk florets yellow–brownish, tubular, small (sometimes all flowers tongue-like). Stamens 5. Gynoecium composed of 2 fused carpels. Involucral bracts 2 rows, virtually linear. Capitula solitary, terminating the stem . The  flower heads range from pastel yellow to deep orange, and are 3–7 cm across, with both ray florets and disc florets .

16. Bendhi has been an important medicine in folk healing already in Ancient Greece, Rome and Arabia. The most familiar use of pot marigold is as a skin treatment. Pot marigold preparations are used for treating e.g. minor wounds, callouses, eczema, itches, burns, insect bites and stings, and haemmoroids . The carotenes in pot marigold promotes the renewal of surface tissue and its antibacterial properties prevent infections. The power of pot marigold has also been harnessed in beauty therapy, and it is used in lotions, creams and other cosmetics. As a rinse for the hair, pot marigold gives a golden tinge to fair hair: in fact it was used already by Viking women to dye their hair hundreds of years ago. In the animal world, it has also been used at least to beautify canaries’ feathers. Pot marigold has also been used to dye textiles yellow. The plant has many essential oils and so it has been used as an ingredient in perfumes . Marigold is chiefly used as a local remedy. Its action is stimulant and diaphoretic. Given internally, it assists local action and prevents suppuration. The infusion of 1 ounce to a pint of boiling water is given internally, in doses of a tablespoonful, and externally as a local application. It is useful in chronic ulcer, varicose veins, etc. Was considered formerly to have much value as an aperient and detergent in visceral obstructions and jaundice. It has been asserted that a Marigold flower, rubbed on the affected part, is an admirable remedy for the pain and swelling caused by the sting of a wasp or bee. A lotion made from the flowers is most useful for sprains and wounds, and a water distilled from them is good for inflamed and sore eyes. An infusion of the freshly-gathered flowers is employed in fevers, as it gently promotes perspiration and throws out any eruption - a decoction of the flowers is much in use in country districts to bring out smallpox and measles, in the same manner as Saffron. Marigold flowers are in demand for children's ailments. The leaves when chewed at first communicate a viscid sweetness, followed by a strong penetrating taste, of a saline nature. The expressed juice, which contains the greater part of this pungent matter, has been given in cases of costiveness and proved very efficacious. Snuffed up the nose it excites sneezing and a discharge of mucous from the head. The leaves, eaten as a salad, have been considered useful in the scrofula of children, and the acrid qualities of the plant have caused it to be recommended as an extirpator of warts. BENDHI : COMMON USES

17. http://www.ehow.com/list_6365811_uses-water-lily-flowers.html http :// stuartxchange.com/Adelfa.html http:// www.motherherbs.com/nerium-indicum.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089829 / http:// pakflora.freshbiology.net/main/pakflora/familydesc.php?fid=13 http:// www.pssc.ttu.edu/techhort/plantid/ROSE/ROSE_1.HTM http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis http:// www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b557 https:// plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/plant/plantDetail/77 http:// www.ehow.com/info_8549232_morphology-hibiscus-rosasinensis.html http:// www.health-from-nature.net/Hibiscus.html http:// www.aensiweb.com/jasr/jasr/2012/34-56.pdf http:// www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/pot-marigold https:// www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/marigo16.html http:// www.herbarium.hawaii.edu/bot461/query/details.php?family=Nymphaeaceae&field=family http:// www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/water/water-lily http:// www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637120/water-lily http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower http:// texdoc.net/texmf-dist/doc/latex/shipunov/flower-ex-en-x.pdf http:// www.herbarium.hawaii.edu/bot461/query/details.php?family=Nymphaeaceae&field=family R EFERENC E