Flowers and their species in ornamentals

Different flowers and their species

1. Flowers

2. Crop Scientific name Alternate uses Reference Carnations Dianthus spp. Edible- used in flavouring cakes, salads and soups Extraction of natural dyes Champak Magnolia champaca Perfumery, the preparation of herbal decoctions for fever, colic and post-partum protection. Dhillon et al., 2014 Chrysanthemum C. morifolium Salad, soup, infusion, tempura, beverages, herbal medicines. Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial anti-human immunodeficiency virus, antioxidant, antidiabetic Takahashi et al., 2020 Butterfly pea/ Asian Pigeon wings Clitoria ternatea enhance cognitive functions and alleviate symptoms of numerous ailments including fever, inflammation, pain, and diabetes Oguis et al., 2019 Elder flowers Sambucus nigra Preparation of food items and beverages . Used in treatment respiratory illness, cold and flu Ho et al., 2017 Geraniums Pelargonium spp. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti- hyperglycaemic Graca et al., 2016 Jasmine Jasminum spp. Antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, insecticidal, lipid-lowering, anti-obesity, cardio-protective and gastroprotective effects Shoukat et al., 2023 Crops and their alternate uses

3. Crop Scientific name Alternate uses Reference Marigold Tagetes spp. Phytoremediation of heavy metals, Intercrop in nematode pest management, caroteinoids are valued in food, fodder and pharmacuetical industry Biswal et al., 2021, Hooks et al., 2010, Sowbhagya et al., 2004 Sunflower Helianthus annuus Seeds are rich source of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Petals used as ingredients in soups and salads. Dried petals are great ingredient for herbal tea blending Guo et al., 2017, Mirzabe et al., 2018 Rose Perfumery and cosmetic industry. Used In preparations of jam, jelly, gulkand , beverages, tea and garnishing cakes, cookies, salads etc . Ryu et al., 2020, Yang et al., 2017

4. Crop relatives and their alternate uses Crop Related species Characters/Alternate uses Reference Anthurium Rubrinervium strong pleasant floral perfume Hentrich et al., 2007 A. schlechtendalii Nerphroprotective Zarrabal et al., 2017 Bougainvillea B. buttiana , B. glabra , and B. spectabilis B. glabra Cough and pertussis treatment Treating asthma, bronchitis and dysentery Umamaheswari et al., 2008 Manivannan et al., 2012 B glabra Bougainvillea buttiana good bioindicators as well as phytoremediators for heavy metals Highest xylene removal efficiency Kumar et l., 2011 Sangthong et al., 2016 Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium natural source of insecticide Wandahwa et al., 1996 C. indicum bitter herb used in Chinese medicine as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress Youssef et al., 2020 Shao et al., 2020

5. Crop relatives and their alternate uses Crop Related species Characters/Alternate uses Reference Gypsophila G. elegans Production of photographic film and hemolytic laboratory reagents. Their detergent qualities make them useful in soap and shampoo Henry , 1993 Sama et al., 2018 G. rokejeka used to make the dessert halva, liqueur, cheese, and ice cream, providing flavour, aroma, and crispness to foods Henry, 1993 G. sphaerocephala Phytoremediation of boron Babaoglu et al., 2004 Jasmine J. sambac antioxidant, whitening and non-toxic ingredient that can be employed in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries Younis et al., 2011 J. officinale urinary anti-infective against E. coli , P. aeruginosa , S. aureus and E. faecalis and the oil is effective in reducing the labor pain Zhao et al., 2009 Marigold T. minuta Essential oil has a strong, sweet, fruity, and slight citrus-like aroma. Also oil is used in nematode management Pandey et al., 2015 T. lucida Used in folk medicine to cure gastrointestinal, respiratory, and inflammatory ailments Ventura-Martinez et al., 2020

6. Crop relatives and their alternate uses Crop Related species Characters/Alternate uses Reference Rose R. canina Hips that can be made into jam, jelly, marmalade and soup Ahmad et al., 2016 Rosa x damascene and Rosa x centifolia Known for signature a romatic compounds Mileva et al., 2021 Pinwheel flower T. divaricata , T. catharinensis , T. crassa and T. elegans Preparation of medicine for sore throat, hypertension, abdominal pain, and pulmonary disease Naidoo et al., 2021

7. Genetic improvement Crop Related species Characters/Alternate uses Reference Anthurium A. armeniense A. fragantissimum , A. lindenianum , A. ochranthum and A. roseospadix Souce of fragrant genes Kuanprasert et al., 1998 Hentrich et al., 2007 A. pittieri and A. ravenii Nematode tolerance Wang et al., 1998 A. watermaliense and A. caldasii Black colour spathe Croat, 2014 Bougainvillea B. x buttiana Resistant to RNA viruses such as tobamoviruses , tobacco mosaic virus, and sunnhemp rosette virus Prakash et al., 2014 Carnation Dianthus chinensis and D.barbatus Contribute to the genetic improvement of plant architecture and adaptability Zhang et al., 2023 Globe Amaranth G. agrestis and G. canescens Drought tolerant species Melo et al., 2021 G. haageana Red flowering species USDA Plant database

8. Genetic improvement Crop Related species Characters/Alternate uses Reference Gladiolus G.tristis and G.recurvus Fragrance Cantor et al., 2011 G. orchidiflorus Novelty in flower structure, striking purple and yellow orchid-like flowers -- G. italicus Climate-resilient, can grow in dry fields --- G. palustris tolerate marshy areas --- Jasmine J.humile , J. mesny , J. fruticans , J. nudiflorum , J. odoratissimum , J. bigoniaceum Yellow jasmine breeding El- Hawary et al., 2023 J. polyanthum Pink jasmine breeding Xiong et al., 2023 J.azoricum Sweet or lemon scented type Thiruvengadam et al., 2018

9. Genetic improvement Crop Related species Characters/Alternate uses Reference Lily L. lancifolium Resistant to abiotic stress Wang et al., 2014 L. pumilum Tolerant to salt stress Wang et al., 2022 L. regale Resistant to cucumber and tobacco mosaic virus Sun et al., 2019 Orchids Oncidium , Gymnadenia , Rhynchostylis or Zygopetalum , Brassavola nodosa , Cattleya Alliance , Vanda coerulescens , Lycaste aromatica , Maxillaria tenuifolia , Prosthechea cochleata Fragrant types Ray et al., 2018; De et al., 2015 Vanda, Anacacho orchid, Dendrobium catenatum , Dendrobiium sinens and Dendrobium moniliforme Drought tolerant Zhang et al., 2021

10. Genetic improvement Crop Related species Characters/Alternate uses Reference Pinwheel flower Amsonia tabernaemontana Drought tolerant Martin et al., 2012 T. divaricata Fragrant type National Parks Flora and Fauna web Tuberose P. geminiflora var. clivicola and P. geminiflora var. graminiflora P. howardii P. Bicolor P. montana P. oaxacana P. densiflora Red flower type Reddish purple type Orange greenish White type with strong fragrance Pink outside yellow inside Yellow Barba-Gonzalez et al., 2012 Rose R. gigantea and R. clinophylla Hardy species suitable for tropical breeding Suram , 2021 R.rugosa and R.indica Resistant to black spot and powdery mildew Debener and Byrne, 2014; Whitaker, 2009